Showing papers in "Neuropsychopharmacology in 2022"

TL;DR: In this paper, a psychometric approach shows unity and diversity in cognitive control constructs, with three components in the most commonly studied constructs: general or common CC and components specific to mental set shifting and working memory updating.

TL;DR: The role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) networks in the coordination of cognitive control is discussed in this article, where major empirical and theoretical models have emerged in recent years and describe how their functional architecture and dynamic organization supports flexible cognitive control.

TL;DR: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has emerged as one of the regions most consistently impaired in major depressive disorder (MDD), and although functional and structural PFC abnormalities have been reported in both individuals with current MDD as well as those at increased vulnerability to MDD, this information has not translated into better treatment and prevention strategies as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: The role of the prefrontal cortex in fear acquisition and extinction in nonhuman animals, healthy humans, and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder was explored in a recent review by as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this paper , a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design was used in 28 healthy subjects (14 women, 14 men) who underwent five 25-hour sessions and received placebo, LSD (100 and 200 µg), and psilocybin (15 and 30 mg).

TL;DR: Agranular parts of the prefrontal cortex emerged in early mammals, and rodents, primates, and other modern mammals share them by inheritance as mentioned in this paper, including the agranular orbital cortex and medial frontal cortex (areas 24, 32, and 25).

TL;DR: In this article, a review of human and non-human primate studies is presented to demonstrate the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in emotional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations in drug addiction, with particular attention to the impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (iRISA) framework.

TL;DR: The prefrontal cortex as discussed by the authors has been found to have an increased capacity to engage high-level regulatory strategies aimed at coping with and modifying the experience of anxiety, which can affect negative bias, failure to regulate autonomic arousal, and avoidance that characterize anxiety disorders.

TL;DR: A review of the current state of knowledge on the computational and neural mechanisms of reinforcement learning with a particular focus on fronto-striatal circuits can be found in this paper, where the authors divide the literature in reinforcement learning into five broad research themes: the target of the learning, whether it be learning about the value of stimuli or about the values of actions, the nature and complexity of the algorithm used to drive the learning and inference process, how learned values get converted into choices and associated actions, and the nature of state representations, and other cognitive machinery that support the implementation of

TL;DR: In this article , the authors leverage the wealth of human PE data acquired in the functional neuroimaging setting in service of a deeper understanding, using an MKDA meta-analysis.

TL;DR: In this article, the anatomic cortical connections and pathways for each prefrontal cortex (PFC) region are outlined and a review of available MRI-based techniques for indirectly measuring structural and functional connectivity, and graph theoretical methods for analysis of hubs, modules and topologically integrative features of the connectome.

TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined whether integrity of the LC-norepinephrine system, assessed with NM-MRI, is associated with stage of Alzheimer's disease and with neuropsychiatric symptoms.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the recent history of computational modeling of learning and decision-making, and how these models have been used to advance understanding of prefrontal cortex function, and discuss how such models have advanced from their origins in basic algorithms of updating and action selection to increasingly account for complexities in the cognitive processes required for learning, and the representations over which they operate.

TL;DR: In this paper, the role of inhibitory fronto-hippocampal interactions and retrieval stopping in extinction has received little attention, and they argue that reconceptualising extinction to integrate mnemonic inhibitory control with learning would yield a greater understanding of extinction's relevance to mental health.

TL;DR: In this paper , the efficacy of repeated intravenous ketamine doses to reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated in a randomized clinical trial, where participants were assessed at baseline, during treatment and for 4 weeks after their last infusion.

TL;DR: The role of astroglia in synaptic function and regulation of behavior is reviewed with an eye on how tri partite synapses figure into brain pathologies underlying behavioral impairments in psychiatric disorders, both from the perspective of measures in postmortem human brains and more subtle influences on tripartite synapticregulation of behavior in animal models of psychiatric symptoms.

TL;DR: The potential impact of “hidden variables” that are commonly overlooked such as light-dark cycles, transport stress, cage ventilation, and social housing structure are reviewed.

TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated how corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuromodulator evoked upon exposure to stressed conspecifics, influenced the insula.

TL;DR: A recent systematic review on the opioid-sparing effects of cannabinoids considered preclinical and clinical studies where the outcome was analgesia or opioid dose requirements as mentioned in this paper , found that the median effective dose (ED 50 ) administered with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was 3.5 times lower (95% CI 2.04, 6.03) than the ED 50 of morphine alone.

TL;DR: A review of the evidence that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity can be found in this paper , where the authors examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the effects of different psychedelics on different aspects of brain plasticity, including dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and expression of plasticityrelated genes.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that translating findings from rodents to non-human primates requires an appreciation of both the niche in which each animal forages as well as the similarities in frontal cortex anatomy and function.

TL;DR: The role of the prefrontal cortex in the generation of OCD symptoms has been investigated in this paper, which can be used to improve treatments for this often disabling illness, and lay out challenges in the field for future study.

TL;DR: In this paper , the impact of acute and chronic LSD administration on anxiety-like behavior, on the cortical dendritic spines and on the activity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons originating in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in male mice exposed to chronic stress was assessed.

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors proposed a new framework to improve the translational understanding of maladaptive avoidance behavior by adapting paradigms to better differentiate underlying processes and mechanisms and applying these paradigmologies in clinical populations across diagnoses with the goal of developing novel interventions to engage specific identified neurobehavioral targets.

TL;DR: The locus coeruleus (LC) is the brain's major source of the neuromodulator norepinephrine, and is also profoundly vulnerable to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related tau pathology as discussed by the authors .

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors conducted a meta-analysis of studies reporting behavioral measures (subjective ratings and psychophysiological indices) of fear generalization in anxiety-related disorder vs. comparison groups.

TL;DR: A review of the functional interactions between the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala, with emphasis on their contributions to behavior and cognition, is presented in this article.

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyzed gene expression data in human post-mortem brain samples, from the prenatal period to late adulthood, and demonstrated distinct patterns of OXTR gene expression in the developing brain, with increasing expression along the course of the prenatal periods culminating in a peak during early childhood, consistent with the relative immaturity of the human brain during early life compared to macaques.

TL;DR: This review highlights how modulation by oxytocin, serotonin, and dopamine of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in specific brain regions is critical for regulation of adaptive prosocial interactions and describes how recent findings have helped elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the social deficits that accompany neuropsychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that adaptive behavior relies on specific interactions between multiple systems including: (1) selective models learning stimulus-action associations through rewards; (2) predictive models learning stimuli-and/or action-outcome associations through statistical inferences anticipating behavioral outcomes; and (3) contextual models learning external cues associated with latent states of the environment.