scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers in "New Testament Studies in 1975"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the problem of finding an outline of the letter to the Galatians in commentaries and introductions to the New Testament and conclude that it is not the most creative format within which to work.
Abstract: When discussing commentaries friends have repeatedly suggested to me that the commentary genre is at present not the most creative format within which to work. This may or may not be true, but the enterprise certainly provides for some strange experiences. It has been my experience that things go smoothly as long as one does not ask too many questions. The present paper, however, is the preliminary outcome of asking too many questions about how to arrive at an ‘outline’ of the letter to the Galatians. Nearly all commentaries and Introductions to the New Testament contain such an outline, table of contents, or paraphrase of the argument. However, despite an extensive search, I have not been able to find any consideration given to possible criteria and methods for determining such an outline.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

59 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Bultmann and Kasemanns differ about δ.θ. verbindet allein schon dadurch, wie sehr Theologie immer wieder von neuem ihre Mitte bedenken mus; macht deutlich, wenig Theology ein vorhandenes Etwas ist, das man sich als vollig Begriffenes in einem Akte aneignen kann.
Abstract: Was δικαιοσύνη θeο⋯ bei Paulus besagt, ist immer noch umstritten. Bis in die jungste Zeit hinein blieb dieser Begriff kontrovers. Aus der Fulle der Veroffentlichungen uber diese Thematik sei nur auf die Monographien von Peter Stuhlmacher, Karl Kertelge, J. A. Ziesler und Elke Plutta-Messerschmidt hingewiesen. Doch sollen uns diese neueren Publikationen hochstens am Rande beschaftigen. Im Mittelpunkt unserer Uberlegungen steht vielmehr der soeben erschienene Romerbriefkommentar Ernst Kasemanns. In ihm ist zusammengefast, was dieser Schuler Bultmanns im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte uber Paulus und speziell uber die δ.θ. gesagt hat. Es ist bekannt, das Bultmann und Kasemanns in diesem Punkte differieren. Das es aber gerade zwei der angesehensten und profiliertesten Neutestamentler sind, die eine Kontroverse uber einen so zentralen Begriff der biblischen Verkundigung fuhren, macht wieder einmal deutlich, wie sehr Theologie immer wieder von neuem ihre Mitte bedenken mus; macht deutlich, wie wenig Theologie ein vorhandenes Etwas ist, das man sich als vollig Begriffenes in einem Akte aneignen kann. Theologie ist ja niemals statischer Besitz, Theologie ist immer wieder je neuer Vollzug, je neues Engagement, je neues Wagnis, je neues Sich-selbst-in-Frage-stellen. Deshalb lohnt sich der wissenschaftliche Streit um ihr Zentrum. Gerade hier sollte das Wort von Albert Einstein gelten: ‘Richtig streiten kann man nur mit seinen Brudern und nahen Freunden; die andern sind einem zu fremd.’ Der notwendige theologische Streit um die δ.θ. verbindet allein schon dadurch, das der Theologe als Theologe nur dann von ihr verantwortlich sprechen kann, wenn er es im Bewustsein darum tut, ihr seine Existenz zu verdanken.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Leivestad has been off the stage for a while as discussed by the authors, and it was assumed that the Son of Man was current in the Judaism of New Testament times as the title of a distinct figure of apocalyptic expectation who should be the victor in the coming eschatological struggle and glorified as the head of the messianic kingdom.
Abstract: In 1972 Ragnar Leivestad published an article under the title ‘Exit the Apocalyptic Son of Man’ Since then we must assume that the Son of Man has been off stage for a while Leivestad himself evidently hoped that he had been banished from the boards altogether He has indeed received encouragement in this hope from the work of Geza Vermes, who has reached rather similar conclusions There has been a growing feeling among scholars that the perennial debate about the Son of Man can never be brought to a convincing conclusion, because it has been conducted all along on false pre-suppositions It was assumed that ‘the Son of Man’ was current in the Judaism of New Testament times as the title of a distinct figure of apocalyptic expectation, who should be the victor in the coming eschatological struggle and glorified as the head of the messianic kingdom

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The everincreasing volume of scholarly publications dealing with Johannine problems encourages the hope that a solution of what Harnack called the Johannine riddle is at last in sight.
Abstract: The ever-increasing volume of scholarly publications dealing with Johannine problems encourages the hope that a solution of what Harnack called the Johannine riddle is at last in sight. Yet a survey of the literature may leave the impression that scholars, like so many proverbial horsemen, are riding off in different directions through a trackless morass. Such an impression is not entirely accurate, however, for significant patterns and points of coincidence areemerging from what at first appears to be a complex and rather confused picture. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to point to several well-trodden pathways through the wildernessof Johannine problems which others have hewn out, and by clarification, summary and assessmentof some of the more important evidences bearing upon Johannine origins to suggest why these paths are well chosen and where they may be leading us.

20 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define a form of sozial-abweichenden Verhaltens, i.e., "a set of beliefs and beliefs that predigten and lebten so eine Freiheit gegen ganze Kultur verwandeln and gestalten sollte, weren ihre Missionare nicht die angesehenen Grunder des Christentums, sondern heimatlos vagabundierende Propagandisten ohne Erwerb and W
Abstract: Als niemand ahnen konnte, das die urchristliche Bewegung einmal die ganze Kultur verwandeln und gestalten sollte, waren ihre Missionare nicht die angesehenen Grunder des Christentums, sondern heimatlos vagabundierende Propagandisten ohne Erwerb und Wohnsitz. Sie verkorperten eineForm sozial-abweichenden Verhaltens, das sich grundlegenden Normen und Notwendigkeiten der Gesellschaft entzogen hatte; man denke an die Nachfolgegebote der Heimat- und Besitz-, Schutz- und Familienlosigkeit. Sie predigten und lebten so eine Freiheit gegenuber grundlegenden sozialen Verpflichtungen, die nur fur den praktizierbar ist, der sich den stabilisierendenund domestizierenden Wirkungen kontinuierlichen Arbeitslebens entzogen hat – nicht durch Privilegien des Besitzes, sondern durch die asketische Armut einer ungesicherten Randexistenz, die dem Leben kynischer Wanderphilosophen vergleichbar ist. Nun ist aber auch der groste Asket auf Lebensunterhalt angewiesen. Wenn er selbst nicht arbeitet, heisit das: Er ist auf andere Menschen angewiesen, die fur ihn arbeiten. Er bleibt so auf handfeste Weise an diese Welt gebunden, mag er sich auch sonst noch so sehr von ihr distanzieren. Die Frage des Lebensunterhaltsruhrt daher an die Wurzeln seiner geistigen Existenz, sie beruhrtdie Glaubwurdigkeit seiner exponierten Lebensweise. Es ist daher sicherlich kein Zufall, das diese Frage in den Anweisungen an urchristliche Wanderprediger einen breiten Raum einnimmt (vgl. die Aussendungsrede Lc. x. 3 ff. parr.), das sie in den Gemeinderegeln fur den Umgang mit wandernden Charismatikern dominiert (Mt. x. 40–2; Did. xi) und zu einem zentralen Thema in den Auseinander-setzungen zwischen konkurrierenden Wanderpredigern werden konnte (I Cor. ix; II Cor. x-xiii): Die soziale Legitimitat der wandernden Prediger hangt in der Tat weitgehend davon ab, wie sie sich ihren Lebensunterhalt verschaffen.

14 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The parable of the Wicked Husbandmen as discussed by the authors is one of the few passages in the Bible where the verbal agreement between the three Synoptists is so great as to make some theory of literary interrelationship inescapable.
Abstract: The unfreezing of the Synoptic problem in recent years, for which we must be particularly grateful to Professor W. R. Farmer's survey, has been a healthy, if painful, experience. It is far too early yet to predict what new patterns, or modifications to previous patterns, will establish themselves. It is a time for rigorous testing out of suggestions that have disturbed, if not shaken, the critical consensus. What follows is but a small sample dip into the mass of material that needs to be looked at afresh. The passage selected – what is commonly known as the parable of the Wicked Husbandmen – merits attention for several reasons. It is as securely grounded in the tradition of Jesus's life and teaching as any other. It is among those listed by Farmer where the verbal agreement between the three Synoptists is so greatas to make some theory of literary interrelationship inescapable. It has the advantage now of a ‘fourth dimension’ in a close but in all probability independent parallel in the Gospel of Thomas. Yet, rather surprisingly, it is not discussed by Farmer either in his new ‘redaction ofthe Synoptic tradition in Mark’, though he analyses at length the incidents on either side of it, or in his survey of the parables as important historical evidence for the manhood of Jesus. So, despite the many previous treatments it has received, it may be justifiable to look at it once again for what light it may shed on the elusive solution to the oldest problem confronting Gospel critics.

13 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There seems to exist a relatively common opinion about the apocalyptic circles in Judaism, which Dr Russell in his book on Jewish apocalyptic expresses in these words: ‘In answer to the prophets’ cry ‘How long, O Lord, how long?’, the apocalyptists gave the year, the day and the hour'.
Abstract: There seems to exist a relatively common opinion about the apocalyptic circles in Judaism, which Dr Russell in his book on Jewish apocalyptic expresses in these words: ‘In answer to the prophets’ cry ‘How long, O Lord, how long?’, the apocalyptists gave the year, the day and the hour'. And in his classical study, Die Eschatologie der judischen Gemeinde, P. Volz stated: ‘Die zahlenmassige Berechnung des Weltendes ist vor allem das characteristische Geschaft des Apokalyptikers.’



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the folgenden Erwagungen und Darlegungen sind ein besonders problematisches und deshalb des Gedankenaustauschs im Voraus sehr bedurftiges Teilstuck eines Manuskriptes einer ‘Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments’, die in der Evangelischen Verlagsanstalt Berlin erscheinen wird.
Abstract: Die folgenden Erwagungen und Darlegungen sind ein besonders problematisches und deshalb des Gedankenaustauschs im Voraus sehr bedurftiges Teilstuck eines Manuskriptes einer ‘Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments’, die in der Evangelischen Verlagsanstalt Berlin erscheinen wird. Fur die Voraussetzungen, die im Rahmen dieses Ausschnitts nicht begrundet und geklart werden konnen, darf ich auf dieses hoffentlich bald gedruckt vorliegende Buch verweisen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The appearance of another article on this fascinating and yet controversial subject needs some justification as mentioned in this paper, since the publication of Rengstorf's famous study in Kittel have not the lines been drawn, the varying positions taken up and the evidence minutely sifted for every clue which might help us unravel a complicated New Testament crux interpretum?
Abstract: The appearance of another article on this fascinating and yet controversial subject needs some justification. After all, has not everything already been said? Since the publication of Rengstorf's famous study in Kittel have not the lines been drawn, the varying positions taken up and the evidence minutely sifted for every clue which might help us unravel a complicated New Testament crux interpretum ? Is there really anything new to be said?




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a paraphrase of the Epistle of St. Paul is given: "On lui a reproche d'avoir en ce domaine une mentalite plus juive que chretienne, de regarder la femme comme un etre qui serait par nature inferieur a l'homme and of faire d'elle simplement l'image d'une image".
Abstract: Saint Paul a ete plusieurs fois accuse de manquer de bienveillance a l'endroit du monde feminin. On lui a reproche d'avoir en ce domaine une mentalite plus juive que chretienne, de regarder la femme comme un etre qui serait par nature inferieur a l'homme et de faire d'elle simplement ‘l'image d'une image’, c'est-a-dire l'image de l'homme, qui seul serait l'image directe de Dieu, alors que selon le premier chapitre de la Genese, l'homme et la femme sont crees ensemble comme une unique image de Dieu. On lui a encore reproche de se montrer infidele a cet egard a l'esprit du Christ des Evangiles qui a tant fait pour mettre en evidence la dignite de la femme et dont les gestes de delicatesse et de bonte a son endroit ne se comptent pas. Par ailleurs on ne saurait contester ce fait: au cours de l'histoire de l'Eglise, quelques textes pauliniens ont ete maintes fois exploites a l'encontre du monde feminin et ont fait conclure a une inferiorite congenitale de la femme par rapport a l'homme.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus mainly on the narrative materials in the gospel, for it is there that redaction-critical work now seems most practicable; consequently, their sights can hardly be global.
Abstract: At the start, a definition of limits:There is no attempt in what follows to give a total view of Johannine christology We shall concentrate mainly on the narrative materials in the gospel, for it is there that redaction-critical work now seems most practicable; consequently, our sights can hardly be global At the same time, however, we do not limit ourselves to the uppermost layer of christology in the narratives, for we shall be seeking to set the evangelist's thought in sharper perspective by the very process of comparing it – and often contrasting it – to the tradition, more specifically the source, on which he depends Depth, then, more than breadth, will be our aim; depth such as we can gain from a few test bores into the Johannine terrain

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the way in which the Fourth Gospel speaks of Jesus as "God" since its usage differs somewhat from that of the rest of the New Testament.
Abstract: Because the term θeoς is used so infrequently of Jesus in the New Testament, it is not surprising to find that there are relatively few discussions of it as a christological title. However, it may be of value to investigate the way in which the Fourth Gospel speaks of Jesus as ‘God’ since its usage differs somewhat from that of the rest of the New Testament. First, the extent to which the New Testament describes Jesus as God will be surveyed, and this will be contrasted in general terms with the approach of the Fourth Evangelist. Then the passages in the Fourth Gospel which may call Jesus ‘God’ will be examined in more detail, and an attempt will be made to establish the way in which this designation is used by the evangelist. Next it will be asked how the distinctive usage of the Fourth Gospel came to be adopted. Finally the view that the word θeoς expresses a functional christology will be considered.