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Showing papers in "Photonic Network Communications in 2018"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An all optical half adder based on photonic crystal structures based on nonlinear resonant cavities using plane-wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods is proposed and designed.
Abstract: In this paper, we are going to propose and design an all optical half adder based on photonic crystal structures. For realizing the proposed structure, we will use two nonlinear resonant cavities inside a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure. Nonlinear resonant cavities will be created by replacing the ordinary rods via defect rod made of nonlinear material such as doped glass. Plane-wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods will be used for simulating the proposed structure. For the proposed structure, the maximum delay time is about 3 ps.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new structure for all-optical 2-to-4 decoder is proposed which consists of six nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators which will be appropriate candidate for being employed in ultrahigh-speed optical communication systems.
Abstract: In this paper, a new structure for all-optical 2-to-4 decoder is proposed which consists of six nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. The lattice constant of the main structure is a = 600 nm, and the refractive index and radii of rods are 3.1 and 0.2a, respectively. Simulation results have proved correct operation states of the decoder and numerical analysis is done in order to additional evaluation. The maximum and minimum power levels for logic 0 and 1 are $$0.1P_{\mathrm{in}}$$ and $$0.37P_{\mathrm{in}}$$ where $$P_{\mathrm{in}}$$ is input power. The maximum cross talk and insertion loss are calculated about −38 and −20 dB, respectively. Since the operation speed of the decoder is more than 160 GHz, it will be appropriate candidate for being employed in ultrahigh-speed optical communication systems.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, error control coding for OWC systems over additive white Gaussian noise and ceiling bounce channel models is studied, and the objective is to mitigate the channel distortion, and hence achieve reliable transmission and correct detection at the receiver side.
Abstract: Due to the fast development of telecommunications and the great demand of bandwidth, optical wireless communication (OWC) has become a promising trend. OWC offers flexible networks for both indoor and outdoor communications providing high security, high speed and a license free spectrum. Data transmission over indoor OWC systems with diffused channel model at high speed will extend the channel impulse response over several symbol periods with many reflections causing inter-symbol interference. This interference distorts the data symbols being transmitted and affects the signal recovery at the receiver side. This paper studies error control coding for OWC systems over additive white Gaussian noise and ceiling bounce channel models. It considers Hamming coding and channel equalization for unipolar optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The objective is to mitigate the channel distortion, and hence achieve reliable transmission and correct detection at the receiver side.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A high-performance 2*4 all-optical decoder is proposed and studied based on nonlinear effects in a photonic crystal ring resonator and results of simulations show that for an on-state output, the highest achievable power is about 87% and the lowest value is 40%.
Abstract: In the development of the technology of all-optical integrated circuits, the logic gates play considerable role in the progress of optical components. As one of the main building-blocks of an optical system, a high-performance 2*4 all-optical decoder is proposed and studied based on nonlinear effects in a photonic crystal ring resonator. The proposed structure consists of 1*2 decoders which are combined to operate as a unique 2*4 decoder and this will let us to extend the design to decoders with increased inputs. An optical bias is used to interact with input signals, and each output port is enabled for a given code in the input code. Numerical simulation methods such as plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain are performed to study the operation of proposed structure. Results of simulations show that for an on-state output, the highest achievable power is about 87% and the lowest value is 40%. For the case of 40%, the on/off ratio of outputs is at least 2.22 which ensures the acceptable resolution needed for detection of on-state. Maximum cross-talk about −10 dB and insertion loss about −8.8 dB is obtained for proposed decoder.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods are used to extract photonic band gap and investigate the photonic behavior of the proposed structure, respectively.
Abstract: In this study, a photonic crystal ring resonator with a triangular lattice is used to design an optical filter. The proposed structure is able to filter the central wavelength of 1548 nm with a transmission coefficient of over 95%. Moreover, this structure has an ultra-high-quality factor (Q) of about 1290. With altering the features of the structure including the refractive index, the lattice constant and the radius of the rods in the resonator core, their effects on the central wavelength of the filter, transmission coefficient, quality factor and bandwidth are investigated. The plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods are used to extract photonic band gap and investigate the photonic behavior of the proposed structure, respectively.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper utilizes mode division multiplexing in conjunction with solid core PCFs to transmit 2-times 2.5 Gbps–5 GHz data over 2-km free-space link and proposed PCF-MDM-Ro-FSO transmission system is reported under the impact of atmospheric turbulences.
Abstract: Radio-over-free-space (Ro-FSO) technology is a combination of free-space optics (FSO) and radio over fiber. It plays a significant role in radio-frequency signal transmission in mobile network communication through high-speed optical carrier without any licensing and costly cables. Photonic crystal fibers also play a significant role to deliver data at faster rate for short haul communication. This paper, for the first time to the author’s best knowledge, utilizes mode division multiplexing in conjunction with solid core PCFs to transmit $$2 \times 2.5$$ Gbps–5 GHz data over 2.5 km free-space link. The results are reported in terms of bit error rate, spatial profiles of received modes, mode spectrum of modes and eye diagrams. Furthermore, proposed PCF-MDM-Ro-FSO transmission system is also reported under the impact of atmospheric turbulences.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel structure for designing an all-optical 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals was proposed which results in improved coupling efficiencies between input and output waveguide and reduced cross-reflection between the input ports.
Abstract: Optical encoders are one of the important optical logic devices required in optical communications and optical signal processing. In this paper, we proposed a novel structure for designing an all-optical 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals. For this purpose, four photonic crystal-based ring resonators were located between the input and output ports which results in improved coupling efficiencies between input and output waveguide and reduced cross-reflection between the input ports. The central wavelength of the photonic crystal-based ring resonators is 1555 nm. However, due to its wide bandwidth the proposed structure can be used for a wide range of optical waves. In the proposed structure, the delay time and the ON/OFF contrast ratio are 1.8 ps and 9.2 dB, respectively. The other advantages of the proposed structure is that we did not use nonlinear materials in designing the proposed structure, so there is no need for high amount of optical intensities.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A combination of feasible OMRR radius and detuning is identified through numerical simulation which allows analyzing the system performance of the scheme such as maximum amplitude difference between marks and spaces and confirm the feasibility of the flip-flop design.
Abstract: In the present communication, all-optical clocked J–K flip-flop is proposed and described using silicon waveguide-based optical micro-ring resonator (OMRR). We have used two optical pump signals representing the two operands (J and K) of the logical operation to modulate the OMRRs under low pump power condition. A theoretical model of the proposed J–K flip-flop and hence S–R and T flip-flop are developed using micro-ring resonator through pump–probe configuration. Numerical simulation results for clocked flip-flop circuits verifying the proposed method are given in this paper. We identified a combination of feasible OMRR radius and detuning through numerical simulation which allows analyzing the system performance of the scheme such as maximum amplitude difference between marks $$(\hbox {AD}_{1,\mathrm{{max}}})$$ , between spaces $$(\hbox {AD}_{0,\mathrm{{max}}})$$ and between marks and spaces $$(\hbox {AD}_{1/0,\mathrm{{max}}})$$ , which confirm the feasibility of the flip-flop design. A maximum buildup factor of 19.57 is achieved at an optimized coupling coefficient of 0.22.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An all-optical structure for implementing Galois field adder using four optical XOR gates based on destructive interference of optical waves is proposed.
Abstract: In this paper we are going to propose an all-optical structure for implementing Galois field adder. To do so, we will use four optical XOR gates. The working principle of the proposed structure is based on destructive interference of optical waves. By choosing different lengths for the input waveguides, 180 $$^\circ $$ of phase difference will be generated between the optical waves. In the final structure, the normalized power for logic 0 and 1 at the output ports was 1 and 45%. Time delay of the proposed structure is about 1.5 ps.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work focuses on transmitting two independent channels, each carrying 2.5 Gbps data and 10 GHz radio signal, by utilizing mode-division multiplexing of two spiral-phased Hermite Gaussian modes of free space optical (FSO) link.
Abstract: In the wake of growing challenges of dispersing communication services in rural areas, Radio over Free Space (Ro-FSO) is a useful technology that can carry heterogeneous services. This work focuses on transmitting two independent channels, each carrying 2.5 Gbps data and 10 GHz radio signal, by utilizing mode-division multiplexing (MDM) of two spiral-phased Hermite Gaussian modes (HG00 and HG01) free space optical (FSO) link. It also evaluates the performance of the proposed Ro-FSO system under the impact of beam divergence and various atmospheric turbulences such as moderate fog and heavy fog.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A hybrid-core circular cladded photonic crystal fiber is designed and analyzed for application in the terahertz frequency range with rectangular structure in addition to a conventional hexagonal structure in the core to reduce the material absorption loss.
Abstract: Md. Saiful Islam, Jakeya Sultana, Mohsen Dorraki, Javid Atai, Mohammad Rakibul Islam, Alex Dinovitser, Brian Wai-Him Ng, Derek Abbott

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An all-optical half-adder was proposed by using self-collimation effect in two-dimensional photonic crystals by using square lattice rod-type photonic crystal structure to simulate the optical behavior of the proposed structure.
Abstract: In this paper an all-optical half-adder was proposed by using self-collimation effect in two-dimensional photonic crystals Self-collimation effect was obtained in XM direction for wavelength 1500 nm by using square lattice rod-type photonic crystal structure Plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods were used to obtain the band structure diagram and simulate the optical behavior of the proposed structure, respectively The maximum delay time and required input intensity are 1 ps and 54 mW/μm2, respectively The normalized power-level margins for logics 0 and 1 were obtained to be about 20 and 70%, respectively The total footprint of the structure is about 75 μm2, which is suitable for all optical integrated circuits

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The designing and simulative comparison of two wavelength division multiplexing-based FSO links under rain and snow weather conditions are reported and acceptable performance levels are reported.
Abstract: Free-space optics (FSO) is a data relaying technology, which requires a direct line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver units for reliable transmission. FSO communication links have many merits such as high modulation bandwidth, high data transmission rates, low cost, and easy installation process. The performance of FSO link is affected by certain external parameters such as absorption, scintillation, and atmospheric attenuation due to different weather conditions. This paper reports the designing and simulative comparison of two wavelength division multiplexing-based FSO links under rain and snow weather conditions. The proposed system reports successful transmission of $$32\times 10$$ Gbps of data along a link distance of 16.5 and 1.07 km under rain and snow weather conditions, respectively, with acceptable performance levels ( $$Q\sim $$ 6 dB and $$\hbox {BER} \le 10^{-9}$$ ).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The diminutive structures of the router in the size of 33μm×36μm have been depicted to place the footprints on the integrated photonics of ultra-compact device employment.
Abstract: Contemporary, emerging and exigent breakthroughs in chip multiprocessors (CMPs) lead to atrocious performance and deficit communication between the processor cores in the integrated chips. Photonic network on chip (PNoC) is a worthwhile tactic for the CMP design to attain the excessive performance and efficient communication. Photonic crystal ring resonator-hinged optical router is the delineated pivotal component which has the potential to be exerted on PNoCs to diminish the obstacles in chip multiprocessor with high bandwidth capacity, low transmission delay, low energy dissipation, low crosstalk, etc., Elemental construction of photonic crystal (PC) router of $$4{\times }4$$4×4 structures have been formulated by the comprisal of $$1{\times }2$$1×2 and $$2{\times }2$$2×2 router basic building blocks to review the efficacy of the transmitting behavior between the cores of the processor. Signal transmission for wavelength gamut of 1500---1600 nm is taken for the examination, and the allowed wavelengths toward the end port are tabulated. The signal propagation and analysis are based on plane wave expansion method and finite-difference time-domain method. Crosstalk (CT) and insertion loss (IL) are the crucial determinants of PC ring resonated routers. On the result of the analysis, maximum CT of ý 15.1017 dB at 1567 nm and maximum IL of 1.73 dB at 1520 nm are obtained. The diminutive structures of the router in the size of $$33~\upmu \hbox {m}\times 36~\upmu \hbox {m}$$33μm×36μm have been depicted to place the footprints on the integrated photonics of ultra-compact device employment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 2–4 line and 3–8 line decoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium–niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs), which have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port.
Abstract: Decoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using decoder and external gates. In this paper, 2–4 line and 3–8 line decoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium–niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The performance of an ultra-fast all-optical logic NOT-AND gate using photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifiers (PCSOA)-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers is numerically analysed and investigated, with the impact of amplified spontaneous emission included so as to obtain realistic results.
Abstract: The performance of an ultra-fast all-optical logic NOT-AND gate using photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifiers (PCSOA)-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers is numerically analysed and investigated. The dependence of the quality factor (Q-factor) on the input signals’ and PCSOA operating parameters is examined, with the impact of amplified spontaneous emission included so as to obtain realistic results. The achieved Q-factor is 18 at 160 Gb/s, which is higher than when using conventional SOAs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The compact size of the proposed structure and the materials used make the proposed device suitable for optical integrated circuits, and the use of the device for computational applications is suggested.
Abstract: In this paper, we employed optical waveguides in a silicon rod base structure to realize AND, OR logical operation simultaneously based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. All of the structure is composed of silicon rods. Employing silicon rods of different radii as defect rods in optical waveguide filtered the desired wavelength. We utilized two similar waveguides as our input bits and two waveguides as AND and OR outputs. The overall footprint of the proposed device is 60 μm2 and hence is very compact. The time responses of device are about 0.5 ps and hence in conjunction with the mentioned characteristics suggest the use of the device for computational applications. The electric field distribution is obtained by the finite-difference time-domain method. In this paper, the logic state of ‘1’ and ‘0’ at output port is defined as the transmission is around ‘1’ and less than 0.25, respectively. The compact size of the proposed structure and the materials used make the proposed device suitable for optical integrated circuits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The approximations of the probability that the network is k-connected are provided with consideration of transmission using on–off keying and pulse position modulation and the effects of node density, transmission power, and data rate on k-connectivity are evaluated.
Abstract: The ultraviolet (UV) scattering communication can be applied in military networked on-the-move and unattended ground sensor networks. This paper focuses on the connectivity properties of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) network based on UV communication that ensures the secret communications between UAVs. UAVs network is consisting of a group of UAVs, each of which moving according to a particular mobility model. We discuss random waypoint (RWP) mobility model and circle movement based model (CMBM), which can describe the actual movement of UAVs, respectively. In this paper, the approximations of the probability that the network is k-connected are provided with consideration of transmission using on–off keying and pulse position modulation. More precisely, we evaluate the effects of node density, transmission power, and data rate on k-connectivity. The numerical examples show that the mobility degrades the connectivity probability. When the numbers of nodes $$n=500$$ and data rate $$R_b =10\,\hbox {kbps}$$ , the required transmission power for nodes moving according to RWP is lower than CMBM in order to achieve 2-connectivity of the UAVs network, but it is about twice that for uniformly distributed nodes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A thorough study about proactive defragmentation of elastic optical networks, under dynamic traffic conditions, with results which guarantee suitable network performance while keeping the network control complexity at reasonable values is carried out.
Abstract: The main weakness of elastic optical networks (EON), under dynamic traffic conditions, stems from spectrum fragmentation. A lot of research efforts have been dedicated during recent years to spectrum defragmentation. In this work, a thorough study about proactive defragmentation is carried out. Effects of the different defragmentation parameters on the EON performance are analyzed, and appropriate values of the defragmentation period, which guarantee suitable network performance while keeping the network control complexity at reasonable values, are obtained by means of extensive simulations. Benefit obtained by applying different defragmentation strategies, in terms of increase in the supported load at a given bandwidth blocking probability, is also reported. Different traffic conditions and network topologies are simulated to assess the validity of the obtained results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A complete state-of-the-art VLC software-defined radio is designed using NI cDAQ components tools developed in LabVIEW/MATLAB and it is shown through comparison with existing system that the proposed system is computationally less expensive and provides improved data rate.
Abstract: Visible light communication (VLC) is a novel technology especially for short-range data communication. IEEE has standardized VLC for 5G systems as a means to short-range wireless communication. In this paper, a complete state-of-the-art VLC software-defined radio is designed using NI cDAQ components tools developed in LabVIEW/MATLAB. The main objectives in designing a VLC transceiver are the suitable envelope for driving LEDs (transmitters) and a high data rate. The current work makes use of optical code division multiple access mainly to achieve the said objectives. It is shown through comparison with existing system that the proposed system is computationally less expensive and provides improved data rate. Finally, simulation programs are also developed and the proposed system is compared with the existing system in terms of bit error rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Performance of the proposed system under different modulation schemes and physical aspects of UOWC is studied with several parameters like max quality factor, min bit error rate (BER) and eye diagram and results at different condition show that the operation of NRZ-DPSK modulation has better performance than RZ-dPSK scheme.
Abstract: The present study proposed a high-data-rate underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system to propagate the laser blue–green waves through water The presented study not only focuses on analysis of challenges in UOWC link including attenuation, absorption, scattering and turbulence model, but also investigates the performance of the proposed system using two different methods of balanced modulation schemes Spectrum efficiency of the system can be improved by using appropriate modulation formats Return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK) and non-return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (NRZ-DPSK) schemes are two modulation formats that we investigate them to improve the characteristics of the proposed UOWC system The paper explains a real model and exhaustive analysis for advanced UOWC works by using channel model and modulation formats for presented underwater link Performance of the proposed system under different modulation schemes and physical aspects of UOWC is studied with several parameters like max quality factor, min bit error rate (BER) and eye diagram For clear ocean, the performance of the proposed system is good and min BER less than 10−90 for two modulation formats Generally, results at different condition show that the operation of NRZ-DPSK modulation has better performance than RZ-DPSK scheme

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that the use of SC to capture the taillights effectively increases the capture speed of RaspiCam from 120 frames per second (fps) to 435 fps, yielding an efficient and high-speed V2V with flicker-free taillight.
Abstract: Optical camera communication (OCC) can be considered a convenient and versatile short-range communication technology within the framework of optical wireless communications. As OCC suffers from low data transmission rate in comparison with very high-speed modulation of light emitting diodes (LEDs), it imposes major limitations on an optical camera-based vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This paper presents an OCC-based high-speed V2V using a distinct capturing strategy called selective capture (SC). Experiments were performed to verify the proposed SC-based V2V based on a Raspberry Pi camera module (RaspiCam). The SC was performed with template matching technique on the RaspiCam module. The module enables both the selection of resolution and the capturing of vehicle taillights only from the full camera capture frame. As the transmitter, a $$4\times 4$$ red LED array was employed as the taillights of a vehicle. It is found that the use of SC to capture the taillights effectively increases the capture speed of RaspiCam from 120 frames per second (fps) to 435 fps, yielding an efficient and high-speed V2V with flicker-free taillights. In addition, the proposed SC-V2V with increased capture speed provides a data rate of up to 3.456 kbps and achieves acceptable bit error rate performance at a distance of up to 175 cm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposed a hybrid WDM ring–tree topology which employs spectrally efficient 60 Gbps non-return-to-zero/polarization shift keying optical orthogonal modulated signals.
Abstract: This paper proposed a hybrid WDM ring---tree topology which employs spectrally efficient 60 Gbps non-return-to-zero/polarization shift keying optical orthogonal modulated signals. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers, optical cross-connects and semiconductor optical amplifiers are utilized to make hybrid ring---tree architecture. Each optical add/drop multiplexer node is connected to tree topology to further increase the number of users. The main contribution of the proposed spectrally efficient hybrid optical network is to support the maximum number of users within limited bandwidth for future communication networks. Also, the proposed resilient ring---tree architecture has advantages such as high optical node density and bandwidth/spectral efficiency as compared to conventional packet-switched optical access network.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme, without digital linearization and other optical processor, can suppress IMD3 approximately 30 dB and improve the SFDR by 18dBHz2/3 compared with the conventional quadrature biased MZM system.
Abstract: A scheme to enlarge the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the microwave photonic link is proposed based on a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM). By properly adjusting the phase of the RF signals and the bias voltages of the DPMZM, the second-order spurious components in the optical carrier band (OCB) of the two sub-MZMs can be canceled out completely, and the third-order and fifth-order spurious components in the first-order upper sideband (1-USB) produced by one sub-MZM have equal amplitude but $$180{^{\circ }}$$ phase difference with the other sub-MZM. Therefore, as the two optical beams are combined at the output of the DPMZM and the OCB and the 1-USB are abstracted by a bandpass filter to generate the transmitted signal, all the major optical spurious components that contribute to the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) are canceled out. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme, without digital linearization and other optical processor, can suppress IMD3 approximately 30 dB and improve the SFDR by $$18~\hbox {dB}\,\hbox {Hz}^{2/3}$$ compared with the conventional quadrature biased MZM system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first algorithm can provide maximum survivability against spatial-based simultaneous link failures (due to the maximized spatial distance), whereas the second algorithm can tune the spatial distance between the lightpaths keeping in view the target survivability requirements and the path weight for the primary lightpath.
Abstract: The core network in the information communication technology infrastructure is based on the optical fiber technology. The core network is of prime importance because it connects all the central offices in the wired communication networks and the mobile switching centers in the wireless communication networks. The optical link between two network nodes is a lightpath, which offers very high speed, low loss, lower cost, highly reliable, secure and very high capacity, end-to-end communication over a very long distance. Any damage to a lightpath in the event of a disaster may lead to massive service interruptions and financial losses for the network operators. Therefore, survivable routing in these networks is very important. Generally, the survivability is ensured by having a backup lightpath to keep communication intact because the primary and the backup light paths are always disjoint. However, they may still fail simultaneously in the event of a large-scale disaster, if their separation distance in the physical plane is small. Hence, the spatial distance between the disjoint lightpaths should also be taken into consideration when establishing the lightpaths. Our contributions in this paper are twofold: (1) a routing algorithm is proposed for provisioning a pair of link-disjoint lightpaths between two network nodes such that their minimum spatial distance (while disregarding safe regions) is maximized, and (2) another routing algorithm is proposed for provisioning a pair of link-disjoint lightpaths such that the path weight of the primary lightpath is minimized, subject to the constraint that the backup lightpath has some particular geographical distance from the primary lightpath. Through extensive simulations, we show that our first algorithm can provide maximum survivability against spatial-based simultaneous link failures (due to the maximized spatial distance), whereas the second algorithm can tune the spatial distance between the lightpaths keeping in view the target survivability requirements and the path weight for the primary lightpath.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed nanoring resonator-based optical filter is ultra-compact size around 14μm×8.4μm; hence, it is extremely suitable for WDM-based photonic communication systems and photonic integrated circuits.
Abstract: In the present work, a nanostructure of trapezoid photonic crystal ring resonator-based channel drop filter is designed for wavelength division multiplexing systems (WDM) to drop a channel at a center peak wavelength of 1543 nm. The proposed channel drop filter is composed of bus waveguide, drop waveguide, trapezoid nanoring resonator and reflector in a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal lattice with circular rods arranged in air host. The trapezoid nanoring resonator is playing a very important role in WDM systems for dropping a single channel over a wide wavelength range. The photonic band gaps of perfect lattice structure and non-perfect lattice structure are absolutely calculated by plane wave expansion method. The functional properties of the designed filter are evaluated by finite difference time domain method (FDTD). The functional properties are center peak wavelength, dropping efficiency, passband width and quality factor. The FDTD method results show dropping efficiency is 100%, and quality factor is about 514.33 which are highly suitable for WDM systems. Further, lattice constant, inner and outer rod radius and refractive index difference of the structure are varied to tune the filter center peak wavelength and its corresponding functional parameters effects are investigated. The proposed nanoring resonator-based optical filter is ultra-compact size around $$14\, \upmu \hbox {m} \times 8.4\, \upmu \hbox {m}$$ ; hence, it is extremely suitable for WDM-based photonic communication systems and photonic integrated circuits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed PCRR-based demultiplexer has the channel spacing of about 20 nm which fulfils the requirements of coarse wavelength-division multiplexing systems and can be utilized for photonic integrated circuits.
Abstract: In this paper, a channel drop filter based on two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator (PCRR) is proposed. The proposed structure consists of bus waveguide, dropping waveguide and a ring resonator. We have focused on improving the dropping efficiency and quality factor of the structure by applying different optimization techniques. Optimized channel drop filter using PCRR is designed, and it is extended to drop three different channels by changing the inner rods radius in each ring resonator that act as a demultiplexer. As designed structure drops three different channels such as 1524, 1544 and 1565 nm, the band gap for the structure is calculated and observed by plane-wave expansion method. The normalized transmission spectra and resonance wavelengths for different radius are obtained using two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. The proposed PCRR-based demultiplexer has the channel spacing of about 20 nm which fulfils the requirements of coarse wavelength-division multiplexing systems. The size of the demultiplexer is small; hence, it can be utilized for photonic integrated circuits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The design of a low-cross talk scalable permutation switch employing photonic crystal ring resonators in an optical network is presented and the lowest cross talk levels are obtained for “bar” and “cross” switching states.
Abstract: We present, for the first time, the design of a low-cross talk scalable permutation switch employing photonic crystal ring resonators in an optical network. Through this novel approach, the transition between different states of the $$2 \times 2$$ optical switch, as the basic element, is achieved by applying different operating wavelengths. Subsequently, the shuffling mechanisms in $$3 \times 3$$ and $$4 \times 4$$ optical networks are realized by controlling the position of photonics crystal ring resonators. Lowest cross talk levels of 6 and 5% are obtained for “bar” and “cross” switching states, respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study proposes a zero-overhead microsecond-accuracy solution to synchronize a packet-switched optical network for datacenters and shows that microsecond level of time accuracy can be achieved.
Abstract: A datacenter, which is a highly distributed multiprocessing system, needs to keep accurate track of time across a large number of machines. Precise time synchronization has become a critical component due to stringent requirements of several time critical applications such as real-time big data analytics, high-performance computing, and financial trading. Our study starts with a survey on the most relevant time synchronization techniques for datacenter networks. Then, we propose a zero-overhead microsecond-accuracy solution to synchronize a packet-switched optical network for datacenters. To achieve the desired time accuracy, we consider precision time protocol to synchronize the server clocks with a central controller clock. Zero-overhead is maintained by using data traffic to carry the time messages instead of a separate control channel. Through simulation, we show that microsecond level of time accuracy can be achieved. We also discuss the dependency of the accuracy on different traffic loads, traffic distributions, and packet lengths.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The transmission of $$2 \times 2$$2×2 MIMO spatial streams, each having 2 Gbps DPSK signal to two different radio access units (RAUs) in a distributed antenna system architecture gives acceptable BER results for practical implementation.
Abstract: Design of a low-cost fiber–wireless communication architecture is desirable by network operators. Therefore, we demonstrate the transmission of $$2 \times 2$$ MIMO spatial streams, each having 2 Gbps DPSK signal to two different radio access units (RAUs) in a distributed antenna system architecture. The proposed architecture employs mode group division multiplexing in combination with wavelength division multiplexing to transport RF DPSK signals centered at 10 GHz. The RF signals are used to modulate optical carriers that are centered at 1300 nm and transmitted toward the RAUs over perfluorinated graded-index plastic optical fiber. Heterodyne detection is performed at the RAUs to transmit mm-wave signals at 60 GHz to the end users. Furthermore, wireline access is also achieved at each RAU to support simplex services. A cost-efficient multiple wavelength source is generated from a single laser by employing a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator. An increase in multiplexing gain is achieved using the two LP modes, LP01 and LP11, of each generated wavelength. The proposed architecture gives acceptable BER results for practical implementation.