Showing papers in "Neuron in 2017"

TL;DR: Evidence supports a conceptual shift in the mechanisms of neurovascular coupling, from a unidimensional process involving neuronal-astrocytic signaling to local blood vessels to a multidimensional one in which mediators released from multiple cells engage distinct signaling pathways and effector systems across the entire cerebrovascular network in a highly orchestrated manner.

TL;DR: It is argued that better understanding biological brains could play a vital role in building intelligent machines in humans and other animals.

TL;DR: A more pluralistic notion of neuroscience is advocated when it comes to the brain-behavior relationship: behavioral work provides understanding, whereas neural interventions test causality.

TL;DR: A novel MRI dataset containing 5 hr of RSFC data, 6 hour of task fMRI, multiple structural MRIs, and neuropsychological tests from each of ten adults generated ten high-fidelity, individual-specific functional connectomes, revealing several new types of spatial and organizational variability in brain networks.

TL;DR: How autophagy upregulation may be a therapeutic strategy in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions is described and possible pathways and druggable targets that may be suitable for this objective are considered.

TL;DR: iMGLs were used to examine the effects of Aβ fibrils and brain-derived tau oligomers on AD-related gene expression and to interrogate mechanisms involved in synaptic pruning, and whole-transcriptome analysis demonstrates that they are highly similar to cultured adult and fetal human microglia.

TL;DR: Do older adults simply need less sleep, or rather, are they unable to generate the sleep that they still need?

TL;DR: This review summarizes some of the seminal findings that yield important insight into the cellular and molecular basis of astrocyte-neuron communication and poses some pressing questions that need to be addressed to advance mechanistic understanding of the role ofAstrocytes in regulating synaptic development.

TL;DR: Key models for the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep and non-REM sleep are outlined, how mutual inhibition between specific pathways gives rise to these distinct states, and how dysfunction in these circuits can give rise to sleep disorders.

TL;DR: The rich history of LTP is reviewed, which provides a compelling cellular model for learning and memory and shows how the pace of discovery is remarkable.

TL;DR: It is proposed that brain activity is naturally structured into nested events, which form the basis of long-term memory representations, which represent abstract, multimodal situation models.

TL;DR: The structural components of the peripheral nervous system that underlie its susceptibility to metabolic insults are presented and the pathways that contribute to peripheral nerve injury in DN are discussed.

TL;DR: It is discovered that adeno-associated viruses (AAV1 and AAV9) exhibit anterograde transsynaptic spread properties and is revealed that SC neuron subpopulations receiving corticocollicular projections from auditory and visual cortex specifically drive flight and freezing, two different types of defense behavior, respectively.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used multiple integrated approaches, including RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), mass spectrometry, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, serial block-face-scanning electron microscopy, morphological reconstructions, pharmacogenetics, and diffusible dye, calcium, and glutamate imaging, to directly compare adult striatal and hippocampal astrocytes under identical conditions.

TL;DR: The identification of TIA1 mutations in ALS/FTD reinforces the importance of RNA metabolism and SG dynamics in ALS-FTD pathogenesis.

TL;DR: A new paradigm to study innate immune cells following TBI is proposed that moves away from the existing M1/M2 classification of activation states toward a stimulus- and disease-specific understanding of polarization state based on transcriptomic and proteomic profiling.

TL;DR: Investigation of the detailed network organization of four individuals each scanned 24 times using MRI discovered that the distributed network known as the default network is comprised of two separate networks possessing adjacent regions in eight or more cortical zones.

TL;DR: It is found thatastrocyte-derived factors prevent microglial death ex vivo and that this activity results from three primary components, CSF-1/IL-34, TGF-β2, and cholesterol, and that mature microglia rapidly lose signature gene expression after isolation.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the NADase activity of full-length SARM1 is required in axons to promote axonal NAD+ depletion and axonal degeneration after injury and represents a novel therapeutic target for axonopathies.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the neuroscience of SES, and the relevance of this topic to neuroscience more generally is considered.

TL;DR: It is found that hCS-derived glia closely resemble primary human fetal astrocytes and that, over time in vitro, they transition from a predominantly fetal to an increasingly matureAstrocyte state.

TL;DR: It is shown that only thalamic spindles induced in-phase with cortical slow oscillation up-states, but not out-of-phase-inducedSpindles, improve consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory during sleep.

TL;DR: A model for neural control of movement in which the time-dependent activation of these neural modes is the generator of motor behavior is discussed, which may lead to a better understanding of how the brain controls movement.

TL;DR: The aim of this review is to cover the major underpinnings of appetite regulation, describe recent advances resulting from new technologies, and synthesize these findings into an updated view of appetiteregulation.

TL;DR: An automated clustering approach and associated software package that has the potential to enable reproducible and automated spike sorting of larger scale recordings than is currently possible and has accuracy comparable to or exceeding that achieved using manual or semi-manual techniques.

TL;DR: Lipids transported by Mfsd2a establish a unique lipid environment that inhibits caveolae vesicle formation in CNS endothelial cells to suppress transcytosis and ensure BBB integrity.

TL;DR: Both long-range transport and local processing are at work in achieving neuronal mitostasis-the maintenance of an appropriately distributed pool of healthy mitochondria for the duration of a neuron's life.

TL;DR: This work considers how space and time are integrated in the representation of memories in the hippocampal region, suggesting that the findings on spatial and temporal organization reflect a generalized mechanism for organizing memories.

TL;DR: This review re-evaluate the validity of using spine dynamics as a straightforward reflection of circuit rewiring, and discusses distinct roles that spine dynamics can play in circuit remodeling depending on synaptic content.

TL;DR: It is argued that unexpected events interrupt action and impact cognition, partly at least, by recruiting this global suppressive network, which provides a common mechanistic basis for different types of unexpected events.