Showing papers in "Neuropsychopharmacology in 2021"

TL;DR: In this article, the frequency, severity, and profile of cognitive dysfunction in patients recovering from prolonged COVID-19 hospitalization who required acute inpatient rehabilitation prior to discharge were evaluated.

TL;DR: How the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study was designed to elucidate factors associated with the development of negative mental and physical health outcomes is outlined and a selective overview of results emerging from the ABCD Study is provided.

TL;DR: This work discusses some fundamental aspects of collection and analysis of digital phenotyping data, which takes us on a brief tour of several important scientific and technological concepts, from the open-source paradigm to computational complexity, with some unexpected insights provided by fields as varied as zoology and quantum mechanics.

TL;DR: In this paper, the role of baseline levels of peripheral inflammation when testing the efficacy of antidepressant augmentation with minocycline in patients with treatment-resistant depression was investigated, and the main outcome was the change in HAM-D-17 score from baseline to week 4, expressed both as mean and as full or partial response.

TL;DR: The LSD dose–response curve showed a ceiling effect for subjective good effects, and ego dissolution and anxiety increased further at a dose above 100 µg, which may assist with dose finding for future LSD research.

TL;DR: The authors argue that the brain is the biological substrate from which both addiction and the capacity for behavior change arise, arguing for an intensified neuroscientific study of recovery, and argue that these disagreements reveal the need for multidisciplinary research that integrates neuroscientific, behavioral, clinical and sociocultural perspectives.

TL;DR: Several promising areas for future research into the neurobiological underpinnings of heterogeneity are highlighted, including efforts to understand sexually dimorphic mechanisms, the longitudinal dynamics of depressive episodes, and strategies for developing personalized treatments and facilitating clinical decision-making.

TL;DR: How machine learning approaches compare to more traditional statistical hypothesis-driven approaches, how their complexity relates to the need of large sample sizes, and what the authors can do to optimally use these powerful techniques in psychiatric neuroscience are reviewed.

TL;DR: It is argued that the brain is a computational organ that will require a computational framework for an understanding of the illnesses arising from it, and recent advances in theory-driven work are reviewed.

TL;DR: This review aims to highlight the potential of recent developments in the field of behavioral analysis, whilst trying to guide a consensus on practical issues concerning data collection and data sharing.

TL;DR: The literature about the current knowledge of the physiological properties of PV-INs was examined and results from diverse research areas were gathered to provide insight into their vulnerability to stressors.

TL;DR: A more comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of how sex differences in dopamine function manifest will be particularly important in developing evidence-based therapeutics that target this system and show efficacy in both sexes.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present evidence suggesting that alterations of the DLPFC in SZ are evident across a range of spatial and temporal resolutions: from its cellular and molecular architecture, to its gross structural and functional integrity, and from milliseconds to longer timescales.

TL;DR: How network-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool and how its application to the AD brain has provided an informative framework for the complex protein pathophysiology underlying the disease is described.

TL;DR: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered to be the substrate of highest cognitive functions as discussed by the authors, and the prefrontal neurons of the PFC are generated before birth, the differentiation of its neurons and development of synaptic connections in humans extend to the 3rd decade of life.

TL;DR: A synthesis of the scientific literature evaluating how digitally derived empirical data can inform the understanding of health behavior is provided, with a particular focus on understanding the assessment, diagnosis and clinical trajectories of psychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: A systematic investigation of THC pharmacokinetics, metabolism and distribution in blood and brain, and of THC effects upon behavior and neural activity in adolescent Long Evans rats of both sexes finds dose-dependent and sex-dependent effects on behavior, neural activity, and functional connectivity across multiple nodes of brain stress and reward networks.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified 41 studies (n = 16,771 participants) that had employed various methods including computer tomography (CT), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography(PET), and post-mortem brain tissue RNA analysis or pathological analysis.

TL;DR: JNJ-42165279 appears to elicit an anxiolytic effect in subjects with SAD although trough concentrations with 25 mg once daily appeared to be insufficient to completely inhibit FAAH activity which may have led to suboptimal efficacy.

TL;DR: The primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves our highest-order cognitive operations, and yet is tremendously dependent on a precise neurochemical environment for proper functioning as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: The poor translational validity of the habit construct is discussed, which impedes ability to determine its role in addiction, and the need in experimental research to face the complexity of drug addicts’ decision-making environments by investigating drug habits in the context of choice and in the presence of cues is highlighted.

TL;DR: While the tremendous locus heterogeneity and functional pleiotropy associated with the more than 100 identified ASD-risk genes and regions is daunting, a growing armamentarium of comprehensive, large, foundational -omics databases, across species and capturing developmental trajectories, are increasingly contributing to a deeper understanding of ASD pathology.

TL;DR: It was found that adenosine A1 receptors were required for astrocyte calcium activation to increase ethanol sedation, and these results support integral roles for PFCastrocytes in the behavioral actions of ethanol that are due, at least in part, toAdenosine receptor activation.

TL;DR: The data suggest that vagus nerve signalling is required for the inhibitory effects of peripherally administered oxytocin on METH self-administration and reinstatement, and that this vagal dependency is partially mediated by sex and drug withdrawal.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed an operant rat model that mimics features of one such treatment, the community-reinforcement approach, and determined whether these findings generalize to cocaine and whether delaying or increasing effort for social interaction could reveal possibly human-relevant individual differences in responsiveness.

TL;DR: The psychological fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic is of particular concern, and low-cost, scalable and readily deployable solutions will be of paramount importance to protect world’s population against the associated symptoms of mental ill-health.

TL;DR: The role of miRNAs and their functioning at the synapse in MDD is examined by examining miRNA processing machinery at synapse and sequencing miRNAAs and analyzing their functions in synaptic and total tissue fractions obtained from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 15 MDD and 15 matched non-psychiatric control subjects.

TL;DR: Various signature-based in silico approaches to drug repurposing, its integration with multiple omics platforms, and how this data can be used for clinically relevant, evidence-based drugRepurposing are discussed.

TL;DR: Both baseline effort and working memory emerged as moderators of this effect, such that d-amphetamine increased effort more in individuals with lower working memory and lower baseline effort, also primarily at low to intermediate expected values of reward.