Showing papers in "Neuroscience in 2013"

TL;DR: This review explores the idea that specific gene polymorphisms and neurotransmitter systems can confer protection from or vulnerability to specific symptom dimensions of cytokine-related depression and potential therapeutic strategies that target inflammatory cytokine signaling.

TL;DR: Dendritic spine alterations have been identified in multiple brain regions in schizophrenia, but are best characterized in layer 3 of the neocortex, where pyramidal cell spine density is lower, suggesting disturbances in the molecular mechanisms that underlie spine formation, pruning, and/or maintenance are likely.

TL;DR: It is suggested that, due to a number of converging factors during this period of maturation, the adolescent brain may be particularly sensitive to stress-induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions with important consequences on an individual's immediate and long-term health and well-being.

TL;DR: Taken as a whole, these results show the pronounced antinociceptive effects of phytol in the nociception models used, both through its central and peripheral actions, but also its antioxidant properties demonstrated in the in vitro methods used.

TL;DR: Understanding how Aβ oligomers target synapses provides an important framework for ongoing AD research, which can lead to the development of successful therapeutic strategies designed to alter or perhaps reverse the course of the disease.

TL;DR: The reciprocal relationships between the expression of stress- and anxiety-related behaviors and stress-induced morphological plasticity as detected by changes in dendrites and spines in brain regions known to be involved in anxiety are reviewed.

TL;DR: Evidence for sensitive periods in the sensory systems is reviewed and neuronal mechanisms from the viewpoint of the system's neuroscience are considered, including feature representation, categorization function, top-down interactions and cross-modal reorganization.

TL;DR: It is concluded that probiotics efficiently reverse deteriorated brain functions in the levels of cognitive performances and their proposed synaptic mechanisms in diabetes mellitus.

TL;DR: The goal of the present forefront review is to describe the recent progress that has been made in the understanding of itch mechanisms.

TL;DR: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) utilizing a monoclonal antibody provides specific localization of OTRs in the human brain and thereby provides opportunity to further study OTR in human development and psychiatric conditions.

TL;DR: Transcranial laser stimulation could be used as a non-invasive and efficacious approach to increase brain functions such as those related to cognitive and emotional dimensions in healthy humans and in those in need of neuropsychological rehabilitation.

TL;DR: A growing body of evidence suggests a more nuanced role for BDNF in stress-related learning and memory, where it acts primarily as a facilitator of plasticity and is dependent upon the coactivation of glucocorticoids and other factors as the determinants of the final cellular response.

TL;DR: Some of the structural adaptations that neurons and spines undergo throughout normal aging are presented and their likely contributions to electrophysiological properties and cognition are discussed.

TL;DR: Analysis of evidence supporting associations between psychosocial stress and psychosis in diagnosed patients as well as individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis and research findings on structural and functional brain characteristics associated with psychosis suggest that normal adolescent neuromaturational processes may go awry, thereby setting the stage for the emergence of psychotic syndromes.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the role of the ECM, CSPGs and PNNs and how developmental and pharmacological manipulation of these structures have enhanced neuronal plasticity and aided functional recovery in regeneration, stroke, and amblyopia.

TL;DR: The distribution of GABAA receptor subunits is highly heterogeneous and the distribution in the mouse correlates largely to that in rats although there are distinct differences.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided that estradiol and BDNF may work in concert to enhance cognition and this combination may provide the basis for new and more effective strategies for treating age-related and neurodegenerative memory loss.

TL;DR: Understanding the mechanistic crosstalk between glucocorticoids and BDNF holds promise for the identification of potential therapeutic targets for disorders associated with the dysfunction of stress hormone pathways.

TL;DR: This review shows that animal models of depression elicit an effect restricted to the ventral hippocampus more frequently than a dorsal-specific effect, indicating that an action restricted to this part of the brain may be sufficient to achieve remission.

TL;DR: The findings showed that depression was higher in adolescents than children with a history of ELS, and functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed atypical NAcc development, where the ELS group did not show a typical increase in NAcc reactivity during adolescence.

TL;DR: It is argued that the most consistent abnormality of spines in FXS may be a subtle defect in activity-dependent spine plasticity and maturation, which could help solve a two-decade-long riddle about the integrity of synapses in this prototypical neurodevelopmental disorder.

TL;DR: The data indicate that the dietary environment during development programs glucocorticoid signaling pathways in limbic areas relevant for the regulation of HPA function and anxiety behavior are relevant.

TL;DR: The focus of the review is investigations in which adolescent rodents were exposed to chronic stressors, describing the research using social instability stress and that of other researchers using various social and non-social stressors.

TL;DR: The present study strongly implicates quercetin's potential ability to repair mitochondrial electron transport defects and to up-regulate its function as the basis of neuroprotection observed in a mitochondrial neurotoxin-induced Parkinsonism.

TL;DR: The results provide the first evidence of expression of irIRN in the rodent skeletal and cardiac muscle, and in the brain where it is present in GAD-positive Purkinje cells of the cerebellum.

TL;DR: Prophylactic treatment with naringenin improved functional outcomes and abrogated the ischemic brain injury by suppressing NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation in rat models of focal cerebral I/R injury, suggesting that naredenin may be used as a potential neuroprotectant in patients at high risk of isChemic stroke.

TL;DR: It is suggested that targeting the EC system may provide novel interventions for managing opiate dependence and withdrawal, and a consideration of the trends and effects of marijuana use in those seeking treatment to abstain from opiates in the clinical setting is presented.

TL;DR: Current studies on common pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes are reviewed with particular focus on potential mechanisms through which diabetes affects the initiation and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

TL;DR: Interestingly, several studies using in vivo and in vitro systems suggest that glucocorticoids interact with BDNF to ultimately affect CNS function, which is putatively involved in the onset of depression when levels are abnormally high.

TL;DR: Stress-induced alterations in growth factors, in particular brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been identified as a strong candidate modulating stress-associated pathology and changing expression of BDNF and its receptors over development and in response to circulating gonadal hormones extend the attractiveness of this candidate signaling pathway for understanding differences in susceptibility to stress.