Showing papers in "Pacific Historical Review in 1972"
TL;DR: In this paper, the registrar of the University of Southern California presented a course "Environmental History" with the goal of making the university more responsive to the problems of society, which was a goal of mine.
Abstract: Environmental History" with the registrar of my university in the spring of 1970. For one thing I thought I was responding to the cries for environmental responsibility which reached a crescendo in the first months of that year. I also felt good about helping make the university, and particularly the Department of History, more responsive to the problems of society. I was, at last, "relevant." Moreover, my previous work in American intellectual history, especially the research that led to Wilderness and the American Mind, had familiarized me with the broad pattern of interaction between Americans and their environment.
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TL;DR: The Grass Valley and Nevada City Gold Camps as discussed by the authors were the two richest, most productive gold camps in the state of California during the early 20th century, and Grass Valley became the county seat and established itself as the commercial focus for the quartz mining industry.
Abstract: AT A TIME WHEN gold mining dominated California's economy, Grass Valley and Nevada City were the two richest, most productive gold camps in the state. The two towns lie four miles apart in the lower foothills of the Sierra Nevada, approximately seventy miles northeast of Sacramento. Both began as placer mining camps, but achieved their greatest importance as centers of the quartz mining industry. Because the first gold excitement in the area was at Nevada City, that community was able to become the county seat and establish itself as the commercial focus for camps which developed later. When its placers declined in value, Nevada City was able to maintain itself through its political, legal, and business importance until rich hydraulic and quartz mining interests could be developed. G rass Valley, with poorer placer deposits, initially grew more slowly, but when mining technology advanced to the point where its extensive quartz gold deposits could be effectively exploited it quickly eclipsed its neighbor and all other camps in California. The mineral wealth of these towns allowed them to thrive long after most camps had disappeared. Although reduced in size and no longer producing gold, they still survive.
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TL;DR: The field of conservation history is experiencing a "booming" in the field of history as discussed by the authors, which comes from the temper of the times with the recent rediscovery of the environment, the concern for ecology, and the sense of crisis which many seem to feel about the future of man and nature.
Abstract: W E ARE EXPERIENCING a boom in the field of conservation history.' The boom comes partly from the temper of the times with the recent rediscovery of the environment, the concern for ecology, and the sense of crisis which many seem to feel about the future of man and nature. The boom is also prompted by the availability of rich new source material in the form of personal papers and the records of individuals and agencies. Another reflection is the vastly improved reference service in federal and state archives. And also significant is the increase in oral history interviews, like those being conducted by the Forest History Society, which are capturing the stories of men who were too busy making conservation history to write it. With the present population pressure and increased use of publicly owned lands, all resource agencies have found it necessary to interpret their work to the public. Some of this work has been done by the career employees, but academic historians are increasingly called to the task. Three historical journals-Forest History, Journal of the West, and Agricultural History-regularly
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TL;DR: In fact, the movement to save America's surviving wilderness is in decline at the very moment that enthusiasm for the environment has reached an all-time high as discussed by the authors, which is hard for some of us to face, and is harder yet to explain.
Abstract: PARADOXICALLY, the movement to save America's surviving wilderness1 is in decline at the very moment that enthusiasm for the environment has reached an all-time high. The truth in this paradox is hard for some of us to face, and is harder yet to explain. But it is time to try to solve the dilemma. Doing so involves taking a clear look at the pattern of what has happened during the last two and a half decades.
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TL;DR: In the interval between the little-noticed Denver Irrigation Convention of 1873 and the first national irrigation Congress at Salt Lake City in 1891, individual efforts of John Wesley Powell commanded the public's attention with his path-breaking Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States in 1878 and the famed irrigation surveys conducted by his Geological Survey beginning in 1888.
Abstract: NEARLY FIVE SCORE YEARS AGO the irrigation movement was inaugurated in the American West. In the interval between the little-noticed Denver Irrigation Convention of 1873 and the first national Irrigation Congress at Salt Lake City in 1891 the individual efforts of John Wesley Powell commanded the public's attention with his path-breaking Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States in 1878 and the famed irrigation surveys conducted by his Geological Survey beginning in 1888.2 Powell has rightfully been accorded the title, father of the irrigation movement, for his advocacy of irrigation as the catalyst in the economic upbuilding of the West.8 His program, however, lacked popular
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TL;DR: The 1921 Imperial Conference of 1921 as discussed by the authors was crucial in determining whether Britain would remain allied with Japan, and it is widely viewed as a vital turning point in British Far Eastern policy.
Abstract: Imperial Conference of 1921 were crucial in determining whether Britain would remain allied with Japan. J. Bartlett Brebner, J. Chal Vinson, and M. G. Fry have presented different views, however, about the policies and successes of each Dominion at this conference. Did the eloquence of Canadian Prime Minister Arthur Meighen change the minds of British leaders, influencing them to abandon the alliance? Or did the Dominions come to the imperial meeting prepared to drop the Anglo-Japanese tie in order to improve relations with the United States? Or was there a division of opinion about the alliance at the conference, and in Whitehall, which led to a compromise solution: to renew temporarily the bond with Japan and to seek a broader treaty at Washington? The issue is important, for it concerns the genesis of what is viewed generally as a vital "turning point in British Far Eastern policy."1
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TL;DR: In this article, foreign correspondents were allowed to visit Yenan, "the capital" of Communist China, and the ensuing reports, which gave a favorable account of the Communists, provoked bitter criticism from the Nationalist government of China and its supporters in the United States.
Abstract: IN MAY OF 1944, for the first time in five years, foreign correspondents were allowed to visit Yenan, "capital" of Communist China.' The ensuing reports, which gave a favorable account of the Communists, provoked bitter criticism from the Nationalist government of China and its supporters in the United States. They have drawn fire from historians as well. The reporters, the critics and historians claimed, exhibited strong pro-Communist-or at least, antiKuomintang-biases. Their dispatches were characterized as distorted and filled with Communist propaganda; and, as a result, the critics asserted, the American public became disillusioned with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist regime, exacerbating already strained Sino-American relations.2
TL;DR: In the past few decades, businessmen have been among the foremost agents of important social change in Western civilization as mentioned in this paper, since their innovations took place in a going, traditional culture, they necessarily entailed considerable destruction of established institutions, attitudes, and even property.
Abstract: DURING THE PAST FEW CENTURIES, businessmen have been among the foremost agents of important social change in Western civilization. Since their innovations took place in a going, traditional culture, they necessarily entailed considerable destruction of established institutions, attitudes, and even property. Clearly some of this demolition was unavoidable; it was "creative destruction," necessary to clear the ground before new building could begin. When such businessmen broke into non-Western culture areas
TL;DR: This paper examined the Royal Navy after the First World War with a view to understanding how much that service profited from 1914-1918 and why it did not learn as much as it might have from its war experience.
Abstract: IT IS AN AXIOM among historians that a knowledge of history can serve as a guide to the present. This is not to say that the present ought simply to imitate the past, for every human situation is indeed unique, but rather that individuals and groups should act to meet new situations partly on the basis of past experience. Armed forces have a particularly bad reputation for not taking this axiom seriously. Let us examine in some detail one case history, the Royal Navy after the First War, with a view to understanding how much that service profited from 1914-1918 and why it did not learn as much as it might have from its war experience.
TL;DR: For Californians, the drama of migration has been an experience without parallel anywhere else in the United States, or in the world, in volume, velocity, scope, continuity, and variety as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: FOR CALIFORNIANS, the drama of migration has been an experience without parallel anywhere else in the United States, or in the world, in volume, velocity, scope, continuity, and variety. Here, however unevenly and selectively, have settled natives of every state and of most of the nations of the globe. Here the westward migration and overseas immigration have simultaneously converged at land's end. In the mid-1960s, the drama peaked with historic intensity as California attained primacy among the nation's states. "The single most distinctive fact about the culture of California has been the perpetually high proportion of newly arrived residents among its inhabitants,"' reiterated Carey McWilliams, and few will contest this assertion by the veteran interpreter of the human maelstrom that has always been California. Indeed, in each generation, exodus has been reenacted in California almost as if millenarian
TL;DR: In this article, a novel economic argument was proposed to explain America's entry into the maelstrom of the first World War, to them a senseless act, and the revisionist historians of the 1920s seized upon a new economic argument.
Abstract: IN AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN America's entry into the maelstrom of the first World War, to them a senseless act, revisionist historians of the 1920s seized upon a novel economic argument. Among these scholars, Harry Elmer Barnes first popularized the notion that, "unquestionably from 1915-1918, the enormous power of American finance and industry was directed wholly toward the defense of the allied powers and the support of their subtle propaganda."1 During the great depression, the charges of the revisionist historians against the "merchants of death" received wide attention, especially among the nation's politicians. Lest the large corporations attempt to recoup their lost profits by entangling the nation in another war, Gerald Nye and other isolationists in the United States Senate publicly investigated those industries engaged in manufacturing or selling munitions. Embarrassed corporate magnates like Irenee duPont bitterly retaliated by accusing their inquisitors of responsibility for the crash. "The thing is to stop interfering with business,"
TL;DR: In particular, frontier and military historians have placed increased emphasis upon the contributions of the United States Army to the westward movement of the American people as discussed by the authors, and the army was viewed as an orderly purveyor of civilization.
Abstract: SINCE WORLD WAR II the increasing significance of international problems and the subsequent acceleration of the military impact in American life and society have prompted scholars to examine military contributions to national development. In particular, frontier and military historians have placed increased emphasis upon the contributions of the United States Army to the westward movement. A group of historians, which might be labeled the "imperial school," claims that soldiers, more than other frontier agents, explored the West, built roads, pacified Indians, enforced laws, protected settlers, founded cities, and even brought religion, education, and other cultural trappings to the frontier. In the numerous studies of the army in the West, laudatory generalizations abound. "The westward advance of the American people was a procession of frontier types," writes Francis P. Prucha, and "foremost among them as an orderly purveyor of civilization was the United States army." More recently, Prucha has lauded the army as the agent of empire which "made possible the development of the American republic throughout the lands it now enjoys."'' Don Rickey, Jr., is even more fulsome in his claim that "soldiers of the regular army were the cutting edge and holding power of white
TL;DR: The authors discuss the origins of postwar conflict and argue that the United States negotiate with the Russians from a self-conscious, assertive, and sometimes uncompromising position of power, while the intransigent Soviets flaunted a compromising and generous stance.
Abstract: HISTORIANS OF THE COLD WAR are debating some provocative questions concerning Soviet and American diplomacy and the origins of postwar conflict. For example, did the United States negotiate with the Russians from a self-conscious, assertive, and sometimes uncompromising position of power? Or did Americans negotiate from a compromising and generous stance which the intransigent Soviets flaunted? What was the comparative Soviet and American diplomatic behavior at the close of the war? Did calculations about Soviet-American relations figure in the American decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan? How important were the deliberations at the Potsdam Conference of July 17-August 2, 1945, in shaping American leaders' attitudes toward the Soviet Union in international affairs?
TL;DR: A few weeks ago, while passing through West Berlin, I had an opportunity to visit a new historical exhibition sponsored by the Federal Government and housed in the restored Reichstag building.
Abstract: A FEW WEEKS AGO, while passing through West Berlin, I had an opportunity to visit a new historical exhibition sponsored by the Federal Government and housed in the restored Reichstag building. The occasion for this show is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the German Empire of 1871, but this is a circumstance that seems to be a source of embarrassment both to the sponsors and to the historians who have brought the materials and exhibits together. In his preface to the thick catalog that one can buy outside the hall Professor Lothar Gall writes:
TL;DR: This article argued that although no additions to the Empire were sought in the midnineteenth century, they were nonetheless acquired-in India, South Africa, Malaya, and North America.
Abstract: UNTIL RECENTLY it has been traditionally held that British Imperial expansion was not a conscious policy pursued by governments of the mid-Victorian, free-trade era.' Colonies were widely considered as liabilities, being expensive to defend and difficult to govern. Not surprisingly some members of parliament sought imperial dismemberment; and the majority expected the colonies to separate from Great Britain, hopefully without enmity. Yet, paradoxically, although no additions to the Empire were sought in the midnineteenth century, they were nonetheless acquired-in India, South Africa, Malaya, and North America.2 In attempting to explain this conflict between stated policy and actuality, John S. Gal-
TL;DR: The secretary of the interior has been a "man nobody knows" as discussed by the authors, whose actions are watched by no more than a handful of citizens-industrialists, developers, members of congressional committees, and conservationists.
Abstract: TRADITIONALLY, the Secretary of the Interior has been a "man nobody knows." Compared to the prominent members of a president's cabinet, his actions are watched by no more than a handful of citizens-industrialists, developers, members of congressional committees, and conservationists. The general public takes note of him only when he becomes the center of controversy or scandal, and even in such cases their response is vague and superficial. Several holders of that office during the twentieth century have had to ride this fitful tiger of notoriety. All of the secretaries have felt the whips of criticism by special interests; some of them earned a wider public distrust. Historians especially emphasize the political ramifications of Richard Ballinger's presence in the Taft administration, and the actions of Albert Fall that affected events in the Harding and Coolidge years. Not even these "villains" earned as much public attention as Harold Ickes, the "old curmudgeon" of the New Deal, whose thirteen-year tenure in the Interior post enabled him to become the most powerful individual ever to make resource policy for the nation. In advancing the cause of conservation by righteous indignation, he enjoyed the direct support of the pres-
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown how to find a user's guide to operate a product on the web. But this guide is not a complete manual, it is only a summary of the steps to operate the product.
Abstract: los angeles the architecture of four ecologies reyner banham are a good way to achieve details about operating certainproducts. Many products that you buy can be obtained using instruction manuals. These user guides are clearlybuilt to give step-by-step information about how you ought to go ahead in operating certain equipments. Ahandbook is really a user's guide to operating the equipments. Should you loose your best guide or even the productwould not provide an instructions, you can easily obtain one on the net. You can search for the manual of yourchoice online. Here, it is possible to work with google to browse through the available user guide and find the mainone you'll need. On the net, you'll be able to discover the manual that you might want with great ease andsimplicity