Showing papers in "Neuropsychopharmacology in 2010"

TL;DR: The delineation of the neurocircuitry of the evolving stages of the addiction syndrome forms a heuristic basis for the search for the molecular, genetic, and neuropharmacological neuroadaptations that are key to vulnerability for developing and maintaining addiction.

TL;DR: It is shown that human functional and structural imaging results map increasingly close to primate anatomy, and advances in neuroimaging techniques allow better spatial and temporal resolution.

TL;DR: Additional research will be needed to clarify the exact role of each component of the fear circuitry in the anxiety disorders, determine whether functional abnormalities identified in the Anxiety disorders represent acquired signs of the disorders or vulnerability factors that increase the risk of developing them, and use functional neuroimaging to predict treatment response and assess treatment-related changes in brain function.

TL;DR: The neural basis of the integration of learning and motivation in choice and decision-making is still controversial and some recent hypotheses relating to this issue are reviewed.

TL;DR: A system has been described that links the medial prefrontal cortex and a few related cortical areas to the amygdala, the ventral striatum and pallidum, the medial thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the periaqueductal gray and other parts of the brainstem, which indicates that this system is centrally involved in mood disorders.

TL;DR: Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety, finding that symptoms of clinical anxiety are better detected in sustained rather than phasic fear paradigms.

TL;DR: To contextualize the developmental origins of a wide array of neuropsychiatric illnesses, this review describes the development and maturation of neural circuits from the first synapse through critical periods of vulnerability and opportunity to the emergent capacity for cognitive and behavioral regulation, and finally the dynamic interplay across levels of circuit organization and developmental epochs.

TL;DR: A fuller appreciation of the circuitry interconnecting the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area should serve to advance discovery of new treatment options for drugs of abuse or psychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: In this paper, an error was made in Figure 4, and a revised Figure 4 is shown below, showing that the error was caused by the use of Figure 4 in Figure 3.

TL;DR: Preclinical results indicate that targeted inhibition of class I HDAC isoforms is a promising avenue for treating the cognitive deficits associated with early stage AD.

TL;DR: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy volunteers found that Δ-9-THC and CBD can have opposite effects on regional brain function, which may underlie their different symptomatic and behavioral effects, and CBD's ability to block the psychotogenic effects of Δ- 9- THC.

TL;DR: It is suggested that impulsivity and compulsivity each seem to be multidimensional, and Serotonin and dopamine interact across these circuits to modulate aspects of both impulsive and compulsive responding and as yet unidentified brain-based systems may also have important functions.

TL;DR: A growing body of evidence is converging on a functional organization of the cortical, subcortical, and MTL structures that support the fundamental features of episodic memory in humans and animals.

TL;DR: It is suggested that OXT has a specific effect on fear-related amygdala activity, particularly when the amygdala is hyperactive, such as in GSAD, thereby providing a brain-based mechanism of the impact of OXT in modulating the exaggerated processing of social signals of threat in patients with pathological anxiety.

TL;DR: Plasma IL-6 response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was examined in 69 healthy adult subjects without depression or post-traumatic stress disorder to further elucidate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

TL;DR: This review discusses four emotional regulation techniques that have been investigated as means to control fear: extinction, cognitive regulation, active coping, and reconsolidation.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that antagonists of mGluR5 receptors may have selective therapeutic efficacy in treating repetitive behaviors in autism.

TL;DR: Peripheral BDNF administration increased mobility in the FST, attenuated the effects of CUS on sucrose consumption, decreased latency in the NIH test, and increased time spent in the open arms of an EPM, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis was increased after chronic, peripheralBDNF administration.

TL;DR: This chapter describes and reviews the noninvasive methods of testing circuit-based theories and treating neuropsychiatric diseases that do not involve implanting electrodes into the brain or on its surface.

TL;DR: For example, this paper found that high-responder rats (bHRs) were more impulsive on a measure of impulsive action, i.e., they had difficulty withholding an action to receive a reward, indicative of behavioral disinhibition.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided of a gene × environment effect of FKBP5 and childhood abuse on the risk for PTSD in AAs and in EAs that moderated the risk of PTSD that was associated with childhood abuse.

TL;DR: The data support the contribution of the circadian system to the genetic susceptibility to MD and suggest that different circadian genes may have specific effects on MD polarity.

TL;DR: This review will identify major components of neural systems potentially relevant to ADHD, including attention networks, reward/feedback-based processing systems, as well as a ‘default mode’ resting state network, and suggest ways in which these systems may interact and be influenced by neuromodulatory factors.

TL;DR: Modern lesion procedures and DBS for OCD in the context of neurocircuitry are reviewed, showing how targeting specific nodes in putative OCD circuitry might lead to therapeutic gains is accelerating in tandem with clinical use.

TL;DR: Results show that boosting 5-HT neurotransmission decreases negative feedback sensitivity and increases reward (positive feedback) sensitivity, whereas reducing it has the opposite effect, however, these effects depend on the nature of the manipulation used.

TL;DR: Evidence from animal biochemical, pharmacological, molecular, and behavioral studies and from human post-mortem brain, peripheral tissue, and genetic studies support the conclusion that bolstering the inhibitory control of GSK3 is an important component of the therapeutic actions of drugs used to treat mood disorders and that G SK3 is a valid target for developing new therapeutic interventions.

TL;DR: It is found that childhood trauma was associated with suicide attempt and variants of the FKBP5 gene may interact to increase the risk for attempting suicide.

TL;DR: These studies identify IL-1R- and p38 MAPK-dependent regulation of SERT as one of the mechanisms by which environmentally driven immune system activation can trigger despair-like behavior in an animal model, encouraging future analysis of the pathway for risk factors in neuropsychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist that can mimic some clinical aspects of schizophrenia, on auditory-evoked neural oscillations using a paired-click paradigm were investigated.

TL;DR: Pimavanserin showed significantly greater improvement in psychosis in patients with PDP at a dose which did not impair motor function, or cause sedation or hypotension, which support the hypothesis that attenuation of psychosis secondary to DA receptor stimulation in PDP may be achieved through selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonism.