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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi (a) in 1971"


Journal ArticleDOI

450 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the crystal structure and internal defects of equiatomic TiNi martensites have been studied using the techniques of electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction.
Abstract: The crystal structure and internal defects of equiatomic TiNi martensites have been studied using the techniques of electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction The crystal structure may be described as of distorted B19 type with a monoclinic unit cell, the lattice parameters of which are a = 2889 A, b = 4120 A, c = 4622 A, and β = 968° The structure is derived from the matrix B2 in two steps Namely, the matrix B2 transforms into a B19 first, and then a monoclinic martensite is derived by shearing the B19 in [100]B19 direction on (001)B19 plane As an internal defect of the martensite, transformation twins with (111) twinning plane have been found without ambiguity, whose presence is essential for the understanding of the unique memory effect in this alloy The orientation relationship between the matrix and martensite, and some characteristics of a pre-martensitic transition are also described

366 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the displacement and stress fields caused by eigenstrains (thermal expansion, plastic strain, phase transformation, etc.) distributed uniformly inside a domain Ω of an infinitely extended anisotropic medium are expressed in a series form and also in an interesting integral form.
Abstract: The displacement and stress fields caused by eigenstrains (thermal expansion, plastic strain, phase transformation, etc.) distributed uniformly inside a domain Ω of an infinitely extended anisotropic medium are expressed in a series form and also in an interesting integral form. These forms provide not only a method of stress analysis but also enable an investigation of Eshelby's proposition that the stress in an ellipsoidal domain is constant. The special case that Ω is a flat ellipse leads to an extremely simple result. Die Verschiebungs- und Spannungsfelder, die durch Eigendehnungen (thermische Ausdehnung, plastische Dehnung, Phasentransformation, etc.) verursacht werden, die gleichformig in einer Domane Ω in einem unendlich angedehntem Medium verteilt sind, werden in einer Reihenentwicklung und ebenfalls in einer interessanten Integralform ausgedruckt. Diese Formeln ergeben nicht nur eine Methode fur die Spannungsanalyse, sondern ermoglichen eine Untersuchung des Vorschlags von Eshelby, das die Spannung in einer elliptischen Domane eine Konstante ist. Der Spezialfall, das Ω eine flache Ellipse ist, fuhrt zu einem extrem einfachen Ergebnis.

271 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The diffusion coefficient of nickel in the intermetallic compound NiAl has been measured as a function of temperature and composition and the activation energy for diffusion changes considerably across the phase field and is particularly sensitive to the presence of constitutional vacancies.
Abstract: The diffusion of nickel in the intermetallic compound NiAl has been measured as a function of temperature and composition. The activation energy for diffusion changes considerably across the phase field and is particularly sensitive to the presence of constitutional vacancies. The diffusion coefficient is a minimum at an off-stoichiometric composition. La diffusion du nickel dans le compose intermetallique NiAl a ete mesuree en fonction de la temperature et de la composition. L'energie d'activation pour la diffusion change considerablement a travers la region de la phase et elle est particulierement sensible a la presence des lacunes constitutionnelles. Le coefficient de diffusion est minimum pour une composition non-stoichiometrique.

184 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
E. Ejder1
TL;DR: In this article, the refractive index of GaN and its temperature dependence have been measured using plane-parallel platelets with E ⊥ c. The difference between the two values is 1.5 ± 0.2% at 5000 A. The diffuse reflexion spectrum has been measured and the temperature dependence of the absorption edge is plotted.
Abstract: The refractive index of GaN and its temperature dependence have been measured using plane-parallel platelets with E ⊥ c. In this direction at 300 K the index is 2.67 at 3.38 eV, 2.33 at 1.0 eV, and has an extrapolated value of 2.29 ± 0.005 at 0 eV. The difference in the refractive indices for E ⊥ c and E ‖ c is 1.5 ± 0.2% at 5000 A. A Debye temperature of about 600 K is estimated from the measured temperature dependence. The diffuse reflexion spectrum of GaN powder has been measured and the temperature dependence of the absorption edge is plotted.

151 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
K.H.J. Buschow1
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of the composition and crystal structure of existing rare earth transition intermetallics is given, and a mechanism for the R-M exchange interaction is proposed.
Abstract: A survey is given of the composition and crystal structure of existing rare earth transition intermetallics. The relationship in crystal structure of the compounds RM2, RM3, R2M7, RM5, and R2M17 is briefly discussed (R and M represent a rare earth and 3d element, respectively). The variation of the magnetic moment of the M atoms and the variation of the Curie temperature brought about by the increase of the molar fraction of the rare earth element in the various compounds is different for M being Ni, Co, or Fe. An attempt has been made to explain these differences by means of Friedel's model of d-bands in transition metals. The R–M spin interaction is antiferromagnetic and leads in general to compensation points in the magnetization versus temperature curves. It is shown that these compensation points should vary with R as g (g − 1) J (J + 1). This relation is obeyed for the compounds RFe3 for which magnetic data and the lattice constants are given. A mechanism for the R–M exchange interaction is proposed. Magnetic data are also given for the compounds GdGa and GdGa0.7Cu0.3 isostructural with GdNi. Es wird ein Uberblick uber Zusammensetzung und Kristallstruktur der existierenden intermetallischen Verbindungen zwischen Seltenen Erden und Ubergangsmetallen gegeben. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Kristallstrukturen der Verbindungen RM2, RM3, R2M7, RM5 und R2M17 werden kurz diskutiert (R Seltene Erde, M Ubergangsmetall). Die Anderung des magnetischen Moments der M-Atome und die durch die Erhohung des Anteils der Seltenen Erdelemente in den verschiedenen Verbindungen bewirkte Anderung der Curie-Temperatur ist fur Ni, Co und Fe unterschiedlich. Diese Unterschiede werden mittels des Friedel-Modells der d-Bander in Ubergangsmetallen zu erklaren versucht. Die R–M-Wechselwirkung ist antiferromagnetisch und fuhrt im allgemeinen zu Kompensationspunkten in den Magnetisierungs–Temperatur-Kurven. Diese Kompensationspunkte sollten mit R wie g (g − 1) J (J + 1) variieren. Diese Beziehung gilt fur die Verbindungen RFe3, fur die magnetische Daten und Gitterkonstanten angegeben werden. Ein Mechanismus fur die R–M-Austauschwechselwirkung wird vorgeschlagen. Magnetische Daten werden auch fur die Verbindungen GdGa und GdGa0,7CU0,3, die, die gleiche Struktur wie GdNi haben, angegeben.

125 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The diffusion coefficient of Ni3Al and Ni3(Al) has been measured as a function of temperature and composition as mentioned in this paper, and the diffusion coefficient is insensitive to both titanium additions and deviations from stoichiometry.
Abstract: The diffusion of nickel in the intermetallic compounds Ni3Al and Ni3(AlTi) has been measured as a function of temperature and composition. The diffusion coefficient is insensitive to both titanium additions and deviations from stoichiometry. La diffusion du nickel dans les composes intermetalliques Ni3Al et Ni3(AlTi) a ete measuree en fonction de la temperature et de la composition. Le coefficient de diffusion est insensible aux additions du titane et aux deviations stoichiometriques.

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
K. Carl1, K. H. Härdtl1
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the maximum in the electromechanical activity at the morphotorpic phase boundary of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 solid solutions is caused by a maximum of the dielectric constant.
Abstract: On the basis of the planar coupling factor it is shown that the maximum in the electromechanical activity at the morphotorpic phase boundary of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 solid solutions is caused by a maximum of the dielectric constant. Starting from an expansion of the free energy similar to that introduced by Devonshire and postulating a certain equivalence of the two variables of state, temperature and chemical composition, with respect to the structural and ferroelectric properties of this system, a qalitative explanation is given for the observed maximum of the dielectric constant at the phase boundary. Am Beispiel des planaren Kopplungsfaktors wird gezeigt, das das Maximum der piezoelektrischen Aktivitat an der morphotropen Phasengrenze des Systems Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 von einem Maximum der Dielektrizitatskonstanten verursacht wird. Ausgehend von einer Entwicklung der freien Energie nach Devonshire und unter Postulierung einer gewissen Aquivalenz der beiden Zustandsvariablen Temperature und chemische Zusammensetzung bezuglich der strukturellen und ferroelektrischen Eigenschaften dieses Systems, wird eine qualitative Deutung des beobachteten Maximums der Dielektrizitatskonstante an der Phasengrenze gegeben.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that an Auger process may equally take place in an indirect gap semiconductor, without participation of phonons, and that the activation energy, depending on the band structure, may be very low and even accidentally zero.
Abstract: Electron–hole pairs in semiconductors may recombine through an Auger process. The theory for this process was worked out by Beattie and Landsberg, for a semiconductor with a simple and direct band structure. They found that the conservation laws for energy and crystal momentum lead to a threshold energy for this type of recombination. In the present paper it is shown that an Auger process may equally well take place in an indirect gap semiconductor, without participation of phonons, and that the activation energy, depending on the band structure, may be very low and even accidentally zero. A survey of available band data for silicon and germanium shows that for both these materials the band structure is favourable for an Auger process with low threshold energy. A perturbational approach is applied for calculating the transition rates for silicon and germanium. The results are compared with recent experimental data.

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
K. Urban1
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of interstitial dislocation loops was observed during irradiation in the temperature range from 20 to about 540 °C, and vacancy-type defect clusters were also found.
Abstract: Thin nickel foils were irradiated with 650 keV electrons in a Hitachi high-voltage electron microscope at temperatures between 20 and 650 °C. The formation of interstitial dislocation loops was observed during irradiation in the temperature range from 20 to about 540 °C. In an intermediate temperature region from above 200 to 420 °C vacancy-type defect clusters were also found. Vacancy dislocation loops did only grow on the compression side of an edge dislocation. The growth of interstitial dislocation loops at elevated temperatures is interpreted under the following assumptions: (i) The point defect concentrations are mainly determined by mutual annihilation and diffusion to the foil surfaces, and (ii) the interaction of a dislocation with an interstitial is stronger than that with a vacancy. Dunne Nickelfolien wurden in einem Hitachi Hochspannungselektronenmikroskop bei Temperaturen zwischen 20 und 650 °C mit 650 keV Elektronen bestrahlt. Im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis etwa 540 °C wurde wahrend der Bestrahlung die Bildung von Zwischengitteratom-Versetzungsringen beobachtet. In einem Zwischentemperaturbereich von oberhalb 200 bis 420 °C wurden auch Agglomerate von Leerstellen gefunden. Leerstellenversetzungsringe bildeten sich nur auf der Kompressionsseite einer Stufenversetzung. Das Wachstum von Zwischengitteratom-Versetzungsringen bei hoheren Temperaturen wird unter folgenden Annahmen interpretiert: (1) Die Punktfehlerkonzentrationen werden hauptsachlich durch gegenseitige Annihilation und durch Diffusion zu den Folienoberflachen bestimmt, und (2) die Wechselwirkung einer Versetzung mit einem Zwischengitteratom ist starker als die mit einer Leerstelle.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the microscopic Gruneisen parameters and the temperature dependence of the thermal GRU have been calculated in the quasi-harmonic approximation from an anharmonic shell model for MgO, LiF, NaF and RbI.
Abstract: The microscopic Gruneisen parameters and the temperature dependence of the thermal Gruneisen parameter have been calculated in the quasi-harmonic approximation from an anharmonic shell model for MgO, LiF, NaF, NaI, KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl, RbBr, and RbI. The shell model contains six harmonic and five anharmonic parameters which are determined from experimental elastic, dielectric, and optical data. Anharmonic effects are partly eliminated by referring all quantities to constant volume corresponding to 0 °K. The calculated microscopic Gruneisen parameters agree well with the available experimental data for NaI and RbI. For the thermal Gruneisen parameter the agreement with experimental data is in general within the joint experimental error of the thermal data and the empirical input data used to characterize the interatomic forces. The rigid ion model and the shell model with the parameters determined from room-temperature input data give much less satisfactory agreement. The results reproduce also the fact that the magnitude and shape of the Gruneisen function γ(T) are determined mainly by the cation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the grown-in dislocations in several synthetic quartz crystals grown from Z-cut seeds have been studied by X-ray diffraction topography, where Burgers vectors have been assigned from invisibility criteria and the detailed nature of the images.
Abstract: The grown-in dislocations in several synthetic quartz crystals grown from Z-cut seeds have been studied by X-ray diffraction topography. Burgers vectors have been assigned from invisibility criteria and the detailed nature of the images. The relation of these dislocations to the impurity content, crystal growth mechanism, and external morphology is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
F. Walz1
TL;DR: In this article, the resonance frequency of a LC oscillator was used to measure the magnetic susceptibilities of C-atoms in α-Fe (Richternachwirkung).
Abstract: Suszeptibilitaten und insbesondere zeitliche Anderungen von Suszeptibilitaten wurden bislang vorwiegend mit Hilfe komplexer Widerstandsbrucken gemessen. In dieser Arbeit wird vorgeschlagen, diese Mesgrosen uber die Eigenfrequenz eines LC-Oszillators zu bestimmen, dessen Induktivitat durch das zu untersuchende Ferromagnetikum – als Kern der Schwingkreisspule – beeinflust wird. Der entscheidende Vorteil dieses Verfahrens besteht darin, das mit seiner Hilfe der gesamte Mesvorgang automatisiert werden kann; auserdem konnen die Mesdaten sofort auf Lochstreifen in computergerechter Form erfast werden. Die Zweckmasigkeit des vorgeschlagenen Mesverfahrens wird am Beispiel der Kohlenstoffnachwirkung in Eisen ausfuhrlich diskutiert. Magnetic susceptibilities and especially variations of susceptibilities were measured hitherto mostly by means of complex bridge methods. This work suggests to measure these values via the resonance frequency of a LC oscillator, the inductivity of which is strongly influenced by the ferromagnetic crystal under investigation. The advantage of this method consists in the possibility of building up a completely automatic measuring device, displaying all datas immediately by a tape punch recorder in a computer-compatible way. The usefulness of the suggested measuring method is demonstrated for the magnetic after-effect of C-atoms in α-Fe (Richternachwirkung).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The dielectric constant of α-MoSe2 has been measured over the range 0.5 to 3.5eV and a value for the direct optical band gap deduced from the observed exciton spectrum; this is compared with the measured activation energy of intrinsic electrical conduction as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Single crystals of α-MoSe2 have been prepared which are superior to those grown using a chemical transport agent. The dielectric constant of α-MoSe2 has been measured over the range 0.5 to 3.5eV and a value for the direct optical band gap deduced from the observed exciton spectrum; this is compared with the measured activation energy of intrinsic electrical conduction. Einkristalle von α-MoSe2 wurden hergestellt, die denen, die mit chemischen Transportmitteln gezuchtet werden, uberlegen sind. Die Dielektrizitatskonstante von α-MoSe2 wurde im Bereich von 0,5 bis 3,5 eV gemessen und ein Wert fur die direkte optische Bandlucke aus dem beobachteten Exzitonenspektrum bestimmt, der mit der gemessenen Aktivierungsenergie der elektrischen Eigenleitung verglichen wird.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, hexagonal and rhombohedral modifications of α-In2Se3 were investigated by X-ray diffraction methods and the behavior of the structural parameters was studied during the complete cyclic heating and cooling process.
Abstract: Hexagonal and rhombohedral modifications of α-In2Se3 are prepared and investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. Unit cell dimensions and space groups are determined. Both α-modifications transform into β-phase at 200 °C; the reversal transformation takes place at much lower temperature. The behaviour of the structural parameters is studied during the complete cyclic heating and cooling process. Die hexagonale und rhomboedrische Modifikation von α-In2Se3 wurden hergestellt und mittels Rontgen-Weitwinkelstreuung untersucht. Die Elementarzelle und die Raumgruppe wurden bestimmt. Beide α-Modifikationen gehen bei 200 °C in die β-Phase uber. Der entgegengesetzte Ubergang findet bei bedeutend niedrigerer Temperatur statt. Das Verhalten der Strukturparameter wurde wahrend des gesamten zyklischen Erwarmungs- und Abkuhlungsprozesses untersucht.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the total cross section for producing free interstitials as a function of the incident electron energy have been performed. But the results were not yet available for the case of iron.
Abstract: Iron and nickel thin foils have been irradiated in a high-voltage electron microscope. Interstitial dislocation loops are observed as a result of agglomeration of point defects produced by electrons. Comparison with theoretical results deduced from chemical reaction rate theory shows that nucleation is impurity controlled for nickel and that the binding energy of di-interstitials is low for iron. Measurements of the total cross section for producing free interstitials as a function of the incident electron energy have been performed. Comparison with calculated curves following the method developed by v. Jan and Seeger gives for threshold energies in the three directions the values T110 = 21 eV, T100 = 38 eV, T111 > 60 eV for nickel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the circuit model synthesis procedure for complex recombination-generation-trapping processes under arbitrary steady-state conditions is simplified by grouping the electron capture and emission terms and by grouping those of holes.
Abstract: The circuit models for analysing electrical transport phenomena in solids are developed for nine inelastic nontunnelling and twelve elastic and inelastic tunnelling recombination–generation–trapping processes in terms of the conventional circuit parameters. These include the three inelastic nontunnelling energy conservation mechanisms: thermal, optical, and Augerimpact, and the tunnelling mechanisms which may be elastic or inelastic. These are grouped into three possible combinations of initial and final states of electrons and holes, giving the band–band, band–bound, and bound–bound transitions. Both the large-signal, the dc steady-state, and the small-signal models are obtained. Hot carrier effects are included which give rise to additional dependent current sources in both the conduction and recombination–generation current branches in the small-signal models. Noise sources are also included in the small-signal model. The circuit model synthesis procedure for complex recombination–generation–trapping processes under arbitrary steady-state conditions is simplified by grouping the electron capture and emission terms and by grouping those of holes. Es werden Ersatzschaltbilder fur die Berechnungelektrischer Transportphanomene in Festkorpern fur neun inelastische (kein Tunneln) und zwolf elastische und inelastishe (Tunneln) Generations–Rekombinations-Trapping-Prozesse als Funktion der herkommlichen elektrischen Parameter abgeleitet. Sie umfassen die drei inelastischen (kein Tunneln) Energie erhaltenden Mechanismen: thermische, optische und Auger-Prozesse, und die Tunnelprozesse, die elastisch und inelastisch sein konnen. Sie werden in drei mogliche Kombinationen der Anfangs- und Endniveaus der Elektronen und Locher eingeteilt, was Band–Band-, Band–verbotenes Band-, verbotenes Band–verbotenes Band-Ubergange ergibt. Die Ersatzschaltbilder fur das Grossignalverhalten, fur Gleichstrom und fur kleine Signale werden abgeleitet. Die Einflusse von heisen Ladungstragern werden berucksichtigt, sie sind fur zusatzliche abhangige Stromquellen im Leitungsstromzweig und im Rekombinations–Generations-Stromzweig des Kleinsignal-Ersatzschaltbildes verantwortlich. Das Klein-signal-Ersatzschaltbild umfast auch Rauschgeneratoren. Die Synthese des Ersatzschaltbildes fur komplizierte Rekombinations–Generations–Trapping-Prozesse unter willkurlichen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen wird vereinfacht, indem die Ausdrucke fur das Einfangen und die Emission von Elektronen und Lochern getrennt werden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the dislocation structure both in the interior and in the surface layer of Cu was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy and the conditions for microcracks formation, as well as the meaning of the term fatigue damage are discussed.
Abstract: The dislocation structure both in the interior and in the surface layer of Cu. Cu–15 wt% Zn and Cu–31 wt% Zn single crystals were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. The types of dislocation structures depend on the stress amplitude and on the stacking fault energy. This dependence can be expressed by a simple schematic diagram. Further the conditions for microcracks formation, as well as the meaning of the term fatigue damage are discussed. Die Versetzungsstruktur im Innern und auf der Oberflache der Cu-, Cu–15 Gew% Zn- und Cu–31 Gew% Zn-Einkristalle wurde mit Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Die Arten der Versetzungsgefuge hangen von der Spannungsamplitude und der Stapel-fehlerenergie ab. Diese Abhangigkeit kann mit einem schematischen Diagramm aus-gedruckt werden. Weiter werden die Bedingungen der Mikrorisbildung. sowie die Bedeutung der Bezeichnung „Ermudungsbeschadigung” diskutiert.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of a study of the magnetic properties of the hexaborides of cerium, praseodymium, europium, and gadolinium at temperatures from 7 to 300 °K are reported in this article.
Abstract: The results of a study of the magnetic properties of the hexaborides of cerium, praseodymium, europium, and gadolinium at temperatures from 7 to 300 °K are reported. The susceptibility of CeB6 obeys a Curie-Weiss law, χ = C/(T – θ), above 200 °K with a moment of 2.51 μβ and θ = −82 °K. PrB6 obeys a Curie-Weiss law above 100 °K with a moment of 3.64 μβ and θ = −41 °K. The reciprocal susceptibility of PrB6 shows a minimum at 8.3 °K associated with an antiferromagnetic transition. Europium hexaboride is ferromagnetic at low temperatures with a Curie point of 8.8 °K. The initial reciprocal susceptibility in the range from 9 to 14 °K varies at (T – TC)1,20. Above 30 °K the susceptibility of EuB6 accurately obeys a Curie-Weiss law with θ = −0.5 °K and μeff = 7.90 μβ. Magnetization curves and isotherms of σ2 vs. H/σ are given for EuB6 for temperatures just above the Curie point. The susceptibility of GdB6 obeys a Curie-Weiss law above 70 °K with θ = −66.5 °K and μeff = 7.98 μβ. Further, an antiferromagnetic transition exists at (16.4 ± 0.2) °K. Finally, X-ray diffraction data were obtained for the four compounds yielding lattice constants of 4.140 A, 4.131 A, 4.175 A, and 4.109 A for CeB6, PrB6, EuB6, and GdB6 respectively. Es wird uber die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der magnetischen Eigenschaften der Hexaboride des Zer, Praseodym, Europium und Gadolinium bei Temperaturen von 7 bis 300 °K berichtet. Die Suszeptibilitat des CeB6 folgt oberhalb 200 °K dem Curie-Weiss'schen Gesetz χ = C/(T – θ) mit einem Moment von 2,51 μβ und θ = −82 °K. PrB6 folgt oberhalb von 100 °K einem Curie-Weiss-Gesetz mit einem Moment von 3,64 μβ und θ = −41 °K. Die reziproke Suszeptibilitat von PrB6 zeigt bei 8,3 °K ein Minimum, das mit einem antiferromagnetischen Ubergang verbunden ist. Europiumhexaborid ist bei tiefen Temperaturen ferromagnetisch mit einer Curie-Temperatur von 8,8 °K. Die reziproke Anfangssuszeptibilitat variiert im Bereich von 9 bis 14 °K wie (T – TC)1,20. Oberhalb von 30 °K befolgt die Suszeptibilitat von EuB6 exakt ein Curie-Weiss-Gesetz mit θ = −0,5 °K und μeff = 7,90 μβ. Magnetisierungskurven und Isothermen von σ2 als Funktion von H/σ werden fur EuB6 fur Temperaturen wenig oberhalb der Curie-Temperatur mitgeteilt. Die Suszeptibilitat von GdB6 folgt einem Curie-Weiss-Gesetz oberhalb 70 °K mit θ = −66,5 °K und μeff = 7,98 μβ. Ferner existiert ein antiferromagnetischer Ubergang bei (16,4 ± 0,2) °K. Rontgenbeugungsuntersuchungen der vier Verbindungen ergaben Gitterkonstanten von 4,140 A, 4,131 A, 4,175 A bzw. 4,109 A fur CeB6, PrB6, EuB6 bzw. GdB6.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a backscattering analysis has been employed to study the phenomenon of low-temperature migration of Si through thin films of Au and Ag evaporated in vacuum on substrates of single crystal Si.
Abstract: The method of backscattering analysis has been employed to study the phenomenon of low-temperature migration of Si through thin films of Au and Ag evaporated in vacuum on substrates of single crystal Si. The Si begins to migrate at lower temperatures (≈200 °C) through Au, which has a low-temperature eutectic with Si, than it does through Ag (≈400 °C), which has a higher eutectic point. Migration of Si is also studied through double layers of Au with superimposed Ag, and vice versa. It is concluded that the interface between the Si substrate and the film plays a leading role in this process of low-temperature migration.

Journal ArticleDOI
H. Kirchner1
TL;DR: In this paper, a high-resolution magneto-optical technique for the observation of magnetic structures in superconductors is reported using the Faraday effect in thin films, and the achievable resolution is given by the resolution of light microscopy, i.e. about 5000 A.
Abstract: Es wird ein hochauflosendes magnetooptisches Verfahren zur Abbildung magnetischer Strukturen in Supraleitern beschrieben, das auf dem Faraday-Effekt in dunnen Schichten beruht. Seine Auflosung wird durch die Lichtmikroskopie begrenzt und betragt etwa 5000 A. Damit konnen bei hoher Auflosung erstmals die Kinematik des Zwischenzustandes an Typ-I-Supraleitern und eine Reihe von Problemen untersucht werden, fur welche die Kenntnis der Topologie der magnetischen Strukturen wichtig ist. Die Moglichkeiten dieser Abbildungstechnik werden am Beispiel des Zwischenzustandes einer Bleischicht aufgezeigt und gemas dem Landau-Modell (non-branching model) der Parameter der Oberflachenenergie bestimmt. Abschatzungen zeigen, das mit einer Weiterentwicklung des Verfahrens eine Beobachtung der Bewegung von Fluslinien im gemischten Zustand von Typ-II-Supraleitern moglich erscheint. A high-resolution magneto-optical technique for the observation of magnetic structures in superconductors is reported using the Faraday effect in thin films. The achievable resolution is given by the resolution of light microscopy, i.e. about 5000 A. By means of this technique a high-resolution study on the kinetics of domains in the intermediate state of type I superconductors and a series of problems for which the topology of magnetic structures is relevant can now be performed. As an example for the potentialities of this technique the intermediate state in a superconducting lead film is studied and the surface energy parameter of lead due to the Landau-model (non-branching model) determined. It is estimated that an observation of the motion of flux lines in the mixed state of type II superconductors appears to be feasible by a further improved technique.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the iodine transport process is used to grow single crystals of the composition GaSe1-xSx with 0 ≦ x ≦ 1. Platelike crystals with dimensions of the order of 10× 10 × 10−2 mm3 are obtained, their composition was determined with X-ray fluorescence, their impurity content detected with emission spectroscopy and neutron activation analyses.
Abstract: The iodine transport process is used to grow single crystals of the composition GaSe1–xSx with 0 ≦ x ≦ 1. Platelike crystals with dimensions of the order of 10 × 10 × 10−2 mm3 are obtained, their composition was determined with X-ray fluorescence, their impurity content detected with emission spectroscopy and neutron activation analyses. Precise measurements of lattice parameter variation as a function of composition x were carried out on powdered single crystals. Der Jodtransportprozes wird zur Einkristallzuchtung von GaSe1–xSx mit 0≦x≤1 angewendet. Plattchenformige Kristalle mit Abmessungen von etwa 10 × 10 × 10−2 mm3 wurden erhalten. Die Zusammensetzung wurde mit Rontgenfluoreszenz, der Verunreinigungsgrad mit Emissions-Spektroskopie und Neutronen-Aktivierungsanalyse bestimmt. Genaue Messungen der Anderung der Gitterkonstante in Abhangigkeit von der Zusammensetzung wur-den an pulverisierten Einkristallen ausgefuhrt.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis was made of SiOx thin films evaporated either by electronic bombardment (SiOB) or by Joule effect (SiOJ), and it was found that SiOB, which never involves a negative resistance phenomenon in MSiOBM sandwiches, is a SiO stable pseudo-phase.
Abstract: An analysis was made of SiOx thin films evaporated either by electronic bombardment (SiOB) or by Joule effect (SiOJ). Stoichiometry was studied by nuclear microanalysis and bondings by infrared spectrophotometry. It is found that SiOB, which never involves a negative resistance phenomenon in MSiOBM sandwiches, is a “SiO” stable pseudo-phase. But SiOJ should be a mixture of a SiO2 phase and “SiO” and “Si2O3” pseudo-phases; in this case the N.D.R. phenomena are related to this “Si2O3” pseudo-phase. On a analyse la composition de couches minces SiOx evaporees par bombardement electronique (SiOB) ou par effet Joule (SiOJ). La stoechiometrie a ete etudiee par micro-analyse nucleaire et les liaisons par spectrophotometrie infra-rouge. On a ainsi mis en evidence que SiOB. qui ne donne pas de phenomene de resistance negative dans les echan-tillons MSiOBM est forme de la pseudo-phase stable “SiO”. Par contre SiOJ serait constitue par un melange de la phase SiO2 et des pseudo-phases “SiO” et “Si2O3”. On en conclut que le phenomene de R.D.N doit etre relie a l'existence de cette pseudo-phase “Si2O3”.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is concluded that perfect dense random packing of atoms is not obtained since it is not possible to violate the distance of closest atomic approach observed in the crystalline state.
Abstract: Non-crystalline thin films of nickel and cobalt have been prepared by vapour deposition onto liquid-nitrogen-cooled substrates, whilst a cobalt–phosphorus alloy has been produced by electroless deposition. An electron diffraction study of these samples has been undertaken. The intensity profiles are found to be inconsistent with those calculated for models of f.c.c. or h.c.p. microcrystals. The most frequently occurring interatomic distances, obtained from the pair distribution functins, are similar to those given by the dense random packing of hard spheres. The nearest neighbour distance, in each of the samples, is slightly larger than that observed in the crystalline state, but the effective hard-sphere diameters, required to fit the experimental and theoretical pair distribution functions are approximately 5% smaller. It is concluded that a perfect dense random packing of atoms is not obtained since it is not possible to violate the distance of closest atomic approach observed in the crystalline state. Nichtkristalline dunne Nickel- und Kobalt-Schichten sind durch Verdampfung auf mit flussigem Stickstoff gekuhlten Substraten hersestellt worden, wahrend eine Kobalt–Phosphor-Legierung auf nicht-elektrische Weise erhalten wurde. An den Proben wurden Elektronen-Beugungs-Untersuchungen durchgefuhrt. Die Intensitatsprofile waren nicht konsistent mit denen, die aus Rechnungen au der Basis von Modellen fur k.f.z. und h.d.p. Mikrokristallen erhalten wurden. Die am haufigsten aufretrenden interatomaren Abstande die aus der Paar-Verteilungs-Funktion ermittelt wurden, sind ahnlich denen einer dichtesten statistischen Packung harter Kugeln. Der Abstand nachster Nachbarn ist in jeder Probe etwas groser als im kristallinen Zustand, aber die effektiven Durchmesser harter Kugeln, die zur Anpassung der gemessenen an die theoretischen Paar-Verteilungs-Funktion benotigt werden, sind etwa um 5% kleiner. Daraus wird geschlossen, das eine ideal-dichteste Kugelpackung von Atomen nicht erhalten wurde, da es nicht moglich ist, den kleinsten atomaren Abstand des kristallinen Zustands zu unterbieten.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for calculating the profile and current drag of a moving ferromagnetic boundary when it is severely bowed by the inhomogeneous eddy current field is described, which is applied to the simplest case of a single domain wall in a steady state of motion under constant driving field.
Abstract: A method for calculating accurately the profile and eddy current drag of a moving ferromagnetic boundary when it is severely bowed by the inhomogeneous eddy current field is described. This technique is applied to the simplest case of a single domain wall in a steady state of motion under constant driving field. The eddy current drag coefficient is found to decrease with increasing wall velocity, slowly at first, but ultimately as the inverse square root of the velocity. As the motion is in the steady state this reduction in drag coefficient is entirely due to a change in wall profile. The calculations of both drag and profile are consistent with the experiments of Helmiss [5]. Es wird eine Methode zur genauen Berechnung des Profils und der Wirbelstromdampfung einer sich bewegenden ferromagnetischen Wand beschrieben, welche unter dem Einflus eines inhomogenen Wirbelstromfeldes erheblich durchgebogen ist. Die Methode wird auf den einfachsten Fall einer einzelnen Blochwand in gleichformiger Bewegung bei konstantem Feld angewandt. Es wird gefunden, das der Wirbelstrom-Dampfungskoeffizient mit steigender Wandgeschwindigkeit abnimmt, und zwar zunachst langsam und dann umgekehrt proportional der Quadratwurzel aus der Geschwindigkeit. Da die Bewegung gleichformig ist, mus diese Verkleinerung des Dampfungskoeffizienten ausschlieslich mit der Veranderung des Wandprofils zusammenhangen. Die Berechnungen der Dampfung und des Wandprofils stehen beide in Einklang mit den Experimenten von Helmiss [5].

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical and optical properties of In2Se3 were investigated and it was found that the α-β phase transformation is accompanied by the change of metallic to intrinsic conduction type.
Abstract: The electrical and some optical properties of In2Se3 are investigated. It is found that the α-β phase transformation in In2Se3 is accompanied by the change of metallic to intrinsic conduction type. The deviation from stoichiometry influences both the conductivity and the scattering mechanisms. Die elektrischen und einige optische Eigenschaften von In2Se3 wurden untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, das die α—β-Phasentransformation in In2Se3 eine Umwandlung vom metallischen zum Eigenleitfahigkeitstyp darstellt. Die Abweichungen von der Stochiometrie beeinflussen die Leitfahigkeits- und Streumechanismen.