Showing papers in "Pacific Historical Review in 1999"
53 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Johnson, Lotchin, Cherny, and Fishman presented an earlier version of this paper presented at the American Historical Association and the Society for American City and Regional Planning History conferences in 1997.
Abstract: The author appreciates thoughtful comments by Marilynn Johnson, Roger W. Lotchin, and Robert Fishman on earlier versions of this paper presented at the American Historical Association and the Society for American City and Regional Planning History conferences in 1997. Robert W. Cherny, Thomas R. Wellock, and three anonymous reviewers for the Pacific Historical Review likewise offered helpful suggestions. Special thanks are also due to the archivists and librarians at the San Francisco History Center of the San Francisco Main Public Library, the National Archives, the Caltrans Library, the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, and the College of Behavioral and Social Science at San Francisco State University for making time available for research and writing. 1. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Resolution Number 45-59, Jan. 23, 1959; copies of Board of Supervisors resolutions are in folder 62, Freeway Collection, San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Main Public Library (hereafter cited with the name of the document, followed by the folder number, followed by "Freeway Collection"). The ninety separate folders pertaining to San Francisco freeways at the History Center contain originals and copies of city and state documents pertaining to freeways from the Department of City Planning, San Francisco Public
22 citations
TL;DR: In the fall of 1970, the UFW successfully concluded an eight-year-long drive to organize California farm workers and by the end of the harvest had signed 150 table grape contracts covering 30,000 workers, insured substantial wage increases, created a union hiring hall, and established strict regulations regarding the use of pesticides.
Abstract: grapes and at a time when the union was attempting to expand its base of external support by linking hazardous working conditions with growing environmental awareness. In the fall of 1970, the UFW successfully concluded an eight-year-long drive to organize California farm workers and by the end of the harvest had signed 150 table grape contracts covering 30,000 workers. All of the newly signed contracts insured substantial wage increases, created a union hiring hall, and established strict regulations regarding the use of pesticides. Crucial to the
22 citations
TL;DR: Los Angeles and Miami have experienced parallel periods of growth as centers of metropolitan, regional, and national economic activity, and both cities have exploited their oceanfront locations and mild climates to attract tourists, migrants, and federal spending for infrastructure development and improvement as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Los Angeles and Miami have experienced parallel periods of growth as centers of metropolitan, regional, and national economic activity. Both cities have exploited their oceanfront locations and mild climates to attract tourists, migrants, and federal spending for infrastructure development and improvement. Yet the imperatives of industrial-era urbanization that once shaped Miami and Los Angeles no longer determine their cultural configurations or directions of economic development. With the rise of satellite, fiber optic, and computer chip technologies, the attendant globalization of management, marketing, and investment, and the migration of refugees and immigrants fleeing austerity conditions in the Southern Hemisphere to pursue low-wage jobs in the previously industrialized countries, cities like Los Angeles and Miami have become global rather than national or regional centers. Every aspect of urban life-from the costs of child care to the price of drugs on the streets, from the identities of clerks in convenience stores to the quantity of capital available for investment-reflects the increasing integration of global cities into international networks.
21 citations
17 citations
TL;DR: The Republic of Korea (ROK) sent two infantry divisions and a few other support units to serve in the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) in 1965 and 1966.
Abstract: In 1965 and 1966 the Republic of Korea (ROK) sent two infantry divisions and a few other support units to serve in the Republic of Vietnam (RVN). This decision reflected the strength of U.S.-Korean relations. The ROK wholeheartedly supported the U.S. initiative in Vietnam in an effort to keep American troops on the Korean peninsula. Even so, the South Koreans refused to let U.S. officials take them for granted, manifesting their independence in two ways: First, the Koreans insisted on high-level consultation and requests from either the U.S. President or Vice-President, although they would negotiate with individuals as low as the secretaries of State or Defense. Sec-
15 citations
TL;DR: In the early 1890s, Miami was largely uninhabited in the early 90s and became an "instant city," a winter resort for the rich, a depot for agricultural goods, and a home for railroad workers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Miami was largely uninhabited in the early 1890s. Heat and mosquitoes, the lack of accessibility by road or rail, and dense hardwood hammocks made the entire region one of the nation's most uninviting places. Following incorporation in 1896, Miami became an "instant city," a winter resort for the rich, a depot for agricultural goods, and a home for railroad workers. Like many other nineteenth-century cities, Miami was a child of the railroad. It was founded in part by the persistence of a Cleveland widow and Miami landowner, Julia Tuttle, who took advantage of the devastating freeze of late 1894 to send Henry Flagler an orange blossom as evidence that the Biscayne Bay region, was more protected from winter freezes than northern Florida. A modern metropolis enveloped by myths and promoters soon took root, transforming our notions of pleasure in the modern world.1
14 citations
12 citations
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that knowledge of sex and gender can help us discover some of the truth about the past, and that the discovery of gold in 1848 set off a human migration that was truly global in scope.
Abstract: I was working on the galleys for my book, Intimate Frontiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Early California, when I happened to hear several historians on National Public Radio. They were explaining why a new historical organization, The History Society, was needed. Among other things, they argued that the proliferation of gender studies in history threatened to trivialize the discipline. We should be thinking about big things, and we should be seeking the "truth."I I suspect that there are many historians who believe that sex and gender are trivial subjects. Sex and gender are merely manifestations of biology that are common to all humans. What have they to do with the big things in history? How does knowledge of sex and gender help us discover some of the truth about the past? This essay addresses those questions. Surely the California gold rush qualifies as one of the "Big Things" in history. The discovery of gold in 1848 set off a human migration that was truly global in scope. Hundreds of thousands of people from every continent set off for California. As a national event, the
11 citations
TL;DR: The paradoxes that characterize the postmodern world are captured within the political, geographical, and metaphorical space of metropolitan Miami are many of the paradoxes as mentioned in this paper, and while metropolitan Miami works hard to fine tune its image as a world-class city, racial tensions and periodic episodes of civil unrest in its ghettos remind the world that not all is well in the Magic City.
Abstract: Captured within the political, geographical, and metaphorical space of metropolitan Miami are many of the paradoxes that characterize the postmodern world. While politicians and foreign dignitaries met to discuss the future of the Americas at Miami's 1994 summit, Haitian immigrants engaged in the ritual sacrifice of chickens or goats outside the Dade County Courthouse in hopes of swaying key immigration cases. While some Cuban Americans have so completely assimilated to their adopted homeland as to be indistinguishable from native-born citizens, others remain focused intently on Cuba, holding mock elections to replace Fidel Castro, preparing militarily for his defeat, speaking only Spanish, and living in what one Cuban American described as the "Cuba de ayer."1 And while metropolitan Miami works hard to fine tune its image as a world-class city, racial tensions and periodic episodes of civil unrest in its ghettos remind the world that not all is well in the Magic City. Perhaps as well as any city in the world, Miami illustrates the simultaneity of two seemingly contradictory trends in the contemporary world system: global integration and innovation that contrast with the persistence of seemingly primordial cultural attachments and animosities that frequently translate into civic fragmentation or disintegration. Increasingly recognized
TL;DR: From the late nineteenth century, tourism in Southern California has been a place-building business, an interlocking set of enterprises that has worked to construct a landscape of sights and experiences as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: From the late nineteenth century, tourism in Southern California has been a place-building business, an interlocking set of enterprises that has worked to construct a landscape of sights and experiences. In their earliest forms, tourism businesses grew out of the coordinated efforts of the coalition of forces that Harvey Molotch and John Logan have called the "growth machine": real estate developers and smaller property owners, transportation magnates and cultural entrepreneurs, all of whom profited as directly from rising property values and increased rents as they did from attractions.1 California tourism has always had a dual nature. It has been part of the development of a physical infrastructure-the railroads, and later streetcar companies, are key examples, combining the movement of goods, settlers, businessmen, and tourists with the exploitation of land. The railroad and streetcar magnates laid out the first networks of sights to be seen and services to be consumed, while they simultaneously invented the mass media of western promotion by founding magazines and supporting writers, painters, and photographers.2 Rail tycoons, hotel builders, highway boosters, and early history preservers laid
TL;DR: In the last thirty years, Los Angeles has become a migrant metropolis par excellence, no less than New York, quite in contrast to its previous incarnation as discussed by the authors, thanks to its appeal to U.S.-born migrants in search of an alternative to the congested, conflictual, multiethnic cities of the Northeast and Midwest.
Abstract: Ellis Island has been turned into a museum; the Statue of Liberty stands in a harbor deserted of passenger ships. Miss Liberty may still frame the iconography of New York City and shape the self-understandings of New Yorkers, but immigrant America has decisively moved west. Today's capital of the new immigration is unquestionably Los Angeles, that ill-defined, sprawling blob, located on the other coast. Los Angeles is now a migrant metropolis par excellence, no less than New York, quite in contrast to its previous incarnation. For most of the twentieth century Los Angeles grew thanks to its appeal to U.S.-born migrants in search of an alternative to the congested, conflictual, multiethnic cities of the Northeast and Midwest. Only in the last thirty years has the immigrant presence transformed and ultimately redefined Los Angeles. But the immigrants arriving in Los Angeles have no Statue of Liberty to encounter, nor do Angelenos share an iconic image that ties the region to its newest residents. At best, one must travel to the U.S.-Mexican border to see signs warning motorists to observe caution, for fear of injuring the mothers, fathers, and children illegally crossing the border in search of a better life in the United States. The boat may not be full, but the message hardly announces a lighted lamp. Rather, the newcomers are at once alien and unwanted; having come to do better, their choice of destination puts that goal at risk.'
TL;DR: The authors examines the international dimension of the Vietnam War, in particular Beijing's attitude toward the Viet Nam, and examines the relations between the United States and China during the war, as well as their interactions with Washington and Hanoi.
Abstract: The Vietnam War was not just a conflict between the United States and North Vietnam. It also involved the allies of both countries. The interests, fears, and ambitions of those allies inevitably affected both the course of the war and the ability of the major contestants to achieve their objectives. This international dimension of the Vietnam conflict has only recently begun to receive attention.1 A number of studies have shed new light on the involvement of such countries as Australia, France, Sweden, the Soviet Union, and China in the war, as well as on their interactions with Washington and Hanoi.2 This essay examines the international dimension of the Vietnam War, in particular Beijing's attitude toward the Viet-
TL;DR: In 1990, Nelson Mandela made a triumphant tour of the United States, receiving accolades in city after city as discussed by the authors. Unlike the civic honors bestowed on him elsewhere, though, the reception in Miami was cool.
Abstract: In 1990 Nelson Mandela made a triumphant tour of the United States, receiving accolades in city after city. Unlike the civic honors bestowed on him elsewhere, though, the reception in Miami was cool. Cubans and to a lesser extent Jewish leaders were outraged at his refusal to disavow Fidel Castro and Yasser Arafat. The mayors of Miami Beach and Miami, as well as the Miami-Dade Commission, refused to honor or meet with Mandela, much to the anger of local black leaders. Yet most black elected officials did not take a public stand on this issue, a symbol of both divisions in the community and fear of Cuban political power. About a week after Mandela left, a fight between a Cuban shopkeeper and a Haitian customer in Little Haiti resulted in a public disturbance. Dozens of Haitians demonstrated in front of the small grocery store, resulting in police intervention and, eventually, charges of police brutality. That same week, a group of black professionals and community leaders, including the Black Lawyers' Association headed by H. T. Smith, called for national organizations to boycott Miami until its elected officials apologized to Mandela, took measures to promote African
TL;DR: In the early nineties, I got drunk as hell one time at a Hawaiian guy's apartment and I went down Clark Street and I had an argument with a West L.A. boochie that I didn't even know as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: I got drunk as hell one time at a Hawaiian guy's apartment and I went down Clark Street and I had an argument with a West L.A. boochie that I didn't even know. He started to get funny with me so I just pulled out my flip knife and let him have it. The damn guy chased me up into the room and we had another big argument. This time I really stabbed him hard right in the gut. The guy had to go to the hospital for one week. He wouldn't tell them what had happened because he said that "Nihonjin dakara" [because we're all Japanese]. He was a right guy because he figured that the Nihonjin should stick together so he just told them he ran against a nail. I haven't seen him since then but I heard that he still don't feel good against me so I have to be on guard. Christ that sure was a fight though. I stuck my fist right through a window pane and I almost severed a vein that time.
TL;DR: In the next few decades, Latinos will constitute the largest single racial/ethnic group in the state of California as mentioned in this paper and they will be entitled to all rights of citizenship, including both registering to vote and casting their ballots.
Abstract: few decades, Latinos will constitute the largest single racial/ethnic group in the state. Because most of this increase will be the result of births, not immigration, the vast majority of these Latinos will be entitled to all rights of citizenship, including both registering to vote and casting their ballots. This dramatic increase in population suggests that Latinos will soon enjoy the increase in political power that has eluded
TL;DR: The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the women in the texas populist movement letters to the southern mercury book as mentioned in this paper, You can open the device and get the book by on-line.
Abstract: Reading is a hobby to open the knowledge windows. Besides, it can provide the inspiration and spirit to face this life. By this way, concomitant with the technology development, many companies serve the e-book or book in soft file. The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the women in the texas populist movement letters to the southern mercury book. You can open the device and get the book by on-line.
TL;DR: The Orange Empires: Miami and Los Angeles conference as mentioned in this paper focused on the history, politics, and culture of these two remarkable cities, and the papers that make up this special issue of the Pacific Historical Review come out of a conference held in February 1998.
Abstract: The papers that make up this special issue of the Pacific Historical Review come out of a conference held in February 1998. "Orange Empires: Miami and Los Angeles" featured a dozen scholarly investigations of the history, politics, and culture of these two remarkable cities. As we all discovered, there is much to compare between Los Angeles and Miami, and, as with any comparative angle, features of one city's past, present, or future can be made to stand out when placed alongside those of another. The conference, sponsored by the Huntington Library (where it was held), the Southern California Studies Center at the University of Southern California, and the Getty Research Institute, represented but a small start in the comparative analysis of Miami and Los Angeles, and it is our