Showing papers in "Pacific Historical Review in 1987"
45 citations
TL;DR: The U.S. servicemen brought money and goods on a scale beyond anything previously imagined possible by local inhabitants as discussed by the authors, along with the products of modern technology, the Americans also brought such features of their popular culture as modern music, beer, cigarettes, sports, and chewing gum.
Abstract: Between 1942 and 1945 over a million U.S. servicemen poured into the islands of the South Pacific bringing them into contact with cultures having little experience in dealing with Americans on a mass scale. As residents of a wealthy industrial society, American soldiers brought money and goods on a scale beyond anything previously imagined possible by local inhabitants. By American standards even the British and Commonwealth troops were poorly paid and provisioned. Along with the products of modern technology, the Americans also brought such features of their popular culture as modern music, beer, cigarettes, sports, and chewing gum. Moreover, unlike most of the other nations that had intruded in the South Pacific, the Americans came from a nation with a diverse racial, ethnic, religious, and regional heritage.'
25 citations
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the United States provided India with two million tons of grain in emergency assistance in order to meet a food crisis of potentially catastrophic dimensions, which was referred to as the India Food Crisis of 1951.
Abstract: On February 12, 1951, President Harry S. Truman formally recommended to Congress that the United States provide India with two million tons of grain in emergency assistance in order to meet a food crisis of potentially catastrophic dimensions. "We cannot turn a deaf ear to India's appeal," he exclaimed. "Our friendship for the people of India and our traditional concern for human suffering impel us to take every reasonable step we can to alleviate mass hunger and distress."' Although Truman's message stressed the humanitarian reasons for meeting India's food needs, the president and his advisers were convinced that a prompt U.S. response to the crisis would serve diplomatic ends as well. The presidential appeal came at a critical juncture in U.S.Indian relations. American irritation with Prime Minister
13 citations
10 citations
TL;DR: The Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford as mentioned in this paper was one of the most distinguished scholars in the history of the United States, and he was elected to the American Studies Association, the Organization of American Historians, and the Western History Association.
Abstract: Ray Allen Billington (1903-1978) was a distinguished historian who won the plaudits of the profession through his contributions to scholarship. To say that he was honored by his peers would be an understatement: he received honorary degrees, fellowships, offices in professional organizations, and even won a cherished opportunity to teach abroad in that most prestigious of chairs, the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford. He was elected president of the American Studies Association, the Organization of American Historians, and the Western History Association. He was, moreover, because of his knowledge and the respect with which he was held, a highly influential individual whose opinions were courted by publishers, foundations, and grantgiving agencies. Newspaper editors often sought him out as a commentator on contemporary events and a reviewer for significant books, and he was a frequent judge in prize contests.1
10 citations
10 citations
TL;DR: The United States policy in South Asia from World War II to the present has generally been determined by global strategic calculations as mentioned in this paper, and the substantial growth of American influence has profoundly affected regional developments.
Abstract: United States policy in South Asia from World War II to the present has generally been determined by global strategic calculations. The substantial growth of American influence has profoundly affected regional developments, and the United States has been the principal external politicaleconomic-military force in South Asia, although in the last twenty years it has been effectively challenged by the Soviet Union. Like United States relations with much of the Third
10 citations
TL;DR: The Nootka Sound Controversy had been the stimulus for Vancouver's and Bodega's historic meeting in 1792 as discussed by the authors, where the Englishman was haughty George Vancouver, a Royal Navy captain and commander of an elaborate expedition dispatched to Pacific waters to map and chart the coastlines.
Abstract: that territory. The Englishman was haughty George Vancouver, a Royal Navy captain and commander of an elaborate expedition dispatched to Pacific waters to map and chart the coastlines, to gather ethnographic data, and to meet at Nootka Sound with the commissioner sent by the Court of Madrid. The Spaniard was gracious Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, navy captain and commander of the Department of San Blas, the Spanish Pacific naval headquarters for North America. Bodega carried a king's appointment as leader of the Expedition of Limits, which was charged with settling the boundaries of Spain's empire in the Northwest. The Nootka Sound Controversy had been the stimulus for Vancouver's and Bodega's historic meeting in 1792. Although the diplomatic overtones of the Nootka Sound Controversy have been the subject of considerable and awardwinning historical writing,' and although Vancouver's meet-
8 citations
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the total number of imported farm workers, including Mexicans, Canadians, Jamaicans, and Bahamians, was calculated from a series of mimeographed monthly "Farm Labor Reports" issued between June 30, 1943 and December 31, 1947, by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Abstract: 1. The precise figure was 46,954 and it was compiled from a series of mimeographed monthly "Farm Labor Reports" issued between June 30, 1943, and December 31, 1947, by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These reports were organized by state and included the total number of imported farm workers, including Mexicans, Canadians, Jamaicans, and Bahamians. These reports were issued by the Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Agricultural Economics until February 1946, when they were prepared by the department's Office of Production and Management Administration.
TL;DR: Tule Lake Relocation Center was one of ten camps built by the government of the United States for Japanese Americans during World War II as mentioned in this paper, where more than 110,000 Japanese Americans were concentrated in the ten "relocation centers," mile-square camps in which they lived behind barbed wire in tarpaper barracks, guarded by military police, and managed by a federal civilian agency.
Abstract: Tule Lake Relocation Center was one of ten camps built by the government of the United States for Japanese Americans during World War II. Initially, Tule Lake was not distinguishable from the other nine camps in regard to its origins and major policies. Executive Order 9066, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, had authorized the U.S. Army to exclude civilian populations from designated zones when deemed necessary because of military necessity. Applied to people of Japanese descent living in the Far West, where most Japanese Americans lived, the initial order led subsequently to other policies in the spring of 1942, calling for the evacuation and detention of this minority group by the federal government. By the following autumn, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans were concentrated in the ten "relocation centers," mile-square camps in which they lived behind barbed wire in tarpaper barracks, guarded by military police, and managed by a federal civilian agency, the War Relocation Authority (WRA). Within the camps, including Tule Lake, WRA arranged
TL;DR: The phrase "men of Meiji" carries a great deal of emotional weight for many Japanese as mentioned in this paper. Hearing it they envision images of men larger than life, men whose dedication to the national good was matched by ambition, decisiveness, and drive.
Abstract: The phrase, "men of Meiji," carries a great deal of emotional weight for many Japanese. Hearing it they envision images of men larger than life, men whose dedication to the national good was matched by ambition, decisiveness, and drive. Most people are unaware that the Meiji spirit was not limited to Japanese nationals. Thousands of Westerners serving in Meiji Japan (1868-1912) equalled their hosts, not only in pride and ambition, but in their commitment to the cause of Japanese nation-building. Although several useful studies of their contributions have appeared in recent years,' a great deal more investigation of these foreigners is needed in the ongoing quest to understand Japan's late nineteenthcentury development. A particularly intriguing example of a Meiji Westerner is Edward H. House (1836-1901), an acerbic Bostonian whose reportorial work brought him into contact with Japan's first mission abroad in 1860 and then propelled him into decades
TL;DR: The measure of a man's lifework, especially one that is as full, diverse, and rich as that of John W. Caughey, is a challenging and humbling task.
Abstract: The measure of a man's lifework, especially one that is as full, diverse, and rich as that of John W. Caughey, is a challenging and humbling task. When that person is friend, mentor, and yet very much alive, the assessment is perhaps even more difficult. My self-awareness in this enterprise is a bit intimidating. I have wrestled with sorting out the man from the mentor, the scholar from the public figure, the teacher from the editor and author. I confess that I have had
TL;DR: In 1920, at the age of fifty-seven, James A. Thomas as discussed by the authors began his second career in the Far East, and from 1899 to 1922, he served the American Tobacco Company, later the British-American Tobacco Company (BAT), after Duke merged his empire with the British owned Imperial Tobacco Company.
Abstract: In 1920, at the age of fifty-seven, James A. Thomas began his second career in the Far East. His first, in the tobacco industry, brought him fame and fortune; he became known as the most "brilliant American taipan" ("great manager" or "big boss") in China in the twentieth century. The son of a struggling North Carolina tobacco farmer, Thomas had turned to merchandising and, as early as 1888, was representing James B. Duke's tobacco companies overseas. In 1897 he went to Asia, and from 1899 to 1922, he served the American Tobacco Company, later the British-American Tobacco Company (BAT), after Duke merged his empire with the British owned Imperial Tobacco Company. Thomas worked in Singapore and India, but it was in China that he made his mark as a "pioneer tobacco merchant." There he organized and supervised BAT's great expansion, making it the leading cigarette manufacturer and distributor and one of the few truly successful American commercial operations in China. A close and trusted associate of Duke, Thomas rose quickly through the ranks. In 1905 he was appointed BAT's manag-
TL;DR: A number of published biographies of the late US Supreme Court Chief Justice include: as mentioned in this paper, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City, N.Y., 1977).
Abstract: 1. Published biographies include Irving Stone, Earl Warren: A Great American Story (New York, 1948); Luther A. Huston, Pathway tojudgement: A Study of Earl Warren (Philadelphia, 1966); Leo Katcher, Earl Warren: A Political Biography (New York, 1967); John D. Weaver, Warren: The Man, the Court, the Era (Boston, 1967); Bill Severn, Mr. ChiefJustice: Earl Warren (New York, 1968); Richard B. Harvey, Earl Warren: Governor of California (New York, 1969); Jack Harrison Pollack, Earl Warren: The Judge Who Changed America (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979); G. Edward White, Earl Warren: A Public Life (New York, 1982); and Bernard Schwartz, Earl Warren and His Supreme Court: A Judicial Biography (1983). See also The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City, N.Y., 1977).
TL;DR: Bailey as discussed by the authors was a teacher-scholar who attracted a large popular following in the field of history, and devoted himself to the study, teaching, and writing of history with a passion that diminished only with illness and the approach of death.
Abstract: Those of us who knew, or knew of, Thomas A. Bailey, who died on July 26, 1983, at age eighty near Stanford University, probably remember him primarily as an historian who produced a mass of works which were often of impressive erudition but always of appealing readability.' As a writer he accomplished a great deal, but in total professional activity achieved much more. Throughout his academic life he exemplified what most of us would perceive as an ideal often greatly admired but rarely realized-that of a dedicated teacher-scholar who attracted a large popular following. He taught several thousand undergraduates and trained more than twenty doctoral candidates. He devoted himself to the study, teaching, and writing of history with a passion that diminished only with illness and the approach of death.2
TL;DR: Pomeroy's The Territories and the United States, 1861-1890 (1947) as discussed by the authors is one of the seminal works in the field of American history, focusing on the role of the federal government in the administration and development of the American West.
Abstract: Anyone who uses Earl Pomeroy's scholarly works to assess his standing in the historical profession will be initially overwhelmed by both the distinction and variety of his contributions. As the author of the influential volume, The Territories and the United States, 1861-1890 (1947), he has been acknowledged as the father of a "federal school" of historians who stress the role of the national government in the administration and development of the American West.1 At least a dozen historians writing today about government exploration or the territories acknowledge their methodological, conceptual, and intellectual debt to him in their own publications.2 The Territories and the United States has been praised as a model study of a much neglected aspect of the role of the federal government in the American West. It received the Albert Beveridge Prize from the American Historical Association in 1947. One reviewer found the book so packed with information that he said "A casual reading is not sufficient in which to discover all of the many themes which offer new fields of investigation. The book is destined to become a standard reference work...."3 Its publication paralleled the appearance of the first volumes of The Territorial Papers of the United States, edited by Clarence E. Carter, and these
TL;DR: This article examined several particular and personal Wests through the autobiographical writings of four un- un-uniformed men, including Donald Worster, who suggested that water determines, advances the term hydraulic West.
Abstract: The American West is difficult to define with any degree of precision. To Bishop George Berkeley it was the course of empire; for Horace Greeley it spelled opportunity; westward Henry David Thoreau went free; to the cowboy to go West was to die; Walter Prescott Webb insisted that the West was largely desert. Charles Lummis, a Yankee who turned his coat from broadcloth to corduroy, crowed that the West was anywhere far enough from the East to be "Out from Under."' Frederick Jackson Turner used west and frontier interchangeably, writing sometimes of direction, sometimes of locale, sometimes of process. Last fall, in a provocative paper at a professional meeting and now in a new book, Donald Worster, suggesting that water determines, advances the term hydraulic West.2 This essay seeks to examine several particular and personal Wests through the autobiographical writings of four un-