Showing papers in "Neuron in 2014"

TL;DR: This Perspective considers the rationale and evidence for the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY), and points to open issues related to sleep and plasticity.

TL;DR: The results indicate the brain's functional network architecture during task performance is shaped primarily by an intrinsic network architecture that is also present during rest, and secondarily by evoked task-general and task-specific network changes.

TL;DR: Surprisingly, extensive treatment results in elimination of ∼99% of all microglia brain-wide, showing that microglian homeostasis in the adult brain are physiologically dependent upon CSF1R signaling.

TL;DR: This Perspective uses the term "chronnectome" to describe metrics that allow a dynamic view of coupling and focuses on multivariate approaches developed in the group and review a number of approaches with an emphasis on matrix decompositions such as principle component analysis and independent component analysis.

TL;DR: The contributions of diverse nonneuronal cell types to outcome after acute injury, or to the progression of chronic disease, are of increasing interest as the push toward understanding and ameliorating CNS afflictions accelerates.

TL;DR: It is proposed that astrocytes mainly signal through high-affinity slowly desensitizing receptors to modulate neurons and perform integration in spatiotemporal domains complementary to those of neurons.

TL;DR: It is suggested that synaptic changes are central to the disease process, and that the march of neurofibrillary tangles through brain circuits appears to take advantage of recently described mechanisms of transsynaptic spread of pathological forms of tau.

TL;DR: This work reports increased dendritic spine density with reduced developmental spine pruning in layer V pyramidal neurons in postmortem ASD temporal lobe and suggests that mTOR-regulated autophagy is required for developmental spinePruning, and activation of neuronal Autophagy corrects synaptic pathology and social behavior deficits in ASD models with hyperactivated mTOR.

TL;DR: Tau demonstrates essential characteristics of a prion, which might explain the phenotypic diversity of tauopathies and could enable more effective diagnosis and therapy.

TL;DR: A unifying theory of OFC function is proposed, which hypothesizes that OFC provides an abstraction of currently available information in the form of a labeling of the current task state, which is used for reinforcement learning elsewhere in the brain.

TL;DR: It is proposed that a class of low-threshold mechanosensitive C fibers that innervate the hairy skin represent the neurobiological substrate for the affective and rewarding properties of touch.

TL;DR: Pupillometry has been used to index attention and mental effort in humans, but the intracellular dynamics and differences in population activity underlying the quiescent periods between bouts of exploratory behaviors were previously unknown.

TL;DR: Key areas of uncertainty remain, particularly with respect to the connectivity of the different cell types, and much evidence indicates that human anxiety disorders results from an abnormal regulation of the networks supporting fear learning.

TL;DR: The results suggest serial information flow from sensory to motor areas during perceptual decision making, which is consistent with roles in motor planning and movement.

TL;DR: Evidence that the cerebellum may guide the maturation of remote nonmotor neural circuitry and influence cognitive development and it is proposed that sensitive-period disruption of such internal brain communication can account for autism's key features is reviewed.

TL;DR: Recent progress in cognitive, imaging, and biomarker outcomes in the field of preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and the remaining gaps in knowledge are highlighted.

TL;DR: The functions of mTOR signaling in the normal and pathological brain are reviewed, highlighting ongoing efforts to translate the understanding of cellular physiology into direct medical benefit for neurological disorders.

TL;DR: A consortium of neurobiologists studying arthropod brains, the Insect Brain Name Working Group, has established the present hierarchical nomenclature system, using the brain of Drosophila melanogaster as the reference framework, while taking the brains of other taxa into careful consideration for maximum consistency and expandability.

TL;DR: An overview of axonal transport pathways is provided and their role in neuronal function is discussed and Retrograde transport, which plays a major role in neurotrophic and injury response signaling, is discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, GFAP(+)CD133(+) (quiescent neural stem cells [qNSCs]) and GFAP (+)CD 133(+)EGFR(+) [aNSC] were isolated from the adult ventricular-subventricular zone.

TL;DR: Analyzing 1,147 resting-state functional magnetic resonance data sets revealed a reliable loss of wakefulness in a third of subjects within 3 min and demonstrated the dynamic nature of the resting state, with fundamental changes in the associated functional neuroanatomy.

TL;DR: It is shown that TDP-43 forms cytoplasmic mRNP granules that undergo bidirectional, microtubule-dependent transport in neurons in-vitro and in vivo and facilitate delivery of target mRNA to distal neuronal compartments, and that TSP-43 mutations that cause ALS lead to partial loss of a novel cytopLasmic function of T DP-43.

TL;DR: Theories and experiments are discussed, suggesting that metastable dynamics underlie the real-time coordination necessary for the brain's dynamic cognitive, behavioral, and social functions.

TL;DR: Attention is focused on salient aspects of voltage-gated calcium channel function, physiology, and pathophysiology that are of critical importance to brain function.

TL;DR: Genome-wide association and linkage results provide constraints on the allele frequencies and effect sizes of susceptibility loci, which are used to interpret the voluminous candidate gene literature.

TL;DR: This study shows that selective NF-κB inhibition in ALS astrocytes is not sufficient to rescue motor neuron (MN) death, and suggests a novel therapeutic target that can be modulated to slow the progression of ALS and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases by which microglial activation plays a role.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the spatiotemporal reorganization of postsynaptic substructures during long-term potentiation (LTP) at individual dendritic spines.

TL;DR: It is shown that the inferior lateral prefrontal and frontopolar cortex encode both reliability signals and the output of a comparison between those signals, implicating these regions in the arbitration process, and suggests that arbitration may work through modulation of the model-free valuation system when the arbitrator deems that themodel-based system should drive behavior.

TL;DR: A perspective on where these views can and cannot be reconciled is offered and a bridging framework that will improve the understanding of hippocampal function is updated.

TL;DR: These studies implicate retromer and lysosomal pathway alterations in PD risk and show that the consequences of variants at 2 such loci, PARK16 and LRRK2, are highly interrelated, both in terms of their broad impacts on human brain transcriptomes of unaffected carriers and in their associations with PD risk.