Showing papers in "Pharmacology & Therapeutics in 2011"

TL;DR: The elucidation of the mechanisms by which the immune system influences behavior yields a host of targets for potential therapeutic development as well as informing strategies for the prevention of neuropsychiatric disease in at risk populations.

TL;DR: The aim of this study was to review a variety of experimental and clinical reports and, describe the effectiveness, toxicities and pharmacokinetics, and possible mechanisms of Magnolia and/or its constituents.

TL;DR: This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.

TL;DR: The evidence supporting some important perturbation of glutamate in the disorder is increasingly strong, and this new perspective on the pathophysiology of OCD constitutes an important focus of current research and a promising area for the ongoing development of new therapeutics.

TL;DR: Novel findings are discussed that may partly explain how the microbial community participates in the development of the fat mass development, insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation that characterise obesity.

TL;DR: By continuing to define the neurobiological basis of the sustained alcohol adaptation critical for the increased susceptibility of alcoholics to stress and alcohol cues that facilitate craving, a new era is expected to evolve in which the high rate of relapse in alcoholism is minimized.

TL;DR: Clinical trials of stem cell therapy in patients with myocardial infarction are summarized and the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis seems to be a promising novel therapeutic approach to improve post-infarction therapy by attracting circulating stem cells to remain, survive and possibly differentiate in the infarct area.

TL;DR: Given the limited efficacy of currently available antipsychotic drugs to ameliorate negative and cognitive symptoms, the further exploration of inflammatory mechanisms and anti-inflammatory strategies may open fruitful new avenues for improved treatment of symptoms undermining affective, emotional, social and cognitive functions pertinent to schizophrenic disease.

TL;DR: Careful and rigorous evaluation of autophagy with a focus on how to translate laboratory findings into relevant clinical therapies remains an important aspect of improving clinical outcomes in patients with malignant disease.

TL;DR: Transient receptor potential channels are identified as promising drug targets for the management of a number of gastrointestinal pathologies and major efforts are put into the development of selective TRP channel agonists and antagonists.

TL;DR: The molecular mechanisms of class C GPCR activation as dimeric entities are discussed, including the possibility of modulating receptor function through the use of ligands or by association, direct or indirect, with other receptors (GPCRs or not) with the aim to better understand receptor function.

TL;DR: Clinical application of new combinations should be preceded by preclinical development guided by functional biomarker analysis to identify active drug combinations and to facilitate the identification of patient subgroups likely, or not, to respond to dual pathway inhibition.

TL;DR: In this article, a review of brain changes in monoamine neurotransmitter systems, downstream targets of monoaminergic neurotransmission as well as of behaviours of mice with a conventional knockout (KO) of either the SERT, DAT or NAT.

TL;DR: The molecular properties of the 5-HT(2B) receptor are reviewed including factors that differentiate the 5/2B receptor from other 5- HT receptor subtypes, and the studies that led to the identification of the 4-HT (4-HT) receptor as the mediator of heart valve disease are discussed.

TL;DR: The overall limitations of hERG safety margins shown using quantitative, evidence-based approaches highlight the need for additional preclinical assays and adaptive strategies throughout drug discovery to reliably mitigate QTc prolongation risk.

TL;DR: The major conclusion is that the LAU effect and generalised helplessness constitute major neuropsychological concepts of high value to future translational research aimed at increased understanding of depression and development of novel, improved antidepressant treatments.

TL;DR: Data on localization and pharmacological properties of the 5-HT(7) receptor is reviewed, and the results of structure-activity relationship studies aimed at the discovery of selective 5- HT( 7) receptor ligands are summarized.

TL;DR: Findings provide the basis for novel NPY system-targeted strategies to treat obesity as well as cancer, which include modifying both sides of the energy balance equation--energy intake versus energy expenditure--to achieve a greater weight/fat loss.

TL;DR: A considerable body of data indicates that in addition to ameliorating motor symptoms, adenosine A(2A)R antagonists may also prevent neurodegeneration.

TL;DR: This review describes and discusses recent results about the direct interactions of polyphenols and protein kinases in cancer chemoprevention.

TL;DR: The study of neurotransmitter interactions within and between brain regions can facilitate the development of novel compounds targeted to treat those cognitive deficits not limited to a single pharmacological class and may be useful in the investigation of new therapeutic strategies and pharmacological testing for improved treatment for traumatic head injury.

TL;DR: Evidence implicates the endocannabinoid system in the motivation for drug consumption, and drug-induced alterations in endoc cannabinoidoid function that may contribute to various aspects of addiction including dysregulated synaptic plasticity, increased stress responsivity, negative affective states, drug craving and relapse to drug taking are discussed.

TL;DR: The present review summarizes currently available data showing the role for IL-33 and its receptor ST2L within cardiovascular disease, and the potential use of sST2 as a predictive cardiovascular biomarker.

TL;DR: Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which phosphorylation events affect amine transporter activity is essential for understanding the contribution of transporterosphorylation to the regulation of monoamine neurotransmission and for identifying potential new targets for the treatment of various brain diseases.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to recapitulate the pathogenesis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy with a special focus on ALDH2 enzymatic metabolism and the therapeutic value of AL DH2 as both target and tool in the management of alcoholic tissue damage.

TL;DR: Evidence that modulation of selected TRP channels may have beneficial effects at targeting key features of these respiratory diseases including airways inflammation, airways hyper-reactivity, mucus secretion and cough is summarized.

TL;DR: A review focuses on potential new therapeutic strategies targeting ASM cells, especially Ca(2+) and mitochondria-dependent pathways, and mitochondrial biogenesis through the activation of various transcription factors.

TL;DR: There is evidence that EAAR antagonism at peripheral sites can provide relief in some chronic pain sufferers, and activation of these receptors can lower the activation threshold and increase the excitability of primary afferents.

TL;DR: Preclinical in vivo models that recapitulate many of the features of asthma and COPD are described that demonstrate that improved clinical understanding of the diseases and better preclinical models is an iterative process that will hopefully lead to therapies that can effectively manage severe asthma.

TL;DR: This review discusses the discovery of cGMP, guanylyl cyclases, the general characteristics and therapeutic applications of GC-A, GC-B and GC-C, and emphasizes the regulation of transmembrane guanyel cyclases by phosphorylation and ATP.