Showing papers in "Neuron in 2012"

TL;DR: It is shown that microglia engulf presynaptic inputs during peak retinogeniculate pruning and that engulfment is dependent upon neural activity and themicroglia-specific phagocytic signaling pathway, complement receptor 3(CR3)/C3.

TL;DR: This analysis discloses a remarkable correspondence between the microcircuitry of the cortical column and the connectivity implied by predictive coding and provides some intuitive insights into the functional asymmetries between feedforward and feedback connections and the characteristic frequencies over which they operate.

TL;DR: It is proposed that understanding the algorithm that produces core object recognition will require using neuronal and psychophysical data to sift through many computational models, each based on building blocks of small, canonical subnetworks with a common functional goal.

TL;DR: Exome sequencing of 343 families, each with a single child on the autism spectrum and at least one unaffected sibling, reveals de novo small indels and point substitutions, which suggest FMRP-associated genes are especially dosage-sensitive targets of cognitive disorders.

TL;DR: This work describes how information transmission through presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic spines is related to their energy consumption, and assess which mechanisms normally ensure an adequate supply of ATP to these structures.

TL;DR: A transgenic mouse model in which overexpression of human tau P301L is restricted to EC-II is described, suggesting that a sequence of progressive misfolding of tau proteins, circuit-based transfer to new cell populations, and deafferentation induced degeneration are part of a process of t Tau-induced neurodegeneration.

TL;DR: The approach shifts the focus from questions about whether emotions that humans consciously feel are also present in other animals, and toward questions about the extent to which circuits and corresponding functions that are present inother animals (survival circuits and functions) areAlso present in humans.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the function of the medial prefrontal cortex is to learn associations between context, locations, events, and corresponding adaptive responses, particularly emotional responses, and that mPFC likely relies on the hippocampus to support rapid learning and memory consolidation.

TL;DR: The complex roles of dopamine in behavioral functions related to motivation are discussed, including behavioral activation, exertion of effort, approach behavior, sustained task engagement, Pavlovian processes, and instrumental learning.

TL;DR: This Primer briefly reviews the general mechanisms of neuronal calcium signaling, and introduces the calcium imaging devices, including confocal and two-photon microscopy as well as miniaturized devices used in freely moving animals.

TL;DR: A number of key points are discussed, focusing in particular on the importance of distinguishing between temporal and nontemporal factors in analyses of memory and imagination, the nature of differences between remembering the past and imagining the future, the identification of component processes that comprise the default network supporting memory-based simulations, and the finding that this network can couple flexibly with other networks to support complex goal-directed simulations.

TL;DR: This work comprehensively identified each area's monosynaptic inputs using the rabies virus to show that dopamine neurons in both areas integrate inputs from a more diverse collection of areas than previously thought, including autonomic, motor, and somatosensory areas.

TL;DR: Action of cholinergic signaling on cellular and synaptic properties of neurons in several brain areas are identified and consequences of this signaling on behaviors related to drug abuse, attention, food intake, and affect are discussed.

TL;DR: In vivo, local blue-light-induced endogenous OT release robustly decreased freezing responses in fear-conditioned rats and demonstrates that OT release from local axonal endings can specifically control region-associated behaviors.

TL;DR: This review discusses the molecular composition and function of the active zone of a presynaptic nerve terminal, which mediates short- and long-term plasticity in response to bursts of action potentials, thus critically contributing to the computational power of a synapse.

TL;DR: At least half of the encodings sent to the brain (ganglion cell response selectivities) remain to be discovered, indicating that diversity of the retina's outputs has yet to be incorporated into the understanding of higher visual function.

TL;DR: New advances in synaptic endocannabinoid signaling in the mammalian brain are focused on and the emerging picture not only reinforcesendocannabinoids as potent regulators of synaptic function but also reveals that endoc cannabinoidoid signaling is mechanistically more complex and diverse than originally thought.

TL;DR: This work used fMRI to measure human brain activity evoked by natural movies and voxelwise models to examine the cortical representation of 1,705 object and action categories to find a semantic space mapped smoothly across the cortical surface.

TL;DR: The anatomical connectome provides a minimal structure and the neuromodulatory environment constructs and specifies the functional circuits that give rise to behavior.

TL;DR: Insight is provided into the critical effector pathways mediating each form of the disease and a recurring theme that spans most aspects of AMD pathogenesis is defective immune modulation in the classically immune-privileged ocular haven.

TL;DR: A broader view of plasticity is summarized, including the forms and cellular mechanisms for the spike-timing dependence of Plasticity, and, the evidence that spike timing is an important determinant of plasticsity in vivo is summarized.

TL;DR: Noradrenaline, released in forebrain structures, will facilitate sensory processing, enhance cognitive flexibility and executive function in the frontal cortex, and promote offline memory consolidation in limbic structures.

TL;DR: The view that increased hippocampal activation in aMCI is a dysfunctional condition and that targeting excess hippocampal activity has therapeutic potential is supported.

TL;DR: This work proposes that selective synchronization renders relevant input effective, thereby modulating effective connectivity in neuronal networks, and uses two stimuli to demonstrate this effect.

TL;DR: This review will highlight the relationship between clocks and metabolism, and describe how cues such as light, food, and reward mediate entrainment of the circadian system.

TL;DR: The pain phenotype can serve as a window on underlying pathophysiological neural mechanisms and as a guide for developing personalized pain medicine.

TL;DR: It is revealed that activation of cholinergic interneurons by light flashes that cause only single action potentials in neurons from a small population triggers dopamine release via activation of nicotinic receptors on dopamine axons, which indicates that synchronized activity in ChR2-expressing thalamostriatal inputs directly generates striatal dopamine signals whose functions will extend beyond those encoded by dopamine neuron activity.

TL;DR: Deep sequencing is used to identify the mRNAs resident in the synaptic neuropil in the hippocampus that are localized in dendrites and/or axons, revealing a previously unappreciated enormous potential for the local protein synthesis machinery to supply, maintain and modify the dendritic and synaptic proteome.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that transient infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid of symptomatic HD mouse models not only delays disease progression but mediates a sustained reversal of disease phenotype that persists longer than the huntingtin knockdown.

TL;DR: Challenging the idea that any of these inputs encode motivationally neutral information, activation of each discrete pathway reinforced instrumental behaviors, demonstrating that behavioral reinforcement is an explicit consequence of strong excitatory drive to the NAc.