Patient Education and Counseling 

TL;DR: The literature reviewed was assessed in terms of the nature of the self-management approach and the effectiveness and findings were discussed under the headings of chronic conditions targeted, country where intervention was based, type of approach (e.g. format, content, tutor, setting), outcomes and effectiveness.

TL;DR: Clinicians and patients should maximize the therapeutic effects of communication by explicitly orienting communication to achieve intermediate outcomes associated with improved health.

TL;DR: The development of an abbreviated version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) to measure patients' ability to read and understand health-related materials that can be used by health educators to identify individuals who require special assistance to achieve learning goals is described.

TL;DR: A focused and systematic review of articles that specifically address SDM reveals that there is no shared definition ofSDM and proposes a definition that integrates the extant literature base and outlines essential elements that must be present for patients and providers to engage in the process of SDM.

TL;DR: Pictures closely linked to written or spoken text can, when compared to text alone, markedly increase attention to and recall of health education information and improve comprehension when they show relationships among ideas or when they shows spatial relationships.