Showing papers in "Pacific Historical Review in 1983"
TL;DR: In the early 20th century, hundreds of Indian school children participated in an apprenticeship program called the "Outing System" as mentioned in this paper, which aimed to promote assimilationist goals of the federal government by placing Indian children in intimate contact with "civilized" American society.
Abstract: IN THE EARLY YEARS of the twentieth century hundreds of Indian school children participated in an apprenticeship program called the "Outing System." This elaborate educational program hoped to promote the assimilationist goals of the federal government by placing Indian children in intimate contact with "civilized" American society. The outing idea originated with Richard Henry Pratt, founder of the famed Carlisle Indian School. Pratt believed that Indian contact with a
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TL;DR: In this paper, comparisons are drawn between the Philippine-American War and the recent one in Vietnam, and a number of scholars and even a few government officials commented that the two were remarkably alike: both were in a remarkably similar situation.
Abstract: WHY DID THE UNITED STATES win the Philippine-American War? Two decades ago, few would have thought that such a question merited serious consideration. The United States in 1900 was, after all, a powerful nation; the Philippines was not. If the United States was capable of defeating Spain so decisively, how could the ragtag forces of Emilio Aguinaldo have successfully resisted American occupation? Today, however, that initial question seems to require an answer. The Vietnam War has reminded us that the possession of superior military and economic power does not guarantee victory. If the forces of the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) were able to humble the United States, why did the Filipinos fail to do so? In this attempt to provide an answer, comparisons are drawn between the Philippine-American War and the recent one in Vietnam. I am not suggesting, however, that the two conflicts were fundamentally similar phenomena. At the time of the Vietnam War, a number of scholars and even a few government officials commented that the two were remarkably alike: both were in a
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TL;DR: The Chinese had never constituted more than 0.2 percent of the total population of the U.S., but their economic impact was considerably more significant than mere numbers indicate as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: SUCH WAS THE VIEW in 1871 of a Montana editor toward the latest immigrants, the Chinese. His attitude was shared by many non-Asians in the United States during the nineteenth century, and it had been commonplace since the arrival of the first Chinese. The Chinese began migrating to the U.S. in the 1840s during the California gold rush. Economic motives apparently prompted most to take the voyage, although a significant number in later periods came to the New World under duress. Population data available. from the U.S. census indicate that the Chinese increased rapidly until 1890, the first count following enactment of national exclusionary legislation in 1882. The Chinese had never constituted more than 0.2 percent of the total population of the U.S., but their economic impact was considerably more significant than mere numbers indicate. Almost all were adult males who were concentrated in the West, especially in California and the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana,
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TL;DR: The first prisoner of war captured by American forces was Japanese Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki, the commander of a Japanese midget submarine which had participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor, abandoned his damaged craft and swam for shore.
Abstract: FEW AMERICANS today recall that the nation maintained 425,000 enemy during the Second World War in prisoner-of-war camps from New York to California. The majority of these captives were Germans, followed by Italians and Japanese. The incarceration of the 5,424 Japanese soldiers and sailors in the United States,' most captured involuntarily during the bloody battles of the South Pacific, tested the formidable ingenuity of the War Department. The very first prisoner of war captured by American forces was Japanese. Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki, the commander of a Japanese midget submarine which had participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor, abandoned his damaged craft and swam for shore. As he crawled up onto Waimanalo
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TL;DR: The U.S. Army undertook to remove every American of Japanese ancestry from the Pacific Coast in order to prevent Japanese warplanes from bombing the American Navy at Pearl Harbor and the United States joined a world at war.
Abstract: ON DECEMBER 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes bombed the American Navy at Pearl Harbor and the United States joined a world at war. Four months later, in April 1942, the U.S. Army undertook to remove every American of Japanese ancestry from the Pacific Coast. At first they herded Japanese Americans into temporary assembly centers. Later, during the summer and fall of 1942, the army took them to prison camps located mainly in remote parts of the mountains and deserts of the West. There Japanese Americans waited out the war behind barbed wire.
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TL;DR: Turner as mentioned in this paper argued that the conditions of the physical environment, the nature of the natural resources, the effects of technology, and the need for conservation demanded large-scale, integrated, multiple-purpose resource projects beyond the scope of private enterprise.
Abstract: IN 1903 THAT MOST DISTINGUISHED and influential of all western historians, Frederick Jackson Turner, wrote that "the pioneer farmer in the days of Lincoln could place his family on a flatboat, strike into the wilderness, cut out his clearing, and with little or no capital go on to the achievement of industrial independence." When the arid lands and the mineral resources of the Far West were reached, however, no conquest was possible by the old individual pioneer methods. "Here expensive irrigation works must be constructed, cooperative activity was demanded in utilization of the water supply, capital beyond the reach of the small farmer was required. In a word," Turner concluded, "the physiographic province itself decreed that the destiny of this new frontier should be social rather than individual."' Acknowledging that the conditioning factors of the physical environment, the nature of the natural resources, the effects of technology, and the need for conservation demanded large-scale, integrated, multiple-purpose resource projects beyond the scope of private enterprise, Morris E. Garnsey, the dean of western economists, de-
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TL;DR: For instance, this paper pointed out that if one were to look in Woodward's fiction for clues to the emergence of debunking biography, a suggestive place to begin would be his third novel, Bread and Circuses (1925), which continued the adventures of "professional debunker" Michael Webb in a new setting: the Echo Hill Inn, "a place high in
Abstract: THE NOVELIST WILLIAM E. WOODWARD is remembered best for Bunk, published in 1923, which minted a new infinitive-"to debunk"-for the science of "taking the bunk out of things."' Woodward as biographer put this deflationary "science of reality" into practice in his George Washington: The Image and the Man (1926) and his Meet General Grant (1928).2 If one were to look in Woodward's fiction for clues to the emergence of debunking biography, a suggestive place to begin would be his third novel, Bread and Circuses (1925), which continued the adventures of "professional debunker" Michael Webb in a new setting: the Echo Hill Inn, "a place high in
TL;DR: In this article, a proposed treaty for the annexation of Hawaii was presented, but the Senate had failed to approve the pact before the close of Harrison's term, and subsequently, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate, dispatched Special Commissioner James H. Blount to investigate the revolution, and decided on the basis of Blount's report to reject annexation.
Abstract: W HEN GROVER CLEVELAND returned to the presidency in March 1893, he inherited from Benjamin Harrison a proposed treaty for the annexation of Hawaii. In January Queen Liliuokalani had surrendered in the face of a revolution engineered by a group of non-native, mostly American-descended businessmen, lawyers, and planters, who were aided in their coup by the landing of American troops and the hasty recognition of their provisional government by the American minister. Ignoring the Queen's protests, the Harrison administration had rather hurriedly negotiated the treaty with the provisionals, but the Senate had failed to approve the pact before the close of Harrison's term.' Subsequently, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate, dispatched Special Commissioner James H. Blount to Honolulu to investigate the revolution, and decided on the basis of Blount's report to reject annexation. He tried to restore the Queen to power and, after the failure of his restoration scheme, pursued a course of more or less normal relations with what became the Republic of Hawaii.
TL;DR: Fairbanks and Hill as discussed by the authors predicted that the future has much in store for the Pacific Northwest, including new possibilities of wealth, new methods, new markets, and new markets in the Orient.
Abstract: "T HIS EXPOSITION logically follows the great Exposition which commemorated the Louisiana Purchase," Vice President Charles Fairbanks told the opening-day crowds at Portland's Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair. Both the St. Louis fair of 1904 and the Portland fair of 1905, he explained, took their inspiration from Thomas Jefferson's expansionist vision for America. Then, striking the keynote for the exposition movement in the Pacific Northwest, Fairbanks predicted: "The future has much in store for you. Yonder is Hawaii, acquired for strategic purposes and demanded in the interest of expanding commerce. Lying in the waters of the Orient are the Philippines which fell to us by the inexorable logic of a humane and righteous war. We must not underrate the commercial opportunities which invite us to the 'Orient.' " Four years later, railroad magnate James J. Hill delivered the same message in his opening day address at Seattle's Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Visitors, he concluded, would "carry away with them along with recollections of new possibilities of wealth, new methods, new markets
TL;DR: In the history of the West, no theme captured the American imagination more than the saga of westward migration along the overland trails as discussed by the authors, and so vast is the scholarly and popular literature on this great folk experience that for many historians the subject has become too "threadbare" for further exploration.
Abstract: IN THE HISTORY of the West, no theme captured the American imagination more than the saga of westward migration along the overland trails. So vast is the scholarly and popular literature on this great folk experience that for many historians the subject has become too "threadbare" for further exploration.' Of all the years when wagons rolled along the plains, none has seemed so threadbare as 1849when to one disheartened gold seeker it seemed as if the whole family of man had set its face westward.2
TL;DR: The American Indian federation (AIF) as mentioned in this paper was one of the least understood political organizations in Native American history, whose members could agree only for a brief time on three general principles: that Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier be removed from office; that the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) be overturned; and most importantly, that the Bureau of Indians Affairs (BIA) be abolished.
Abstract: THE AMERICAN INDIAN federation (AIF) is one of the least understood political organizations in Native American history. The organization, which had a brief existence from 1934 until its slow demise in the mid 1940s, was the major voice of Native American criticism of federal Indian policies during the New Deal.' Composed largely of individuals of diverse opinion, the AIF was a national Indian organization whose members could agree only for a brief time on three general principles: that Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier be removed from office; that the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) be overturned; and most importantly, that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) be abolished. This last principle-the call for the abolition of the BIA-is the essential ingredient in understanding the organization, its origins, and its opposition to the Indian New Deal.
TL;DR: In 1868 Andrew Johnson and Benito Juarez responded with a treaty calling for the adjudication of such claims by a joint arbitration commission, which opened up a splendid opportunity for unscrupulous individuals to defraud both governments.
Abstract: intervention was the disposal of hundreds of private claims that had been accumulating prior to and during the strife in both countries. In 1868 Andrew Johnson and Benito Juarez responded with a treaty calling for the adjudication of such claims by a joint arbitration commission. Unfortunately, this convention opened up a splendid opportunity for unscrupulous individuals to defraud both governments. The commission weeded out most of the fraudulent claims, but among the exceptions was the claim by La Abra Silver Mining Company against Mexico, which mushroomed into a dispute of international notoriety that lasted into the Theodore Roosevelt administration. Honor and