Journal•ISSN: 1055-3177
Novon
Missouri Botanical Garden Press
About: Novon is an academic journal published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Genus & IUCN Red List. It has an ISSN identifier of 1055-3177. Over the lifetime, 1903 publications have been published receiving 9662 citations.
Topics: Genus, IUCN Red List, Subgenus, Biology, Population
Papers published on a yearly basis
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TL;DR: The nomenclatural changes proposed here aim to align the taxonomy of Arabidopsis with the results of recent analyses of rDNA sequences and on-going phylogenetic analyses and to better represent phylogenetic relationships.
Abstract: New combinations in Arabidopsis are proposed. Species previously placed in Cardaminopsis are here transferred to Arabidopsis and taxa previously recognized in Arabidopsis, other than A. thaliana and A. suecica, are excluded from the genus. Distributions and a key to the nine species and five subspecies are presented. Based on analyses of rDNA sequences, the genus Arabidopsis as understood prior to this study is not only highly paraphyletic but also includes taxa that are distant in the Brassicaceae (unpublished results). This situation is particularly alarming given the central place that A. thaliana (L.) Heynhold plays in a myriad of current studies of genome evolution, developmental genetics, morphological evolution and development, etc. (Meyerowitz & Pruitt, 1985; Endress, 1992; Maluszynska & Heslop-Harrison, 1993; Crone & Lord, 1994; Larkin et al., 1994; Price et al., 1994; Teutonico & Osborn, 1994; Zhang & Lechowica, 1994; Tsukaya, 1995). Without a well-documented phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus and a congruent taxonomy, studies that make assumptions about its relations are likely to be inconclusive and to arrive at irrelevant conclusions. A number of recent studies (e.g., Maluszynska & Heslop-Harrison, 1993; Kamm et al., 1995; Tsukaya et al., 1997) have assumed close relationships between A. thaliana and species currently included in the genus that molecular data do not support (Price et al., 1994; O'Kane et al., 1995). The genus has been variously placed close to several other genera (Arabis, Braya, Cardaminopsis, Cymatocarpus, Drabopsis, Halimolobos, Hylandra, Microsisymbrium, Nasturtiopsis, and Neotorularia) based on morphological similarity (Hedge, 1968; Jafri, 1973; Al-Shehbaz, 1988; Ball, 1993). Rather than showing a close relationship among these genera, our work indicates that the circumscription of some of these genera and Arabidopsis is needed to better represent phylogenetic relationships. Recently, for instance, A. erysimoides has been moved to Erysimum (Al-Shehbaz, 1994), A. parvula (Schrenk) O. E. Schulz has been transferred to Thellungiella (Al-Shehbaz & O'Kane, 1995), and both A. gamosepala Hedge and A. tuemurnica Kuan & An have been placed in Neotorularia (Al-Shehbaz & O'Kane, 1997). The nomenclatural changes proposed here aim to align the taxonomy of Arabidopsis with the results of recent analyses of rDNA sequences (O'Kane et al., 1997) and on-going phylogenetic analyses. The changes given here were anticipated by both Hylander (1957) and Ball (1993). Hylander (1957: 602-603) stated that should Cardaminopsis and Arabidopsis be combined, Cardaminopsis "must be dropped into the latter genus [Arabidopsis], the limits of which would thereby be considerably widened-or, perhaps more correctly, drawn in quite another way than e.g. by Schulz." Ball (1993: 322) echoed this by stating, "It seems probable that Cardaminopsis should be combined with Arabidopsis, and some species of Arabidopsis may have to be removed from the enlarged genus." Furthermore, Jones (1964) suggested that Arabis cebennensis and A. pedemontana might better be placed in the genus Cardaminopsis (here Arabidopsis). These earlier morphological predictions are now strongly supported by two independent molecular studies: Price et al. (1994) using chloroplast DNA restriction site variation and rbcL gene sequences, and O'Kane et al. (1997 and unpublished) using nuclear rDNA sequences. Essentially, the nomenclatural changes proposed herein deal with the transfer of species from Cardaminopsis to Arabidopsis. Except for the nine species and five subspecies treated in this paper, all of the remaining 49 binomials variously assigned to Arabidopsis are excluded from the genus. Work is in progress to assign those to other genera. Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynhold, in Holl & Heynhold, F1. Sachsen 1: 538. 1842; nom. cons. TYPE: Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynhold. Cardaminopsis (C. A. Meyer) Hayek, F1. Steiermark 1: 477. 1908. Syn. nov. Basionym: Arabis sect. CardaNovoN 7: 323-327. 1997. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Tue, 06 Sep 2016 06:08:56 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
158 citations
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TL;DR: In the light of morphological and molecular evidence that the genus Mascagnia is polyphyletic, the necessary new combinations are proposed, and five new species are described (Amorimia camporum, A. kariniana, septentrionalis, velutina, and Niedenzuella caracasana).
Abstract: In the light of morphological and molecular evidence that the genus Mascagnia is polyphyletic, eight segregate genera are described, discussed, and illustrated, the necessary new combinations are proposed, and five new species are described (Amorimia camporum, A. kariniana, A. septentrionalis, A. velutina, and Niedenzuella caracasana). Keys to genera and species are provided. The genera and species are: Adelphia W. R. Anderson [A. hiraea (Gaertner) W. R. Anderson, A. macrophylla (Rusby) W. R. Anderson, A. mirabilis (W. R. Anderson) W. R. Anderson, A. platyrachis (Triana & Planchon) W. R. Anderson]; Aenigmatanthera W. R. Anderson [A. doniana (Grisebach in Martius) W. R. Anderson, A. lasiandra (A. Jussieu) W. R. Anderson]; Alicia W. R. Anderson [A. anisopetala (A. Jussieu in A. St.-Hilaire) W. R. Anderson, A. macrodisca (Triana & Planchon) W. R. Anderson]; Amorimia W. R. Anderson [A. amazonica (Niedenzu) W. R. Anderson, A. camporum W. R. Anderson, A. concinna (C. V. Morton) W. R. Anderson, A. exotr...
112 citations
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TL;DR: Four new species are described and illustrated: Larnax cuyacensis from Peru, similar to L. sylvarum, but with a rotate, fleshier corolla much lighter in color, and a fruiting calyx tightly appressed to the berry.
Abstract: Based on phylogenies generated using morphological and molecular data, Deprea glabra and D. sylvarum are transferred to Larnax, and a new subspecies, L. sylvarum subsp. novogranatensis, is described. Four new species are described and illustrated: Larnax cuyacensis from Peru, similar to L. glabra and L. sylvarum, but with a rotate, fleshier corolla much lighter in color, and a fruiting calyx tightly appressed to the berry; L. grandiflora from Peru, intermediate between L. andersonii and L. sachapapa; L. parviflora from Peru, similar to L. psilophyta of Ecuador, but differing in vegetative and reproductive characters and having the smallest flowers in the genus; and L. darcyana from Colombia, similar to L. subtriflora of Peru, but differing vegetatively and with much shorter, non-branching hairs, a smaller corolla, shorter filaments, and apiculate anthers. Keys are provided for selected genera and for Larnax. In addition, some synonymies are noted.
93 citations
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TL;DR: The geographically isolated annual teosinte from the coastal plain and embayments/estuaries near the Gulf of Fonseca, Nicaragua, is differentiated from Zea luxurians from southeastern Guatemala by its much longer and more abundant tassel branches, larger number of spikelets per branch, and longer, more pronouncedly transversely rugose outer glumes, as well as by its low-elevation coastal habitat.
Abstract: The geographically isolated annual teosinte from the coastal plain and embayments/estuaries near the Gulf of Fonseca, Nicaragua, is differentiated from Zea luxurians from southeastern Guatemala by its much longer and more abundant tassel branches, larger number of spikelets per branch, and longer, more pronouncedly transversely rugose outer glumes, as well as by its low-elevation coastal habitat. Molecular (ribosomal ITS) evidence and other data, placing it basal to Z. luxurians, seem to support this taxonomic segregation. RESUMEN. El teosinte annual que crece en aislamiento geogrAfico en la planicie costera y los bajos inundados y esteros cerca del Golfo de Fonseca, Nicaragua, difiere de Z. luxurians del sureste de Guatemala por el nuimero mayor de ramas y espiguillas por rama de la inflorescencia masculina, por la rugosidad transversal pronunciada de las glumas inferiores, adem-s de altura baja de su h ibitat costero. Evidencia molecular ubica a esta especie como mas primitiva a la especie Z. luxurians y apoya a esta segregaci6n taxon6mica. "There are very recent but as yet unverified reports of teosinte [in Honduras] from the mountains of the Department of Francisco Mordizan, not far from Tegucigalpa, from the mountains of Copdn, and even Nicaragua" (Standley, 1950: 61). In November 1989, entomologist Allan H. Hruska, following up on a tip from Adrian Ramos, a fellow worker in the CARE Nicaragua maize improvement project, located a population of teosinte (a wild species of Zea) at Km 178 on the Chinandega-Somotillo highway in southwestern Nicaragua. Subsequently, ripe seeds were collected and, in 1990, sent to his mentor, Lowell ("Skip") R. Nault, eminent leafhopper taxonomist and maize virologist at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, who promptly sent two of these to Iltis at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Iltis, in turn, after noting their resemblance to those of Guatemalan Z. luxurians (Durieu & Ascherson) Bird, forwarded the two seeds to John Doebley (then at the University of Minnesota) for preliminary analysis. This revealed great morphological similarity to, but also considerable differences in developmental behavior from, Guatemalan teosinte. The general area of Hruska's 1989 discovery in southwest Nicaragua was visited by the authors on 5 October 1991. No teosinte was encountered there; however, repeated inquiry about the location of additional stands of "teosinto," the local name, hinted at by Hruska in a letter, led us several days later to the discovery of a small population some two hours by horse from Rancho Apacunca, some 19 km to the west of Hruska's site. Now evidently extremely local and rare, the teosinte at this location is remarkable for its ability to grow in as much as 0.4 m of standing or slowly moving water. Zea nicaraguensis Iltis & Benz, sp. nov. TYPE: Nicaragua. Chinandega: Pacific coastal plain near Golfo de Fonseca, edge of now flooded [by mid-December, bone-dry] area between Estero Paimica and Estero Palo Blanco, at a place seasonally occupied by cattle herders known as El Rodeo (12'53'45"N, 86?59'W), ca. 4-5 km NNW of Apacunca (12'52'30"N, 86o57-58' W), 18-20 km SW of Villa Nueva, alt. 9 m, 8 Oct. 1991, H. H. Iltis, B. F Benz & A. Grijalva 30831 (holotype, HNMN; isotypes, K, MEXU, MO, NY, US, WIS-2). Topotypic paratype of same population, in ripe fruit, 18 Dec 1991, H. H. Iltis, M. Castrillo, C. Medina & C. Aker 30919 (HNMN, WIS). NovoN 10: 382-390. 2000. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.111 on Sun, 22 May 2016 05:32:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 10, Number 4 2000 Iltis & Benz Zea nicaraguensis (Poaceae) 383 Similis Zeae luxurianti, sed robustior, culmis ad bases 3-5 cm diam., 2-4(-5) m altis, inflorescentiis masculinis robustioribus et 23-32 cm longis, cum 27-38 ramis, differt. Maize-like erect annuals, unbranched to candelabra-branched, 2-4(-5) m tall (Fig. 1A), sometimes with 1 to 4 stout basal tillers (suckers), these to 2 m long in giant plants, with prominent prop roots (Fig. 1D). Male inflorescences (tassels) 23-32 cm long, with 27-38 slender branches (including infrequent secondary branches from the base of basal primary ones), the central one undifferentiated [all plants of the type not quite mature as of date of collection (8 Oct.), hence weak, with all the branches drooping downward together on one side] (Fig. 1B); branches each with ca. 36 to 64 sessilepedicellate spikelet pairs, the outer glumes with two prominent keels that merge at the apex, ca. 911 mm long, strongly transverse rugulose especially when young (Fig. 1C); culms (tassel peduncles) immature in the type specimens, only ca. 3-6 cm long, but dramatically elongating to 25 cm or more by maturity; tassel branching axes variable, 8-12 cm long. Female spikes in sheathed complex clusters, 6-18 cm long, on peduncles of variable length, enclosed by glabrous, linear-lanceolate spathes, these 6-10 cm long; fruitcases ca. 4 to 10 per spike, trapezoidal appressed-cylindric, very smooth and shiny, ? uniformly colored a light to dark (coffee or earthen) brown, 7-10 mm on the long (glume) side, 3-6 mm on the short side, 4-6 mm diam. (Fig. 1C). Flowering (tasseling) from mid-October to early November, with fruitcases mature in mid-December. Common name "Teosinto." The still somewhat immature tassel of one of the two WIS isotypes (Fig. 1B), symbolized by the second highest filled circle on Figure 2, was used in 1992 for the University of Wisconsin Herbarium's traditional New Year's card, photocopied directly and unreduced from the specimen onto herbariumsize sheets and sent to over 400 herbaria, botanists, and friends all over the world. Distribution, ecology, and habitat. (All locations on lower half of Nicaragua topographic sheet Villa Nueva 1:50,000, 1989): Zea nicaraguensis appears to be restricted to the Department of Chinandega, Nicaragua, in the lowlands of the Gulf of Fonseca that drain to the nearby Pacific Ocean, at elevations of 9 m (type collection) to 75 m (according to Hruska's seed collection, presumably from near Israel; see below). We were told by some local old campesinos that this very flat landscape was once covered mostly by savannas of Crescentia, with gallery forests only near the confluence and levees of seasonal streams. (1) The Apacunca (holotype) locality: The nearby savannas had in the past often been cleared for agriculture, once for rice, then for pasture, and are now heavily grazed by cattle. At the October date of collection, this vast treeless plain was under 0.21.5 m of very slow-moving water but deceptively covered with a dense, lush, and green, rooted floating mat of mostly introduced Old World and some native New World grasses, such as Brachiaria mutica (ForsskMl) Stapf, Echinochloa polystachya (HBK) Hitchcock, E. pyramidalis (Lamarck) Hitchcock & Chase, Oryza latifolia Desvaux, Paspalum virgatum L., and Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, as well as colonies of Neptunia sp., Thalia geniculata L., and Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli, the last two often locally dominant. The dense gallery forest, where the teosinte grew, was located on a slightly higher river levee, which formed somewhat of an island, where, inaccessible to cattle during flooding, the teosinte was thus protected especially in its early stages from grazing (Fig. 3). Teosinte, now rare, was reported by the old cowboys at Rancho Apacunca to have been "ubiquitous" here in the past. With floodplain savanna on one side, and a seasonal flooding river (estero) on the other, the strip of gallery forest of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner, Pithecellobium dulce (Roxburgh) Bentham, Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacquin) Bentham, and Bravaisia integerrima (Sprengel) Standley had an understory of Coccoloba (2 spp.), Bactris minor Jacquin, Cassia reticulata L., Caesalpinia spp., and Crescentia alata HBK, and here, also, towering thickets of gigantic plants of teosinte. Growing both in shade and on the forest's sunny margins, their stems and prop roots were covered by shallow standing water 10-40 cm deep, this by 8 October beginning to recede (Fig. ID). But only a very few of the several hundred teosinte plants were now starting to "shoot out" their male inflorescences, and, despite diligent searching, all we could find were nine somewhat immature tassels, which became the type collection (see Discussion). (2) The Cayanlipe locality (for paratype and second population) lies in the flat, mostly treeless Comarca Cayanlipe 4 km south and east of the village of Cayanlipe in the Llano de Toreras and 7 km east-southeast of the Apacunca station. Although this area gets flooded as well as during the rainy season, the dirt road nearby is not elevated like the one leading to Rancho Apacunca, a circumstance that prevented us from visiting this teosinte population in October. Zea plants here are ca. 3.0-3.5 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.111 on Sun, 22 May 2016 05:32:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
92 citations
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TL;DR: The generic placement of 50 of the 59 binomials previously assigned to Arabidopsis are critically evaluated and placed in 14 genera, of which Crucihimalaya, Olimarabidopsis, and Pseudoarabodopsis are described as new, and keys for the determination of taxa most often confused with Arabidops are provided.
Abstract: All 59 binomials previously assigned to Arabidopsis are critically evaluated and placed in 14 genera, of which Crucihimalaya, Olimarabidopsis, and Pseudoarabidopsis are described as new. Nine new combinations in Crucihimalaya, three in Olimarabidopsis, and one in Pseudoarabidopsis, as well as 12 new synonyms, are proposed. A key to all genera most commonly confused with Arabidopsis, including the three new proposed herein, is presented. Generic delimitation in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) is one of the most difficult and often controversial aspects in the systematics of the family (Al-Shehbaz, 1973, 1984; Rollins, 1993; Schulz, 1936). Perhaps the two principal reasons for this are: (1) Convergence in basically every morphological character is so high that superficially very similar genera might well turn out to be remotely related or unrelated upon critical examination of so-called key generic characters and independent assessment of phylogenetic relationship using molecular comparisons (as in the genera herein segregated from Arabidopsis). (2) Although the family exhibits tremendous diversity in fruit morphology, other parts of the plant, especially the flowers, usually do not show much diversity and, therefore, there are few morphological characters that can be used to determine relationships. Characters of flowers and vegetative parts have often been ignored or overlooked. Because fruit morphology has traditionally been used in taxonomic treatments of the Brassicaceae, the problem becomes more acute among the numerous genera with relatively similar linearshaped fruits. In cases like these, vegetative or floral characters could easily be of greater significance than fruit or seed characters in delimiting natural genera. Given the great interest in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynhold as a model experimental organism, it is of particular value to define clear phylogenetic groupings among its related genera. The limits of Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynhold have been the subject of continuous controversy, and many authors (e.g., Al-Shehbaz, 1988; Hedge (in Hedge & Rechinger), 1968; Price et al., 1994) called for the need to establish well-defined boundaries between the genus and its relatives. Although O'Kane and AlShehbaz (1997) retained only nine species in Arabidopsis, the generic placement of 50 of the 59 binomials previously assigned to Arabidopsis remained to be established. The present paper addresses this problem, and keys for the determination of taxa most often confused with Arabidopsis are provided. Molecular comparisons of both chloroplast DNA (Price et al., 1994, unpublished) and nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions (O'Kane et al., 1995, 1997, unpublished) have consistently supported dividing the core group of the broadly circumscribed Arabidopsis (e.g., table 1 of Price et al., 1994) into a small number of well-separated clades, most notably Arabidopsis sensu stricto (including Hylandra A. Love and Cardaminopsis (C. A. Meyer) Hayek; see O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz, 1997; Mummenhoff & Hurka, 1995), A. pumila (Stephan) N. Busch and relatives (here newly described as Olimarabidopsis), and A. himalaica (Edgeworth) O. E. Schulz and relatives (here newly described as Crucihimalaya). All of these genera belong to a major terminal clade, including a number of other Eurasian and American genera such as Capsella Medikus, Neslia Desvaux, Erysimum L., Malcolmia R. Brown, and Halimolobos Tausch. Several other species sometimes placed in Arabidopsis have been found to belong to the distantly related genera ThelNOVON 9: 296-307. 1999. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.78 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 05:14:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 9, Number 3 1999 Al-Shehbaz et al. Exclusion from Arabidopsis 297 lungiella O. E. Schulz (Al-Shehbaz & O'Kane, 1995; Galloway et al., 1998) and Neotorularia Hedge & J. Ldonard (Al-Shehbaz & O'Kane, 1997), or in one case to the genus Erysimum (Al-Shehbaz, 1994), which is closely related to Olimarabidopsis. Although the taxonomy of Arabidopsis has now been worked out at the generic level (O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz, 1997), our research indicates that Arabis is polyphyletic and consists of at least three unrelated clades. Following up the suggestions of new phylogenetic groupings provided by molecular comparisons, we have thoroughly reexamined the morphology of the species previously placed in Arabidopsis in order to reassess morphological groupings of species and to try to find morphological characters distinguishing the groups indicated by molecular comparisons. Over the last seven years, we have critically examined more than 6000 specimens from numerous herbaria. We have found that differences in fruit morphology (terete vs. flattened) and seed morphology (incumbent vs. accumbent cotyledons and winged vs. unwinged seeds), which have been previously used (e.g., Busch, 1909; Ball, 1993; Jones, 1964; Mulligan, 1995; Rollins, 1993; Schulz, 1936) to separate the traditionally circumscribed genera Arabidopsis and Arabis, appear to be very unreliable in the delimitation of natural generic groups. Seven of the nine species of Arabidopsis sensu stricto have flattened fruits and accumbent cotyledons, while two have terete fruits and incumbent cotyledons (O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz, 1997). In contrast, differences in trichome branching, flower color, and nature of the cauline leaf base appear to be much more useful in defining natural generic groups among species previously placed in Arabidopsis sensu lato. Combinations of these characters, along with molecular phylogenetic data, support the retention of 9 species in Arabidopsis and the segregation of 13 species commonly placed in the genus into three new, well-defined genera herein proposed as Crucihimalaya, Olimarabidopsis, and Pseudoarabidopsis. Based on chloroplast DNA sequencing (Price, unpublished), Olimarabidopsis is most closely related to Erysimum, and both are readily separated from Arabidopsis by having yellow or orange (rarely cream or purplish) flowers and malpighiaceous and/or sessile stellate trichomes (Erysimum) or submalpighiaceous and subsessile stellate trichomes (Olimarabidopsis). Only 3 of the 14 genera to which the 59 Arabidopsis binomials belong are not included in the following key. These, Murbeckiella Rothmaler, Sisymbriopsis Botschantsev & Tzvelev, and Robeschia Hochstetter, are unrelated to Arabidopsis. Murbeckiella has auriculate cauline leaves, keeled valves, veined septa, and winged seeds, whereas Arabidopsis has petiolate cauline leaves, rounded or flat valves, veinless septa, and wingless seeds. Sisymbriopsis has pubescent, quadrangular fruits and prominently 3-veined valves, whereas Arabidopsis has glabrous, terete or flattened fruits and veinless or obscurely 1-veined valves. Finally, Robeschia has dendritic trichomes, 2-pinnatisect or 2-pinnate leaves, much thickened fruiting pedicels as thick as the fruit, and an obsolete style, whereas Arabidopsis has simple and stalked forked trichomes, undivided to pinnatifid leaves, slender fruiting pedicels narrower than the fruit, and distinct styles. These three genera have not yet been subjected to molecular studies, but should be analyzed in the near future. The circumscriptions of Arabis and Halimolobos in the following key follow that of Rollins (1993). We are, however, aware that these genera, as presently delimited, represent very heterogeneous assemblages of species groups that will have to be re-assigned to other genera, most of which have already been proposed. We are currently working on these groups. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA WITH MEMBERS FORMERLY PLACED IN ARABIDOPSIs SENSU LATO la. Plants completely glabrous; leaves and stems glaucous; plants often restricted to strongly saline and/or calcareous soil Thellungiella lb. Plants sparsely to densely hairy; leaves and stems not glaucous; plants usually on other soil types. 2a. Trichomes sessile and completely appressed, malpighiaceous and/or stellate with unbranched rigid straight rays Erysimum 2b. Trichomes shortor long-stalked, simple or branched, if stellate and sessile then rays slender and/or branched. 3a. Scapose annuals without cauline leaves; fruiting pedicel nearly as thick as fruit ....... Drabopsis 3b. Nonscapose annuals, biennials, or perennials with few to many cauline leaves; very rarely perennials without cauline leaves; fruiting pedicels much narrower than fruit (except some Neotorularia). 4a. Fruits compressed; cotyledons accumbent. 5a. Cauline leaves short petiolate, neither auriculate nor sagittate at base; trichomes simple and 2or 3(or 4)-forked, never dendritic or stellate; fruit valves with a prominent midvein; seeds usually wingless .Arabidopsis This content downloaded from 157.55.39.78 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 05:14:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
87 citations