Showing papers in "Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine in 2018"
TL;DR: The administration of ethyl acetate extract at doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg prevents a significant acute paw edema and present a higher anti-inflammatory activity than Diclofenac as a positive control.
Abstract: This study is devoted to the estimation of total bioactive contents and the evaluation of acute toxicity and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects and the assessment of in vitro antioxidant and anti-arthritic potential of the species Scabiosa stellata. The anti-arthritic activity was performed by bovine serum albumin denaturation method and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by eight different methods. Furthermore, the acute oral toxicity and the anti-inflammarory activity using the model of carrageenan-induced paw edema were tested on male Wistar rats. The ethyl acetate extract recorded the highest content of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. All the crude extracts (PE, EtAOc and n-BuOH) had antioxidant activities in various assays and prevent the denaturation of bovin serum albumin in dose depending manner. The oral administration of the ethyl acetate extract at various concentrations (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg), does not induce any toxic symptoms or mortalities in all the treated animals. No significant changes in biochemical and hematological parameters compared to the control group were observed. Thus, the approximate acute lethal dose 50 of this extract was higher than 2000 mg/kg. In addition, the administration of ethyl acetate extract at doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg prevents a significant acute paw edema and present a higher anti-inflammatory activity than Diclofenac as a positive control.
24 citations
TL;DR: The phenolic compounds and volatile compounds which have been linked with the biological activities of the peels have been characterized and the bioactive compounds of citrus peels and the mechanisms for the biological Activities are looked at.
Abstract: Citrus peels, which are an environmental menace in many developing countries have been in use in folk medicine for the management of some degenerative conditions, though there was limited information on the mechanism of such medicinal properties. These medicinal properties also promote the peels as functional foods; since they are generally regarded as safe and are consumed in some countries in forms of candies, wines, infusions and additives. Studies on the mechanisms for the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer activities of the peels have established the intereaction with some key enzymes relevant to the management of such diseases. The phenolic compounds and volatile compounds which have been linked with the biological activities of the peels have been characterized. This review looks at the bioactive compounds of citrus peels and the mechanisms for the biological activities of the peels.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera Lam seed kernel grown in Bangladesh was evaluated through the determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid and total tannin contents.
Abstract: The present research evaluates the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera Lam seed kernel grown in Bangladesh M oleifera seed kernel was extracted with methanol, acetone and water individually The phytochemical content was evaluated through the determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid and total tannin contents In vitro antioxidant capacity was determined following four complementary methods: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS{2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)}, and NO (nitric oxide) free radical scavenging and reducing power tests The total phenolic contents 6099 ± 0153, 3078 ± 0101 and 9097 ± 0134 mg gallic acid eq/g dry extract, total flavonoids contents 1013 ± 0171, 1332 ± 0101 and 22176 ± 0221 mg quercetin eq/g and total tannins contents 9710 ± 0153, 7391 ± 0107 and 2174 ± 0086 mg gallic acid eq/g dry extract were found to be present in methanol, acetone and water extracts respectively Among the three extracts, the water extract exhibited significant activities for scavenging DPPH, ABTS and NO free radicals with EC50 values 3689 ± 0154, 1320 ± 0049 and 21795 ± 0327 μg/mL respectively against the standard antioxidant compound ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxy anisole The results of this research revealed that among the three extracts of M oleifera seed kernel the water extract exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity Reducing power, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also observed to be significant for the water extract So in contrast of all the results of this study it can be concluded that among the three extracts (methanol, acetone and water) the water extract possessed potent antioxidant activity which support the use of M oleifera seed kernel as natural antioxidant
19 citations
TL;DR: Experimental studies on medicinal plants and plant derived natural products with cadmium toxicity ameliorative effects are collated to lead to development of a potentially useful agent in therapeutic management of cadMium toxicity in humans.
Abstract: Cadmium is extremely toxic heavy metal and there is no specific, safe and efficacious therapeutic management of cadmium toxicity. Scientific literature reveals several medicinal plants and natural products alleviate experimentally induced cadmium toxicity in animals. The present review attempts to collate those experimental studies on medicinal plants and plant derived natural products with cadmium toxicity ameliorative effects. Literature survey was carried out by using internet and the studies for the last two decades were considered. Minerals and semi-synthetic or synthetic analogs of natural products were excluded. Literature study revealed that 36 medicinal plants and 16 natural products exhibited significant protection from cadmium toxicity in experimental animal models i.e., pre-clinical studies. Clinical studies were not found in literature. Relevant research in this field could lead to development of a potentially useful agent in therapeutic management of cadmium toxicity in humans.
17 citations
TL;DR: Oral administration of Spirulina platensis at a dose of 300 mg/kg daily for 5 weeks mitigated DOX-induced oxidative stress, testicular damage, hormone alterations and spermiogram abnormalities via its potent antioxidant activity.
Abstract: Male infertility is a common side effect of doxorubicin (DOX) that substantially impairs the quality of life of young cancer survivors. Therefore, the current work was designed to evaluate the possible antioxidant and gonado-protective effects of Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) in DOX-treated rats. Intraperitoneal administration of DOX (3 mg/kg b.wt.) once weekly for 5 weeks significantly decreased the levels of testicular catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, it significantly decreased serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, as well as sperm motility and sperm count. Additionally, DOX treatment significantly increased the testicular malondialdehyde concentration and the percent of sperm abnormalities and resulted in marked cystic dilation of seminiferous tubules with extensive separation, dissociation of germinal cells from the basement membrane and arrested spermatogenesis. Oral administration of S. platensis at a dose of 300 mg/kg daily for 5 weeks mitigated DOX-induced oxidative stress, testicular damage, hormone alterations and spermiogram abnormalities via its potent antioxidant activity. S. platensis may represent a potential therapeutic option to protect testicular tissue during DOX treatment.
17 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the plant may be a potential source for the development of new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
Abstract: The aim of our current study is to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of methanolic extract of Mallotus repandus stem (MSM) using different in vivo assay models. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test, tail immersion method, hot-plate test, formalin induced hind paw licking, xylene induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma in animal model at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight. MSM showed significant (p < 0.05) analgesic activities in the acetic acid-induced writhing tests in mice. In the tail immersion and hot-plate test, MSM significantly prolonged the latency period (p < 0.05). Significant (p < 0.05) formalin induced paw licking inhibition was observed at different doses and the highest 74.47% inhibition was observed at 2000 mg/kg. Besides, MSM showed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory responses in carrageenan induced paw edema, xylene induced ear edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma methods. These findings suggest that the plant may be a potential source for the development of new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
14 citations
TL;DR: Experimental findings indicate that HESC possesses antidiarrheal property in rats and confirm the ethnomedicinal use of S. cordifolia roots a valuable natural remedy for the treatment, management, and control of diarrhea.
Abstract: Sida cordifolia Linn. (Malvaceae) traditionally used for the treatment of chronic dysentery, diarrhea, and dyspepsia. The core aim of the present study is to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of hydroalcoholic extract of roots of Sida cordifolia (HESC) in animal models. The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea models whereas Anti-secretory and anti-motility activities were investigated using castor oil-induced enteropooling assay and gastrointestinal transit test examined in animal models respectively. Antidiarrheal activities compared to loperamide, a positive control. The acute toxicity effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of S. cordifolia also investigated. S. cordifolia (100-400mg/kg) produced dose-dependent and significant protection of rats against castor oil-induced diarrhea, magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea, delayed gastric emptying and inhibited intestinal transit. HESC, dose-dependently and significantly delayed the onset of castor-oil induced diarrhea and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea, decreased the frequency of defecation, and reduced the severity of diarrhea in the rats as well as loperamide (5mg/kg). Furthermore, HESC produced dose-dependent and significant anti-motility effect, caused inhibition of castor-oil-induced enteropooling in rats, almost similar to loperamide. Additionally, castor oil-induced enteropooling assay, HESC dose-dependently and significantly decreased the volume of castor oil-induced intestinal fluid secretion compared with the control group. In gastrointestinal transit test, delayed gastric emptying and decreased the propulsion of charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract also observed. The effect of HESC significant and dose-dependent when compared with the control group. There was no deaths or abnormalities in behavior seen in the acute toxicity test. The experimental findings indicate that HESC possesses antidiarrheal property in rats. These activities confirm the ethnomedicinal use of S. cordifolia roots a valuable natural remedy for the treatment, management, and control of diarrhea.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the chemical composition and the evaluation of the biological activities of essential oils (EOs) extracted from the flowers of Asteriscus graveolens Forssk plant were studied.
Abstract: This work is devoted to the study of the chemical composition and the evaluation of the biological activities of essential oils (EOs) extracted from the flowers of Asteriscus graveolens Forssk. plant. The EO sample was obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition analysis was performed using GC and GC/MS. The major chemical components characterizing the EO were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (44.30%) and cis-8-acetoxychrysanthenyl acetate (33.70%). Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH and Phosphomolybdenum tests. Although the EO presented a weak scavenging activity (420.16 mg/mL), it exhibited good reducing power using the Phosphomolybdenum assay (0.28 AAEC/mg). The most important antibacterial activity was noted for Bacillus cereus. The oil revealed a remarkable activity against the nine fungi species tested with percentage inhibition up to 94.12% for Fusarium culmorum (BTCR). More important, this work investigated for the first time the anticancer effect of this EO on two types of cancer cell lines (human liver carcinoma and Rat pheochromocytoma cell lines). The EO showed a high anticancer activity against both tumor cell lines comparing to the positive control.
11 citations
TL;DR: Endophytic fungi associated with leaf and stem samples of Humboldtia brunonis Wall, a dominant myrmecophyte endemic to the South Western Ghats of India, exhibited better antimicrobial and antioxidant activity compared to the other extracts.
Abstract: Endophytic fungi associated with leaf and stem samples of Humboldtia brunonis Wall, a dominant myrmecophyte, commonly known as ‘hasige mara’, endemic to the South Western Ghats of India were enumerated from two sites viz. Charmadi and Mangalore University arboretum and tested for antimicrobial activity. Aspergillus sp., Curvularia clavata, Curvularia pallescens, Debaromyces hansenii, Guignardia sp., Hypoxylon anthochroum, Meyerozyma caribbica, Paecilomyces lilacinus were found in leaf samples of H. brunonis. Alternaria alternata, Cunninghamella echinulata, Fusarium fusarioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phanerochaete sp. were found in stem samples. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was commonly present in both the samples. The zone of inhibition by the endophytic fungi Curvularia pallescens isolated from H. brunonis for Candida albicans was up to 24 mm diameter, which is comparable to the inhibition by the antifungal standard Nystatin (24 mm). In seven endophytic fungi possessed free radical scavenging activity at 10 μg/ml, the highest being in C. pallescens extracts. In the present study, C. pallescens exhibited better antimicrobial and antioxidant activity compared to the other extracts. The presence of mycotoxin curvularin was reported in the partially purified fraction of C. pallescens.
10 citations
TL;DR: The present review article collates the published researches carried out globally exploring the possible therapeutic potentialities of Dregea volubilis and suggests relevant research in this field could lead to development of a potentially useful therapeutic agent from this plant.
Abstract: Since the time immemorial, medicinal plants and herbal medicines have always presented to us a wide range of curative techniques that has paved our way towards modernised medical resources. The present article reviews on one of such medicinal plants, scientifically recognised to be Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Benth. belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. Literature survey was carried out by using Google, Scholar Google, Scopus and Pub-Med. The scientific journal articles found on the internet for last two decades were considered and pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Dregea volubilis have been compiled. Almost every part of this plant has been phytochemically screened along with profound pharmacological studies especially on its leaves and fruits that have revealed immense scope for this plant to be applied to advanced drug development studies pertaining to a wide range of disorders. The present review article collates the published researches carried out globally exploring the possible therapeutic potentialities of Dregea volubilis. Relevant research in this field could lead to development of a potentially useful therapeutic agent from this plant.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the antioxidant potential of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the scape of Allium oschaninii was investigated and the results indicated the antioxidant power potential of both extracts.
Abstract: The present study focuses on the antioxidant potential of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the scape of Allium oschaninii. Phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content for both the extracts and Total flavonoid content for ethanolic extract were determined. Anti-microbial activity of different concentrations of both the extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus was investigated. The total antioxidant power (TAP), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays were carried out. IC50 values of aqueous and ethanolic extract to scavenge ABTS and DPPH free radical were determined as 0.2524, 0.5467 and 0.6155, 0.9591 (mg/mL) respectively. FRAP and TAP results of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts were determined to be 2530.972 and 1199.86 (µmol of Fe2+ per 1000 µg of extract) and 84.13 ± 5.51 and 141.88 ± 40.49 (equivalent mg of ferulic acid per 150 mg dried sample) respectively. These results signify the antioxidant power potential of the scape of A.oschaninii.
TL;DR: The chemical composition of P. biglobosa seeds has been highlighted as a cheap, reliable source of vital minerals and vitamins and its medicinal activities include antihypertensive, anti-diabetes, wound healing and antioxidant activities.
Abstract: Food additives have been used for many decades, mainly to enhance food aesthetics and taste. However, considerable research attention has been placed on identifying food additives with additional medicinal benefits. Despite on-going efforts to document food additives with medicinal benefits, including the Food and Drug Administration database, many of such products have not yet been covered. Expanding the coverage of food additives with medicinal benefits could help accelerate drug discovery efforts. Here, we provide an update of the medicinal properties of the fermented seeds of the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), an example of less-known food additives. This condiment is commonly used in West and Central Africa. In this review, the chemical composition of P. biglobosa seeds has been highlighted as a cheap, reliable source of vital minerals and vitamins. The medicinal activities of P. biglobosa seeds include antihypertensive, anti-diabetes, wound healing and antioxidant activities. For a natural product to be accepted as a potential drug or supplement for food, its safety is important, hence, the safety concerns about this seed have been highlighted. The seeds can be considered safe as there are no reported side effects of the food additive. The review also discussed the future direction of research on the medicinal and nutritional values of the seeds. Finally, the medicinal activities identified from the seeds could be further explored for drug discovery.
SIDI1
TL;DR: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavans and flavanols, which may be responsible of this promising antimicrobial activity of Marrubium vulgare L. leaves, against three pathogenic bacteria.
Abstract: Marrubium vulgare L. is used in folk medicine of several countries. Many researches showed that it is used for treatment of variety of diseases, for example as remedy for asthma and diabetes, duo to its antibacterial effects. The present study aimed to access the effect of the sampling location on the antibacterial activity of the flavonoids extracted from Marrubium vulgare L. leaves, against three pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Proteus mirabilis. The leaves were collected from three different sampling locations belonging northwest Algeria: Tessala Mountain, M’sila forest and Ain Skhouna. The flavonoid extraction was carried out using organic solvents with increasing polarity. The bacterial susceptibility testing by diffusion agar method showed that the diameters zones varied significantly (P < 0.001) according to the sampling location of the leaves, the flavonoid extract and its concentration. The inhibition diameters varied between 7.5–34.3 mm, which often exceed those induced by the standard antibacterial agents (chloramphenicol, gentamicin, aztreonam, nalidixic acid, ceftazidime, and imipenem). The agar dilution method showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) range between 25 and 100 μg/mL; revealing strong antibacterial inhibition. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavans and flavanols, which may be responsible of this promising antimicrobial activity.
TL;DR: Results presented in this paper support that combinations of CA and CAF as often found in plant foods exhibit improved antioxidant properties and enhanced inhibitory effects on critical enzymes relevant to hypertension, which, could be essential for the management of hypertension.
Abstract: Caffeine (CA) and caffeic acid (CAF) are two bioactive phytochemicals found richly distributed in many plant foods such as coffee in different proportions. CA, an alkaloid, is adjudged world’s most consumed food bioactive substance, while CAF is a common phenolic acid in plants. With reports of potential cardiomodulatory properties of CA and CAF, we sought to investigate if proportional combinations of CA and CAF could influence the antihypertensive properties of each compounds by assessing their effect on activities of enzymes [angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE), acetylcholinesterase, arginase, monoamine oxidase, phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5)] relevant to hypertension in vitro. Aqueous solutions of 1 mg/ml CAF and CA was prepared; thereafter, two combinations (C1 and C2) were prepared, where C1 is 5CA: 1CAF and C2 is 10CA: 1CAF. These samples were subsequently used for various enzyme assays. Results showed that C1 and C2 exhibited synergistic effects by eliciting significantly higher (P 0.05) from that of standard drugs Lisinopril and Sildenafil respectively. Also, both combinations exhibited higher antioxidant properties compared to CA and CAF. Hence, results presented in this paper support that combinations of CA and CAF as often found in plant foods exhibit improved antioxidant properties and enhanced inhibitory effects on critical enzymes relevant to hypertension, which, could be essential for the management of hypertension.
TL;DR: Histopathological examination of the kidney tissue section revealed that the diabetic rats treated with resveratrol, vitamin D3, and the combination showed noticeable improvement in the histopathological parameters compared to untreated diabetic rats, however, a marked reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 expression was observed in combination treated rats compared to individual drug treatments.
Abstract: Diabetic nephropathy is the one of the major complication of diabetes mellitus which is the main cause of renal failure. The treatment of diabetic nephropathy includes different nonpharmacological and pharmacological approach, but poor prognosis. Our study was designed to investigate the combined effect of resveratrol and vitamin D3 on the glucose homeostasis, histological changes, and cell damage biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat kidneys. Oral treatment with resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day), vitamin D3 (0.5 µgm/kg), and the combination for 10 weeks showed an increase in the average body weights compared to the untreated diabetic rats. The combination showed a highly significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels, serum cholesterol levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats, there is a significant increase in serum HDL cholesterol levels. There is a highly significant decrease in serum creatinine, urea, albumin levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats. However, the combination treatment provides superior efficacy than individual drug treatments. Histopathological examination of the kidney tissue section revealed that the diabetic rats treated with resveratrol, vitamin D3, and the combination showed noticeable improvement in the histopathological parameters compared to untreated diabetic rats. However, a marked reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 expression was observed in combination treated rats compared to individual drug treatments. Combination therapy was significantly more effective in treating diabetic nephropathy than resveratrol and vitamin D3 alone. Resveratrol and vitamin D3 has a protective role of diabetic kidneys.
TL;DR: Initial data that justify the use and importance of these plants in the Palestinian traditional medicine are provided, and evidence that the aqueous and organic extracts of H. sanguineum, M. spinosa and S. officinalis exhibited interesting antioxidant activity comparing with Trolox is provided.
Abstract: The emergence of pathogenic microbes with increased resistance to established antibiotics provides a major incentive for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. Herbals may provide valuable solutions for this global problem. In addition, the replacement of harmful synthetic antioxidants with natural ones may prevent various serious diseases. The present investigation describes for the first time the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the aqueous and organic extracts of Helichrysum sanguineum, Moluccella spinosa and Styrax officinalis plants aerial parts. The free radical scavenging activity was estimated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method, while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against selected microbial strains from American Type Culture Collection and clinical isolates such as Shigella sonnie, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcuss feacium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using minimum inhibitory concentration assay. A mixture of phytochemical compounds was found in all of the studied plants extracts which also showed remarkable potentials of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The current study provides initial data that justify the use and importance of these plants in the Palestinian traditional medicine. In addition, it provides evidence that the aqueous and organic extracts of H. sanguineum, M. spinosa and S. officinalis exhibited interesting antioxidant activity comparing with Trolox. Furthermore, the organic extract of H. sanguineum strongly exhibited bacterial growth of S. aureus, E. faecium and MRSA which suggested to be used as antibiotic alternative or as sufficient natural food preservative.
TL;DR: The protective anti-inflammatory effect of SAAE and IVAE at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg was also confirmed in vivo, and they significantly reduced paw edema after 3 and 6 h of carrageenan stimulation, resperctively.
Abstract: The present study is focused on the evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract from the leaves of I. viscosa and the stems of S. anteuphorbium. The anti-inflammatory activity of these plants was studied both in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated J774A.1 mouse macrophages and in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. The antioxidant activitrty of extracts was studied using two in vitro model systems (DPPH· radical-scavenging assay and ABTS+· assay) and their chemical profiles were investigated. The pre-treatment of J774A.1 cells with S. anteuphorbium aqueous extract (SAAE) and I. viscosa aqueous extract (IVAE) decrease nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a dose-dependent manner, while the expression of toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were not affected. The protective anti-inflammatory effect of SAAE and IVAE at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg was also confirmed in vivo. They significantly reduced paw edema after 3 and 6 h of carrageenan stimulation, resperctively. IVAE exhibited a high antioxidant activity and contained high total levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The major compounds identified in the extract derived from IVAE were tementosin, 3 α-hydroxycostic acid and hydroxycoumarins, and might involve in these effects. This study is the first to report the anti-inflammatory potential of SAAE and IVAE both in vivo and in vitro. The effect demonstrated in vitro may be explained by the inhibition of the LPS-induced NO production through the inhibition of iNOS expression.
TL;DR: The main aim of the review is to recapitulate the effects of thrombotic diseases, clotting disorders, and the methodology of prospecting a range of thROMbolytics from various sources and thrombolytic therapies.
Abstract: The main aim of the review is to recapitulate the effects of thrombotic diseases, clotting disorders, and the methodology of prospecting a range of thrombolytics from various sources and thrombolytic therapies. Thrombolytic medications are administered to infringe dangerous clots inside blood vessels when there is deprivation in this haemostatic balance. Certain bioactive compounds present in herbs, plant leaves, roots and fruits exhibit thrombolytic activities. Serine proteases, metalloproteases and some cysteine proteases possess thrombolytic properties. These proteases are found in plants, humans, animals and microbes as well. Thrombolytics which are of clinical importance are discussed in this article along with its variants and biological sources exhibiting thrombolytic activity. Alternative therapies followed in recent days are also discussed, including future prospects of research on thrombolytics. Knowledge of thrombolytic biodiversity plays a decisive role in choosing safe, economic and effective thrombolytics for scale up and commercialization.
TL;DR: Some studies have been showed that complementary/adjunct therapies are effective as preventive approaches for managing AD and some examples of these therapies and approaches will be discussed with relevant supporting literatures.
Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common dermatological disease characterized by relapsing pruritus and rash accompanied by cutaneous physiological dysfunction. This disease could affect certain population worldwide, including infants, children and adults. The prevalence of AD has been increased rapidly over the past few decades and the severity of the disease, symptoms, and effects on patients’ quality of life may vary among individuals. AD could be caused or triggered by several factors, such as genotypic, climatic, food allergens and environmental. Many treatments are available to alleviate the symptoms and severity of AD, including topical therapy, immunosuppressant and systemic therapy, phytotherapeutic approach, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as well as complementary and adjunct therapies. Topical therapies involve moisturizers, emollients, topical corticosteroids, topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus and antipruitic/antihistamine therapy. Whereas, systemic therapies and immunosuppressant prescribed for AD treatment include cyclosporine A, azathioprine and methotrexate. Nowadays, not only the modern medicines are used for treatment of AD but also the phytotherapy using herbs and TCM are commonly incorporated into the therapy. In addition some studies have been showed that complementary/adjunct therapies are effective as preventive approaches for managing AD. In this review some examples of these therapies and approaches will be discussed with relevant supporting literatures.
TL;DR: According to literature survey Acanthus ilicifolius, Allium sativum, Artemisiaprinceps, Artemisia vulgaris, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Brucea javanica, Broussonetia luzonica, Dracocephalum kotschyi, Graptopetalum paraguayense and Nigella sativa have vital bioactive compounds used against hepatocellular carcinoma.
Abstract: Liver is a power house of the body for many components such as vitamins, minerals, iron and glycogen and play role in biotransformation. Some ingredients of our diet (foodstuffs may contain with aflatoxin B1, vinyl chloride, tobacco, heavy alcohol intake, fried meat, coffee and oral contraceptives),when metabolized become tremendous for liver and leads toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC occurs through cyclical liver injury due to inflammation and DNA damaging as a result of oxidative stress. Phytochemicals of medicinal plants have curative potential against liver cancer due to presence of linalool, eucalyptol, borneol, thujone, camphor, 4-terpineol, monoterpenes and α-cadinol, sophytotherapies have several advantages over conventional chemotherapies. According to literature survey Acanthus ilicifolius, Allium sativum, Artemisiaprinceps, Artemisia vulgaris, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Brucea javanica, Broussonetia luzonica, Dracocephalum kotschyi, Graptopetalum paraguayense, Nigella sativa, Petasites japonicas, Silybum marianum, Bergenia ciliata, Cassia fistula and Picrorhiza scrophularilora have vital bioactive compounds used against hepatocellular carcinoma.
TL;DR: Channa has a beneficial role in improving nasal symptoms and reduction in serum Ig E in allergic rhinitis subjects and is evaluated on total nasal symptom score and serum immunoglobulin E (Ig E).
Abstract: Allergic rhinitis is a prevailing chronic inflammatory respiratory disorder that affects 10–30% of the population globally. Channa striatus (Channa) is a snakehead, freshwater fish that has been used traditionally to enhance wound healing and relief post-operative pain. This study evaluates the efficacy of oral Channa extract on allergic rhinitis subjects on total nasal symptom score and serum immunoglobulin E (Ig E). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted by comparing the oral Channa extract 500 mg/day and placebo among allergic rhinitis subjects for a 6-week intervention period. Subjects aged 18–50 years old, diagnosed with allergic rhinitis based on total symptoms score, naso-endoscopy findings, and positive skin prick test were included in this trial. All subjects were treated with antihistamine (levocetrizine) and local corticosteroid nasal spray (fluticasone furoate nasal spray). Laboratory-based blood tests were used as safety measures. A total of 70 subjects were randomized. Channa group showed significant improvement in nasal blockage (p < 0.05), nasal itchiness (p < 0.05), eye itchiness (p < 0.05) and general symptoms (p < 0.05) compared to the placebo groups. Serum Ig E were significantly lowered in Channa group compared to placebo (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of nasal discharge, sneezing, palate itchiness, and smell score. No serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, Channa has a beneficial role in improving nasal symptoms and reduction in serum Ig E in allergic rhinitis subjects.
TL;DR: The results indicate that MECC may exert anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects which may be attributed to the increase in the level of GABA, inhibition of AChE and inflammation and antioxidant activity in the brain.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum camphora leaves (MECC) in albino wistar rats against maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) models. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress parameters like malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated in the brains after completion of the anticonvulsant studies. MECC (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) exhibited anticonvulsant activity as indicated by significant (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) reduction in the duration of hind limb tonic extensor phase in MES induced seizure model and significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the time of onset of clonic convulsion, decreased the duration of seizures, increased the % protection and decreased the percent mortality in a dose dependent manner. MECC (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) exhibited neuroprotective activity as indicated by significant reduction in MDA levels, AChE activity and increased GSH level also in a dose dependent manner. These results indicate that MECC may exert anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects which may be attributed to the increase in the level of GABA, inhibition of AChE and inflammation and antioxidant activity in the brain.
TL;DR: The phytochemical screening and effect of the crude extract of the aerial parts of A. pseudalhagi remarkably ameliorated altered hematological parameters, body weight and positively modified radiographic and histopathological changes.
Abstract: The plant Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. (family: Fabaceae) have long been used traditionally mainly for the treating rheumatism and gout in Indian system of medicine. The present work explores the phytochemical screening and effect of the crude extract of the aerial parts of A. pseudalhagi and its fractions in different experimental models of arthritis. The dried pulverized aerial parts of the plant were extracted using 95% ethanol and water. The 95% ethanolic extract (APEE) was fractionated in four fractions including chloroform fraction (APC), ethyl acetate fraction (APEA), methanolic fraction (APM) and aqueous fraction (APA). Both extracts and all the four fractions were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC. Hematological and biochemical parameters viz. measurement of paw volume, joint diameter, body weight, RBC, WBC, Platelets, CRP, RF, Hb, ALT, AST, ALP and Total protein were determined on APEE and APEA and justified by histopathological and radiological analysis. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated using Formaldehyde induced arthritic model, Turpentine induced arthritic model and complete freund’s adjuvant arthritic model in wistar albino rats. The plant exhibited dose dependent anti arthritic effect in Formaldehyde, Turpentine induced and complete freund’s adjuvant arthritic model. The ethyl acetate fraction showed more significant effect as compared to the 95% ethanolic extract at 400 mg/kg body weight dose. A. pseudalhagi remarkably ameliorated altered hematological parameters, body weight and positively modified radiographic and histopathological changes.
TL;DR: Lantana camara leaves and flower extracts enhance the antibacterial potency of antibiotics and their synergistic combination could emerge as a novel therapeutics against pathogenic bacterial species.
Abstract: The present study aims at evaluating the potentiating ability of Lantana camara leaves and flower extracts in enhancing the antibacterial efficacy of antibiotics against pathogenic bacterial species. Methanolic extracts of L. camara leaves and flowers (pink turn yellow) were prepared by the solvent extraction method. The leaves and flower extracts alone and their combination with five different antibiotics; Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Nalidixic acid and Norfloxacin were assessed for their synergistic antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli MTCC 1698, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160, Enterobacter fecalis MTCC 439, Proteus vulgaris MTCC 1771 and Salmonella typhi MTCC 733, using an agar disc diffusion method and checkerboard antibacterial susceptibility assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Lantana extracts and antibiotics was assessed using broth micro-dilution assay. In agar disc diffusion assay, the combination of the flower extract and streptomycin depicted 5.26–25% increase in ZOI against S. aureus, and S. typhi. In the checkerboard antibacterial assay, the Ciprofloxacin and flower extract showed a synergistic inhibitory effect against E. coli, S. aureus, E. fecalis, P. vulgaris and S. typhi (FIC index, ranging from 0.39 to 0.14), while the combination of leaves extract and streptomycin exerted additive effect against S. typhi and E. coli (FICI = 0.46 and 0.48 respectively). The MICs of Lantana leaves and flower extracts against the test bacterial strains were depicted between 31.25 μg/ml and 250 µg/ml. L. camara leaves and flower extracts enhance the antibacterial potency of antibiotics and their synergistic combination could emerge as a novel therapeutics against pathogenic bacterial species.
TL;DR: In this paper, the traditional use of soft shoot of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) as an antidiabetic in mice model was evaluated and chemical profiling of this plant part were also performed to support its observed activity.
Abstract: Present investigation was aimed to evaluate the traditional use of edible part of soft shoots of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) as an antidiabetic in mice model. In addition, antioxidant activity and chemical profiling of this plant part were also performed to support its observed activity. The extract was subjected to oral glucose tolerance test in normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice to explore its antihyperglycemic activity. Antioxidant capacity was analyzed by a number of in vitro assays. Quantification of bioactive polyphenols was done by HPLC. Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) was used to identify chemical constituents present in the extract. Total polyphenol and flavonoids content were found in significant quantity. In DPPH radical scavenging assay the IC50 value of the extract was found to be 148.62 µg/mL. Reducing power of the extract was comparable with that of butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT). HPLC analysis indicated that quercetin, rutin, p-coumaric acid and kaempferol were the major bioactive polyphenols present in the extract. Further chemical profiling using LCMS analysis was identified a total of nine compounds with different chemical classes. In OGTT, extract (400 mg/kg BW) showed a 31.13% decrease (p < 0.05) in blood glucose levels at 30 min compared to the normal control. In alloxan induced diabetic mice the extract at the doses of 200 mg and 400 mg/kg, showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) of blood glucose level compared to diabetic control. The extract showed oral glucose tolerance potential and antioxidant capacity which might be due to the presence of different compounds such as quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol. The results support the scientific basis of it ethnobotanical uses in traditional medicinal practices of Bangladesh.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract of leaves and roots of C. turgida.
Abstract: In traditional medicine leaf and root of Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) are commonly used to treat indigestion in child, leucorrhoea, dog bite, snake bite, scorpion string, epilepsy, stomachache and a number of ailments. The present study was carried out to investigate antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract of leaves and roots of C. turgida. Total flavonoids content was spectrophotometrically determined using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay while total phenolic and tannin content by Folin Chiocalteu’s reagent. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power assay. Analgesic activity was assessed by acetic acid induced writhing method. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion assay while brine shrimp lethality bioassay was carried out to verify the cytotoxic potential. Root extract contains greater amount of total phenolic (79.99 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonids content (35.27 mg QE/g dry extract) in comparison to leaf extract (30.75 mg GAE/g and 25.93 mg QE/g dry extract respectively). Root extracts showed DPPH scavenging (157.45 μg/mL) that was comparable to standard ascorbic acid (14.15 μg/mL). Reducing power of root extract was prominent than leaf extract in comparison to ascorbic acid. Both extract showed significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity. In disc diffusion assay leaf extract showed greater antibacterial activity than root extract. Furthermore, extracts showed moderate cytotoxic effect. The present study demonstrates that methanol extract of C. turgida leaf and root has significant antioxidant and analgesic effect. The extracts also showed moderate antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.
TL;DR: A novel hypothesis was examined that the main motive for human body dissection was to establish the functional properties of the body upon objective anatomical data; anatomical measures were directly used to explain the circulation of qi and the digestive processes as a physiological metabolism.
Abstract: Considering scarce records of dissection and the functional view of the body in East Asian Medicine, it is difficult but interesting to explore the motive for dissection in ancient times The functional view of the body does not match well with dissection, but Huangdineijing that was compiled in the formative period of East Asian Medicine contains records probably related to dissection in two of its treatises There are two hypotheses about the motive for dissection that are widely accepted; one is to prove the correspondence between the macrocosm and the microcosm and the other is to establish the standard model of body through measurements of organs This article examined a novel hypothesis that the main motive for human body dissection was to establish the functional properties of the body upon objective anatomical data; anatomical measures were directly used to explain the circulation of qi and the digestive processes as a physiological metabolism The purpose of anatomical dissection was to integrate physiology and anatomy as the obtained anatomical knowledge played a pivotal role in establishing the functional view of the body in East Asian Medicine
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated R. stricta and T. vulgaris aqueous extracts for their genotoxicity and mutagenicity through comet assay and Ames Salmonella mutagicity test respectively.
Abstract: Traditional herbal medicines have been part of human healthcare systems since ancient times. The studies on herbal medicines have mainly focused on their beneficial aspects and hence their harmful effects have been usually overlooked. Throughout Middle East and South Asia, Rhazya stricta Decne. and Thymus vulgaris L. are used as traditional medicines for various diseases. We evaluated R. stricta and T. vulgaris aqueous extracts for their genotoxicity and mutagenicity through comet assay and Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test respectively. An overall treatment effect (p < 0.0001) showed higher genotoxicity of T. vulgaris extract indicated by increased tail moments in comet assay compared to the extract of R. stricta and the combined extract. Further, an overall dose effect (p < 0.0001) showed higher genotoxicity at 1 mg/ml which further increased at 5 mg/ml doses of the extracts compared to 0 mg/ml. The genotoxicity did not show any further increase at 10 mg/ml. The extracts were also tested for their mutagenicity through Ames Salmonella test. R. stricta and T. vulgaris were not mutagenic to TA100 and TA98 when extracts tested separately. However, combined extracts of R. stricta and T. vulgaris was weakly mutagenic to TA98 with number of revertants 92 ± 8 at the highest concentration tested. This study implies that the herbal medicines should be used cautiously as they may cause long term harmful effects along with the intended beneficial activity.
TL;DR: Fruits of Cucumis callosus (Rottl.) Cogn.
Abstract: Fruits of Cucumis callosus (Rottl.) Cogn. (Family: Cucurbitaceae) plant, are commonly known as “bitter cucumber” (English) and “Kachri” (Hindi) in India and have been traditionally used for antioxidant, rich source of vitamin C, antidiabetic and anticancer actions. Tribal peoples of Odissa and West-Bengal are using these fruits during worship and as a vegetable. In vitro cytotoxicity of methanolic seed extract of C. callosus (MSCC) at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400) µg/ml and methanolic pericarp extract of C. callosus (MPCC) at (30, 60, 120, 240, 360) µg/ml on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell line, has been evaluated by using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay for a period of 3 h treatment. Acute toxicity and in vivo teratotoxicity of both extracts were also evaluated using the Zebrafish embryo developmental assay. The MSCC and MPCC showed the direct cytotoxic effect on EAC cells in a dose-dependent manner with IG50 value 273.17 and 235.08 µg/ml respectively. The MPCC in 240 and 360 µg/ml showed a strong teratotoxic effect on Zebrafish embryo in a dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxicity and teratotoxicity of MPCC were due to overexpressed CYP450 mediated apoptosis in the tissue.
TL;DR: It appears that the anti-oxidant potential of BT (TV 25) is potent enough to protect the colchicine induced OS/ NS and related memory impairments in ICIR.
Abstract: India is the largest consumer of black tea in the world, which has been reported to have different protective functions in several diseases. TV 25 variety back tea has high content of polyphenols and has anti-oxidant potential. This anti-oxidant property of black tea (TV 25 variety) may prove to be effective in ameliorating the oxidative stress, neuroinflammation linked cognitive impairments and peripheral immune responses in intracerebroventricular colchicine injected rats (ICIR). However, there is no report in literature in this regard. Aim of the study: Therefore, this study has been designed to investigate the effects of black tea (BT) (TV 25 variety) on the colchicine induced cognitive impairments, acetylcholine esterase activity and peripheral immune responses along with oxidative/ nitrosative stress. The oxidative stress (OS)/ nitrosative stress (NS) and increased acetylcholine esterase level in the hippocampus of ICIR were associated with working and reference memory impairments along with changes of stress markers of serum and alteration of peripheral immune responses (higher phagocytic activity of blood WBC and splenic PMN, higher cytotoxicity and lower leukocyte adhesion inhibition index of splenic MNC). Administration of BT in ICIR resulted in recovery of colchicine induced memory impairments, acetylcholine esterase level in the hippocampus, OS and NS in hippocampus and serum along with recovery of peripheral immune responses and serum corticosterone level. Therefore, it appears that the anti-oxidant potential of BT (TV 25) is potent enough to protect the colchicine induced OS/ NS and related memory impairments in ICIR.