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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi (a) in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
J. H. Mooij1
TL;DR: In this article, the origin of the low temperature coefficient of resistance in NiCr thin films is investigated, and it is shown that this coefficient is an intrinsic property of the alloy.
Abstract: Results are presented of an investigation on the origin of the low temperature coefficient of resistance in NiCr thin films. It is shown that this low temperature coefficient is an intrinsic property of the alloy. Besides NiCr a large number of disordered alloys containing transition metals have similar conduction properties, both in bulk and as a thin film. For these materials a correlation has been found between the resistivity and its temperature coefficient. These anomalous conduction properties are probably caused by the very small electron mean free path in these materials.

751 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a considerable fraction of the atoms are located near or at the surface and the behaviour of these atoms using the Mossbauer technique is studied using the spectra of surface ions.
Abstract: Since in ultrafine particles a considerable fraction of the atoms is located near or at the surface the behaviour of these atoms is studied using the Mossbauer technique. The contribution to the spectra of the surface ions is selectively enlarged by enriching the surface layer in the isotope 57Fe and the magnetic hyperfine splitting, electric quadrupole splitting, and the recoilless fraction have been measured. For particles of a mean size of 500 A hardly a difference is observed in behaviour of surface ions and interior ones while for smaller particles (≦ 70 A) the behaviour of surface ions is quite different and dependent upon particle size. For these particles the relaxation time of the ionic spin of the surface ions is smaller, the electric field gradient at the nuclear site is larger, and the temperature dependence of the recoilless fraction is stronger than for the interior ions. Furthermore the angle between the axis of the electric field gradient and the easy direction of magnetization forms a random distribution for the surface atoms of these samples. In ultrakleinen Teilchen sitzen viele Atome entweder auf oder nahe der Kristalloberflache (Oberflachenatome), deren Verhalten mit der Mosbauertechnik untersucht werden kann, wenn die Oberflache mit dem Isotop 57Fe angereichert wird. Die magnetische Hyperfeinstrukturaufspaltung, die elektrische Quadrupolaufspaltung und der Debye-Waller-Faktor der Atomkerne der Oberflachenatome konnen damit im Mosbauerspektrum vom Beitrag der ubrigen Atomkerne unterschieden werden. Fur Teilchen mit einer mittleren Groose von 500 A gibt es keinen Unterschied zwischen den Oberflachenatomen und den ubrigen Atomen, aber fur kleinere Teilchen (≦ 70 A) ist das Verhalten verschieden und abhangig von der Grose. Fur diese Teilchen ist die Relaxationzeit des Ionenspins der Oberflachenatome wesentlich kleiner, die elektrische Quadrupolaufspaltung am Kernort groser und die Temperaturabhangigkeit des Debye-Waller-Faktors groser als es fur die inneren Atome der Fall ist. Auserdem ist der Winkel zwischen dem Feldgradienten am Kernort und der Richtung der leichten Magnetisierung fur die Oberflachenatome in diesen Praparaten unbestimmt.

198 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a radial distribution analysis of the patterns composed of diffuse halos has been carried out in order to investigate the local atomic arrangement in amorphous iron and nickel.
Abstract: Thin films of amorphous iron and nickel have been prepared by low-temperature condensation in high vacuum, and a transmission electron diffraction study of these films has been undertaken. A radial distribution analysis of the patterns composed of diffuse halos has been carried out in order to investigate the local atomic arrangement in amorphous iron and nickel. W(r) ( Q(r)Q0) experimentally derived has been compared with W(r) calculated from several structure models. Best resemblance in shape to the experimental W(r) has been obtained by W(r) calculated from a dense random packed structure, leading to the conclusionthat the atomic arrangement in amorphous iron and nickel is, to a good approximation, represented by the dense random packed structure. Dunne amorphe Eisen- und Nickelschichten wurden durch Verdampfung bei tiefen Temperaturen im Hochvakuum hergestellt und mit Elektronenbeugung untersucht. Eine Radialverteilungsanalyse der diffusen Beugungsdiagramme wurde durchgefuhrt, um die Nahordnung der Atome in amorphem Eisen und Nickel zu untersuchen. Die gewonnene Radialverteilungsfunktion W(r) wird mit den aus verschiedenen Strukturmodellen berechneten W(r) verglichen. Die beste Ubereinstimmungwurde zwischen den experimentellen Kurven und den Kurven einer ungeordneten dichtgepackten Struktur gefunden und daraus wird geschlossen, das die Nahordnung der Atome in amorphem Eisen und Nickel der ungeordneten dichtgepackten Struktur sehr ahnlich ist.

162 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of matrices of correspondence between the α- and ω-phase were calculated using known matrices for the α and β-phases and for the β-and ωphases.
Abstract: High-pressure treated titanium and zirconium have been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The specimens consisted mainly of retained ω-phase, while in some regions α-phase platelets were observed. Two crystallographically nonequivalent sets of matrices of correspondence between the α- and ω-phase were calculated using known matrices for the α- and β-phases and for the β- and ω-phases. It is shown that one of the two sets of matrices is valid for description of mutually parallel directions in the atomic and reciprocal lattices. The orientation relationship as defined by this set of matrices may be given in the form (001)α ∥ (011)ω, [100]α ∥ [211]ω. A possible mechanism of the α ⇄ ω transformation is proposed. [Russian Text Ignored].

91 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the conductivity of pure and doped (Mo, Ti) V2O5 single crystals is measured along the three crystallographic directions in the temperature range 90 to 350° K.
Abstract: The conductivity of pure and doped (Mo, Ti) V2O5 single crystals is measured along the three crystallographic directions in the temperature range 90 to 350° K. For T < 140° K, it is shown that conduction can be considered as a variable range hopping between defect levels, situated in the neighbourhood of the Fermi-level. From combined de and ac measurements, the concentration of localized states is found to be about 1019 cm−3. In the intermediate temperature range 140° K < T < 350° K, the observed anisotropy is explained assuming that conduction is due to hopping along vanadium chains. Attention is drawn to the influence of random potential fluctuations. Es wurde die Leitfahigkeit von reinen und dotierten (Mo, Ti) V2O5-Einkristallen langs dreier kristallographischer Richtungen im Temperaturbereich von 90 bis 350° K gemessen. Fur T < 140° K wird gezeigt, das die Leitfahigkeit betrachtet werden kann als ein Hoppingprozes in einem variablen Bereich zwischen Storstellenniveaus, die in der Nahe des Ferminiveaus liegen. Aus kombinierten Gleich- und Wechselstrommessungen wurde die Konzentration der lokalisierten Zustande zu etwa 1019 cm−3 gefunden. Im mittleren Temperaturbereich 140° K < T < 350° K last sich die beobachtete Anisotropie durch die Annahme erklaren, das die Leitfahigkeit durch Hopping langs Vanadiumketten verursacht wird. Insbesondere wird der Einflus von statistischen Potentialfluktuationen beobachtet.

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The tensor of elastic constants of MnAs in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states is evaluated from bending vibrations of straight and helical MnAs whiskers in this paper, showing that the magnetostriction softens the lattice appreciably and tends to minimize the difference in elastic constants between the two states.
Abstract: The tensor of elastic constants of MnAs in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states is evaluated from bending vibrations of straight and helical MnAs whiskers. The isotropic compressibility, predicted by the Bean-Rodbell model to be 4.6 × 10−12 dyn−1 cm2 and the same in both phases, is found experimentally to be (4.3 ± 1.0) × 10−12 dyn−1 cm2 in the paramagnetic state, changing by −0.6 × 10−12 dyn−1 cm2 at the first order phase transition. However, the data in the ferromagnetic state include magnetostrictive effects. Observation of the ΔE-effect shows that the magnetostriction softens the lattice appreciably and tends to minimize the difference in elastic constants between the two states. Die elastischen Konstanten des MnAs werden aus den Eigenfrequenzen der Biegeschwingungen von geraden und schraubenformigen Whiskern ermittelt. Die isotrope Kompressibilitat, die sich aus dem Bean-Rodbell-Modell in beiden Phasen zu 4,6 × X 10−12 dyn−1 cm2 berechnet, ergibt sich experimentell zu (4,3 ± 1,0) × 10−12 dyn−1 cm2 im paramagnetischen Zustand und andert sich um −0,6 × 10−12 dyn−1 cm2 beim Ubergang in den ferromagnetischen Zustand. Die Messungen an der ferromagnetischen Phase enthalten jedoch noch die zusatzlichen magnetostriktiven Dehnungen des Gitters. Aus Beobachtungen des ΔE-Effekts folgt, das die Magnetostriktion das Material gerade um soviel weicher macht, das der Unterschied in den elastischen Konstanten der Phasen nahezu verschwindet.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, single crystals of silver were cleaned by electron-and argon-ion bombardment under conditions of ultra-high vacuum, and the work function of the (111) surface, measured photoelectrically, was (4.74 ± 0.02) eV.
Abstract: Single crystals of silver were cleaned by electron-and argon-ion bombardment under conditions of ultra-high vacuum. The work function of the (111) surface, measured photoelectrically, was (4.74 ± 0.02) eV. Oxygen adsorption caused an increase in the work function of about 0.4 eV. Unter Ultrahochvakuumbedingungen wurden Silber-Einkristalle mittels Elektronenund Argonionenbeschus gesaubert. Die photo-elektrisch gemessene Austrittsarbeit der (lll)-Oberflache betrug (4,74 ± 0,02) eV. Sauerstoffadsorption verursacht eine Zunahme der Austrittsarbeit von etwa 0,4 eV.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
T. Egami1
TL;DR: In this paper, the activation energy for the Bloch-wall diffusion via the homogeneous nucleation process is calculated in the micromagnetic continuum approximation, where activation energy is equal to 2J 16/nHc/H for H ≪ Hc, where J is the exchange constant, n theBloch wall width in the unit of lattice constant, Hc the intrinsic coerecive force, and H the applied magnetic field.
Abstract: Highly anisotropic ferromagnets often show a magnetic after-effect at low temperatures, which is believed to be due to their very narrow magnetic domain walls trapped in their Peierls potential. Here the first quantitative model is presented for this phenomenon. The activation energy for the Bloch-wall diffusion via the homogeneous nucleation process is calculated in the micromagnetic continuum approximation. It is shown that the activation energy is equal to 2J 16/nHc/H for H ≪ Hc, where J is the exchange constant, n theBloch wall width in the unit of lattice constant, Hc the intrinsic coerecive force, and H the applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetische Stoffe mit groser Kristallanisotropie zeigen bei tiefen Temperaturen oft eine magnetische Nachwirkung, von der man glaubt, das sie auf der Verankerung ihrer sehr dunnen magnetischen Domanenwande in ihrem Pierlspotential beruht. Hier wird ein erstes quantitatives Modell fur dieses Phanomen beschrieben. Die Aktivierungsenergie fur die Diffusion der Blochwande durch den homogenen Keimbildungsprozes wird im Rahmen der mikromagnetischenKontinuumsnaherung berechnet. Fur die Aktivierungs-energie ergibt sich fur H ≪ Hc, 2J 16/nHc/H. Dabei bedeutet J die Austauschkonstante, n die Dicke der Blochwand in Einheiten der Gitterkonstanten, Hc das Koerzitivfeld des Peierlspotentials und H das angelegte magnetische Feld.

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase composition of aluminium films after bombardment with boron, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic ions is investigated by the electron-diffraction method.
Abstract: The phase composition of aluminium films after bombardment with boron, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic ions is investigated by the electron-diffraction method. It is shown that in all the cases except of bombardment with B+ ions the known compounds of aluminium with the indicated species are formed. The phase formed as a result of B+ bombardment could not be identified with the known aluminiumborides. It is shown that the texture of the formed phases is determined by the texture of the initial aluminium films indicating the epitaxial (or endotaxial) character of growth of these phases. In some cases AIP and AlAs phases are formed in an amorphous state. This is explained by insufficient substrate temperature for the crystallization or by amorphization under ion beam action. It is further shown that at bombardment of α-iron films with C+ ions ϵ-carbide is formed which after annealing at T ≧ 300 °C transforms into cementite. [Russian Text Ignored].

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phase diagram and crystal structure of vanadium-deuterium alloys have been studied by means of neutron and X-ray diffraction as well as heat capacity measurements as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The phase diagram and crystal structure of vanadium–deuterium alloys have been studied by means of neutron and X-ray diffraction as well as heat capacity measurements. In addition to a disordered solid solution (α-phase), the following three ordered phases have been found at relatively low temperatures, i.e. a β-phase or V2D superstructure (space group Cm or I41/amd) below 130°C, a γ-phase or V4D3 superstructure (Pcc2) below −125°C, and a δ-phase or VD1−x superstructure (Pnnn) below room temperature. Das Zustandsdiagramm und die Kristallstruktur von Vanadium–Deuteriumlegierungen wurden mit Hilfe von Neutronen- und Rontgen-Beugungsmethoden sowie durch Messung der spezifischen Warme untersucht. Auser der regellosen Mischkristallphase (α), werden die drei folgenden geordneten Phasen bei niedriger Temperatur gefunden: die β-Phase oder V2D-Uberstruktur (Raumgruppe Cm oder I41/amd) unterhalb 130°C, die γ-Phase oder V4D3-Uberstruktur (Pcc2) unterhalb −125°C und die δ-Phase oder VD1−x-Uberstruktur (Pnnn) unterhalb Zimmertemperatur.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory is developed to explain the magnetic domain contrast observed by scanning electron microscopy using the method reported recently, which is based on a model which assumes that the contrast is due to the Lorentz deflection of the incident electrons inside the specimen.
Abstract: A theory is developed to explain the magnetic domain contrast observed by scanning electron microscopy using the method reported recently [4, 5]. The theory is based on a model which assumes that the contrast is due to the Lorentz deflection of the incident electrons inside the specimen. Using this model, the dependence of the image contrast on various experimental parameters was calculated analytically. The model was confirmed by means of calculations carried out by computer simulation of electron trajectories (Monte Carlo techniques). The theory accounts satisfactorily for previous experimental results. A more detailed comparison of the theory with experimental results will be published in a subsequent paper. Eine Theorie zur Erklarung des durch eine kurzlich beschriebene Methode [4, 5] im Rasterelektronenmikroskop beobachteten magnetischen Domanenkontrasts wurde entwickelt. Die Theorie ist auf ein Modell aufgebaut, in dem angenommen wird, das der Kontrast von der Lorentzablenkung der eingestrahlten Elektronen in der Probe stammt. Die Abhangigkeit des Bildkontrasts von verschiedenen experimentellen Parametern wurde nach dem Modell analytisch berechnet und die Ergebnisse mit den Rechnungen fur Computer-simulierte Elektronenbahnen verglichen. Die Theorie stimmt weitgehend mit den experimentelen Ergebnissen uberein; Einzelheiten werden in einer spateren Arbeit veroffentlicht.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a phenomenological theory has been developed to analyse the experimental results, where an order parameter is introduced and its couplings with polarization and stress are taken into account.
Abstract: Measurements of the elastic compliance and electrostrictive constant of a (NH4)2SO4 crystal, together with the dielectric constant and spontaneous polarization, have been made. It is observed that there are anomalies in the elastic compliances and that the electrostrictive constants are of the ordinary order of magnitude. A phenomenological theory has been developed to analyse the experimental results, where an order parameter is introduced and its couplings with polarization and stress are taken into account. The anomalous temperature dependence observed in the dielectric constant, spontaneous polarization, spontaneous strain, and elastic compliance is explained in terms of the temperature dependence of the order parameter. The only exception is the shear component for which a further investigation might be necessary. Messungen des Elastizitatskoeffizienten und der Elektrostriktionskonstante des Ammoniumsulfates, (NH4)2SO4, zusammen mit der Dielektrizitatskonstante und der spontanen Polarisation, wurden durchgefuhrt. Es wurden Anomalien in den Elastizitatskoeffizienten und ein Wert der Elektrostriktionskonstante von normaler Grosenordnung gefunden. Eine phanomenologische Theorie wurde entwickelt, um das experimentelle Ergebnis zu analysieren, wobei ein Ordnungsparameter eingefuhrt wird und seine Kopplungen mit der Polarisation und der elastischen Spannung berucksichtigt werden. Die beobachtete anomale Temperaturanderung der Dielektrizitatskonstante, der spontanen Polarisation, der spontanen Deformation und des Elastizitatskoeffizienten last sich gut mit der Temperaturabhangigkeit des Ordnungsparameters erklaren. Nur die Scherungskomponenten bilden eine Ausnahme und machen eine weitere Untersuchung notwendig.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the temperature and concentration dependence of the interdiffusion coefficients as well as the activation energies for the FeNi, FeCo, and CoNi systems have been investigated over a wide range of temperature using electron probe microanalysis.
Abstract: The temperature and concentration dependence of the interdiffusion coefficients as well as the activation energies for the FeNi, FeCo, and CoNi systems have been investigated over a wide range of temperature using electron probe microanalysis. The results are discussed on the basis of the equilibrium diagrams and the thermodynamic properties of the systems. Die Interdiffusionskoeffizienten der Systeme FeNi, FeCo und CoNi sowie die Aktivierungsenergien, wurden in Abhangigkeit von Temperatur und Konzentration in einem weiten Temperaturbereich mittels Rontgenmikroanalyse untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden auf der Grundlage der Zustandsdiagramme und der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften diskutiert.

Journal ArticleDOI
G. Luther1
TL;DR: The dispersion of the dielectric constant of triglycine sulphate (TGS) is investigated in detail by measurements up to 10 GHz as mentioned in this paper, where the dispersion can be well described by a Debye equation and the characteristic relaxation frequency fo=fσ (σs-σ∞) shows only in the ferroelectric region an evident temperature dependence.
Abstract: The dispersion of the dielectric constant of triglycine sulphate (TGS) is investigated in detail by measurements up to 10 GHz. The dispersion can be well described by a Debye equation. The characteristic relaxation frequency fo=fσ (σs-σ∞) shows only in the ferroelectric region an evident temperature dependence. The experimental data are compared with a recent phenomenological theory for the ferroelectric dispersion of electrostrictive ferroelectrics with a transition of second order; qualitative agreement is stated. The ratio of Curie-constants in the para-and ferroelectric region Cp/Cf is calculated for a clamped adiabatic crystal and compared with the experiment. Die Dispersion der Dielcktrizitatskonstante des Triglyzinsulfates (TGS) wird im ferro und paraelektrischen Temperaturbereich durch Mikrowellenmessungen bis 10 GHz unter sucht. Die charakteristische Relaxationsfrequenz f=fσ (σs-σ∞) zeigt nur im ferroelektrischen Gebiet eine ausgepragte Temperaturabhangigkeit mit einer “Aktivierungsenergie” von 0,4 eV. Qualitativ lessen sich die experimentell ermittelten Kurven mit einer gerade veroffentlichten phanomenologischen Theorie erklaren. Das Verhaltnis der Curie-Konstanten im para- und ferroelektrischen Bereich wird fur einen adiabatisch geklemmten Kristall theoretisch berechnet und mit dem experimentellen Wert verglichen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new phenomenon has been observed: a decay of the emission intensity during a steady state excitation in bulk samples of amorphous As2Se3 radiative recombination.
Abstract: In bulk samples of amorphous As2Se3 radiative recombination takes place at an energy less than the optical band gap. A new phenomenon has been observed: a decay of the emission intensity during a steady state excitation. La recombinaison radiative dans des echantillons massifs de As2Se3 amorphes donne lieu a une raie dont l'energie est inferieure a celle de la bande interdite optique. D'autre part on a observe un phenomene nouveau: la variation de l'intensite du signal emis en fonction du temps d'excitation.


Journal ArticleDOI
W. Schairer1, M. W. Shafer1
TL;DR: Optical absorption measurements on single crystals of the layer trichalcogenides ZrS3 and HfS3 were made in the energy range of the intrinsic absorption edge.
Abstract: Optical absorption measurements on single crystals of the layer trichalcogenides ZrS3 and HfS3 were made in the energy range of the intrinsic absorption edge. The crystals are mono-clinic and have pronounced dichroism. Both compounds ZrS3 and HfS3 are semiconductors with band gap energies of about 2.8 and 3.1 eV, respectively. A simple model is proposed which explains the experimentally observed selection rules and which incorporates the symmetries of valence and conduction bands. Optische Absorptionsmessungen wurden an Einkristallen der beiden Schicht-Trichalcogenide ZrS3 und HfS3 im Energiebereich der Absorptionskante durchgefuhrt. Die Kristalle sind monoklin und zeigen starken Dichroismus. Beide Verbindungen ZrS3 und HfS3 sind Halbleiter mit einer Bandlucke von 2,8 bzw. 3,1 eV. Ein einfaches Model wird vorgeschlagen, das sowohl die beobachteten Auswahlregeln als auch die Symmetrie der Valenz- und Leitungsbander berucksichtigt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that these transitions can be realized by virtual recharge for the ions having the tendency to form a tetravalent state (Pr3+, Tb3+), the probability of this process is greater than that of multi-phonon relaxation.
Abstract: Radiationless transitions in scheelite and fergusonite type crystals have been studied. It is shown that these transitions can be realized by virtual recharge for the ions having the tendency to form a tetravalent state (Pr3+, Tb3+). The probability of this process is greater than that of multi-phonon relaxation. [Russian Text Ignored].

Journal ArticleDOI
V. Johnson1, C. G. Frederick1
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic properties of the ternary silicides with those of related compounds are compared and compared in terms of magnetischen Eigenschaften and verwandter Verbindungs.
Abstract: MnNiSi (Tc = 622 K), the major part of the MnCo1−xNixSi system, and MnFe0.5Ni0.5Si are ferromagnetic. Co and Fe substitutions decrease Tc, but increase the total moment. Compositions close to MnCoSi show antiferro- to ferromagnetic transitions with increasing temperature. MnCoSi and MnRhSi are antiferromagnetic. We briefly compare magnetic properties of the ternary silicides with those of related compounds. MnNiSi (Tc = 622 K), der Hauptteil des Systems MnCo1−xNixSi, sowie MnFe0.5Ni0.5Si sind ferromagnetisch. Substitution von Ni durch Co und Fe erniedrigen Tc, erhohen jedoch das magnetische Gesamtmoment. Verbindungen von MnCo1−xNixSi mit x ≈ 0,1 zeigen mit steigender Temperatur antiferromagnetische-ferromagnetische Ubergange. MnCoSi und MnRhSi sind antiferromagnetisch. Die magnetischen Eigenschaften der ternaren Silizide und verwandter Verbindungen werden miteinander verglichen.

Journal ArticleDOI
G. Hausch1
TL;DR: In this article, the anomalous elastic behaviour of Invar alloys is attributed to the contribution of the exchange energy to the elasticity of the alloys, and a molecular field approximation is given in terms of the first and second derivatives of the effectives fo the effective exchange integral J(r).
Abstract: It is shown that the anomalous elastic behaviour of Invar alloys is due to the contribution f the exchange energy. Using a molecular field approximation the exchange contributions is given in terms of the first and second derivatives of the effectives fo the effective exchange integral J(r). These parameters are correlated with the Bethep-Slater curve. Quantitative results are given for Invar (Fe-35% Ni), Fe30% Ni, and Ni. Es wird gezeigt, das das anomale Verhalten der elastischen Konstanten der Invarlegierungen auf dem Beitrag der Austauschenergie beruht. Unter Benutzung eines Molekularfeldansatzes wird dieser auf die erste und zweite Ableitung des Austauschintegrals J(r)zuruckgefuhrt. Diese Parameter werden mit der Bethe-Slater-kurve in Beziehung gesetzt. Eine quantitative Auswertung wird fur Invar (Fe-35%) Ni und Ni Durchgefuhrt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it has been deduced from Doyle's theory that the CA bands were due to the plasma resonance of quasimetallic particles formed after precipitation of the implanted ions.
Abstract: Defects induced in LiF by bombardment with alkali ions in the 1 MeV energy range have been investigated by optical absorption measurements. Inaddition to the absorption bands of F and F-aggregate centres, newbands have been obtained after thermal annealings and have been attributed to implanted ion centres. The corresponding absorption band positions depend on the nature of the implanted ions and have been obtained at 520 nm for sodium (CA(Na+) band) and 680 nm for potassium (CA(K+) band). The comparison of these band positions with those of the colloidal centres created in NaCl and KCl by ionbombardment suggests that they are colloidal bands. So it has been deduced from Doyle's theory that the CA bands were due to the plasma resonance of quasimetallic particles formed after precipitation of the implanted ions. Les defauts crees dans LiF par bombardement avec des ions alcalins d'energie de l'ordre du MeV ont ete etudies par des mesures d'absorption optique. En plus des bandes d'absorption des centres F et agglomerats de F, de nouvelles bandes ont ete obtenues apres traitement thermique et ont ete attribuees a des centres dus aux ions implantes. Les positions des bandes d'absorption correspondantes dependent de la nature de l'ion implante et ont ete obtenues a 520 nm pour le sodium (bande CA(Na+)) et a 680 nm pour le potassium (bande CA(K+)). La comparaison entre les positions de ces bandes et celles des bandes colloidales crees dans NaCl et KCl par bombardement ionique, nous a suggere qu'elles etaient dues a la presence de colloides. La theorie de Doyle nous a permis de montrerque les bandes CA etaient dues a la resonance de plasma de particules quasimetalliques formees par la coagulation des ions implantes.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic ordering of the rare earths moments is studied at low temperatures in TMn2O5 (T = Nd, Tb, Er), and the results are discussed on the basis of a polarization induced by the molecular field due to the manganese spins.
Abstract: L'ordre magnetique de differentes terres rares dans TMn2O5 (T = Nd, Tb, Er) a ete etudie a basse temperature par diffraction neutronique. Alors que les spins des manganeses, restent ordonnes en helice comme a plus haute temperature, le moment magnetique des terres rares s'ordonne ou bien en helice (NdMn2O5) ou bien se bloque dans une direction en suivant une loi sinusoidale (Nd, Tb, Er). Le vecteur de propagation de ces structures magnetiques reste pour l'ordre des manganeses et de la terre rare k = [½ 0 τ]. Nous expliquons ce comportement (dans un isolant) par une polarisation de la terre rare due au champ moleculaire cree par le moment magnetique des atomes de manganese. By neutron diffraction the magnetic ordering of the rare earths moments are studied at low temperatures in TMn2O5 (T = Nd, Tb, Er). As for higher temperature the manganese spins stay with an helical configuration and the rare earths show either a helical magnetic arrangement (NdMn2O5) or a sinusoidal modulation of magnetic moment (Nd, Tb, Er). The period of the manganese helix as well as that of the rare earth configuration is incommensurable with the crystal lattice. The propagation vector is k = [½ 0 τ]. The results are discussed on the basis of a polarization of the rare earth by the molecular field due to the manganese spins.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of the silicides was followed, and the stoichiometries were determined by ion backscatter analysis, indicating that the silicide forms in solid-solid reactions.
Abstract: Metal–silicon and silicide–silicon diodes were fabricated by depositing thin layers of the metals Hf, Zr, Mn, Ni, and Rh on 〈111〉 epilayers of silicon, and annealing to transform the metal–silicon junctions to silicide–silicon junctions. A formation of the silicides was followed, and the stoichiometries were determined by ion back-scatter analysis. The compositions and approximate formation temperatures were (HfSi, 700 °C; HfSi2, 850 °C), (ZrSi2, 700 °C), (MnSi, ≈ 500 °C; MnSi1.7, 800 °C), (NiSi, ≈ 600 °C; NiSi2, 850 °C), (RhSi, 600 °C). These temperatures are below those of the liquid phase eutectica hence indicating that the silicide forms in solid–solid reactions. The barrier heights were measured by the photoelectric method, giving the values: (Hf, 0.81 eV; HfSi 0.73 eV), (Mn, 0.77 eV; MnSi, 0.76 eV; MnSi1.7, 0.72 eV), (Ni, 0.75 eV; NiSi2, 0.70 eV), (Rh, 0.80 eV; RhSi, 0.70 eV). Metall–Silizium- und Silizid–Silizium-Dioden wurden durch Aufbringen dunner Schichten der Metalle Hf, Zr, Mn, Ni und Rh auf 〈111〉-Epitaxieschichten von Silizium und eine Temperung zur Umbildung der Metall–Silizium- in Silizid–Silizium-Ubergange hergestellt. Nach einer Formierung der Silizide wurde die Stochiometrie durch Ionen-Ruckstreuanalyse bestimmt. Die Zusammensetzungen und annahernden Formierungstemperaturen waren: (HfSi, 700 °C; HfSi2, 850 °C), (ZrSi2, 700 °C), (MnSi, ≈ 500 °C; MnSi1,7, 800 °C), (NiSi, ≈ 600 °C; NiSi2, 850 °C), (RhSi, 600 °C). Diese Temperaturen liegen unter denen der Eutektika der flussigen Phase und zeigen somit, das die Silizide durch eine Festkorper–Festkorper-Reaktion gebildet werden. Die Barrierenhohen wurden mit der photoelektrischen Methode gemessen, wobei sich folgende Werte ergaben: (Hf, 0,81 eV; HfSi, 0,73 eV), (Mn, 0,77 eV; MnSi, 0,76 eV; MnSi1,7, 0,72 eV), (Ni, 0,75 eV; NiSi2, 0,70 eV), (Rh, 0,80 eV; RhSi, 0,70 eV).

Journal ArticleDOI
W. Bollmann1, R. Reimann1
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical conductivity of YF3-doped CaF2 crystals was measured in high vacuum between 20 and 900°C and it was shown experimentally that above 670°C the contribution of the interstitial fluorine ions to the intrinsic conduction is larger than that of the fluorine-ion vacancies.
Abstract: The electrical conductivity of YF3-doped CaF2 crystals was measured in high vacuum between 20 and 900°C. It is shown experimentally that above 670°C the contribution of the interstitial fluorine ions to the intrinsic conduction is larger than that of the fluorine-ion vacancies. This result disagrees with an earlier one [4] which was based on a published inexact value [24] of the jump frequency of the interstitial fluorine ions. The disorder quantities of CaF2 have been recalculated. Accordingly the formation enthalpy of an anti-Frenkel defect is (2.43 ± 0.03) eV.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The lattice parameters of Cd3As2 and Zn3A2 at various temperatures between 23 and 700°C have been measured using a single crystal X-ray diffractometer.
Abstract: The lattice parameters of Cd3As2 and Zn3As2 at various temperatures between 23 and 700°C have been measured using a single crystal X-ray diffractometer. The phase transitions of both compounds have been investigated in detail. It is shown that the transition α α′ goes on rather slowly and the existence of an intermediate phase is suspected. The transition α′ α″ in Cd3As2 goes very quickly with a small thermal hysteresis. As a result of this transition the fourfould axis of the tetragonal cell changes its orientation, which occasionaly causes twinning. The crystal structure of the high temperature β-phase has been corroborated. Die Gitterparameter von Cd3As2 und Zn3As2 wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zwischen 23 und 700°C mit einem Einkristell-Rontgenstrahlendiffraktiometer gemessen. Die Phasenubergange beider Verbindungen wurden ausfuhrlich untersuch. Es wird gezeigt, das der Ubergang α α′ ziemlich langsam verlauft, und die Existenz einer Zwischenphase wird vermutet. Der Ubergang α′ α″ in Cd3As2 verlaft sehr abrupt mit einer kleinen thermischen Hysterse. Als Ergebnis dieses Uberganges andert die vierzahlige Achse der tetragonalen Zelle ihre Richtung, was wahrscheinlich Zwillingsbildung verursacht. Die Kristallstruktur der Hochtemperatur-β-Phase wird ebenfalls bestimmt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of measurements on the conductivity of single crystals of SnS2 in a direction parallel to the c-axis are given in this article, where space charge injection is shown to be the predominant mechanism and subsequently for the formed crystal the relation between current and voltage is I √ Un where n may be as high as eleven.
Abstract: The results of measurements on the conductivity of single crystals of SnS2 in a direction parallel to the c-axis are given. Prior to forming, space charge injection is shown to be the predominant mechanism and subsequently for the formed crystal the relation between current and voltage is I ∝ Un where n may be as high as eleven. The results show marked similarities to those obtained for amorphous glasses. Ergebnisse von Messungen der Leitfahigkeit in SnS2-Einkristallen parallel zur c-Achse werden mitgeteit. Vor der Formierung sind raumladungsbegrenzte Strome der vorherrschende Mechanismus. Die „formierten” Einkristalle zeigen eine Strom-Spannungs-Abhangigkeit gemas I ∝ Un, wobei n Werte bis zu elf annehmen kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen augenscheinliche Ahlichkeiten mit denen in amorphen Glasern.

Journal ArticleDOI
P. J. Grundy1, S. R. Herd1
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of an investigation of magnetic bubble domains in thin hexaferrite crystals using Lorentz microscopy are presented, and the structure of the bubble domains is discussed and the methods used to produce them are described.
Abstract: Some results of an investigation of magnetic bubble domains in thin hexaferrite crystals using Lorentz microscopy are presented. The structure of the bubble domains is discussed and the methods used to produce them are described. With the use of variable bias field and pulsed magnetic fields in the electron microscope, changes of state in bubbles and switching of bubble wall chirality could be observed directly. Einige Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an magnetischen Blasendomanen in dunnen Hexaferritkristallen mit Lorentz-Mikroskopie werden mitgeteilt. Die Struktur der Blasendomanen wird diskutiert und die zu ihrer Produktion benutzten Methoden beschrieben. Mit Hilfe einer variablen Vorspannung und gepulsten magnetischen Feldern in der Elektronenmikroskopie konnten Zustandsanderungen in den Blasen und das Umschalten der Blasenwandchiralitat direkt beobachtet werden.

Journal ArticleDOI
B. J. Mulder1
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the order-disorder transition of the copper sublattice in chalecosite at 105°C on the optical properties of chalcosite are investigated.
Abstract: In previous works the optical properties of thin single crystals of chalcosite (Cu2.00S) and the copper-deficient phases djurleite (Cu1.96S), Cu1.9S and digenite (Cu1.8S) are reported. Here the effects of the order—disorder transition of the copper sublattice in chalecosite at 105°C on the optical properties of chalcosite are investigated. Previous and present data lead to the proposal of the following energy band scheme for the cuprous sulphides. 1. The valence band edge of chalcosite is at a non-zero value of the electron wave vector. 2. Djurleite can be considered, in a rigid-band model, as a form of chalcosite with a partly depleted valence band, where the depletion is restricted to the “indirect” maximum. 3. This “indirect” maximum is essentially unchanged by the order—disorder transition of the copper ions in chalcosite at 105°C and therefore seems to be associated primarily with sulphur orbitals. This picture leads to a reasonable estimate for the effective mass of holes in chalcosite and offers an explanation for the existence of two very similar varieties of djurleite existing in equilibrium with orthorhombic and supercooled hexagonal chalcosite, respectively. In vorangegangenen Arbeiten wurden die optischen Eigenschaften von dunnen Einkristallen von Chalkosit und den kupfer-armen Phasen Djurleite (Cu1.96S), Cu1.9S und Digenit (Cu1.8S) untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird uber die Einflusse des Ordnungs—Unordnungs-Phasenuberganges des Kupferuntergitters in Chalkosit bei 105°C auf die optischen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindung berichtet. Altere und hier gefundene Daten fuhren zu folgenden Vorstellungen uber das Energiebandschema von Kupfer (I)-Sulfiden. 1. Die Valenzbandkante liegt bei einem Wellenzahlvektor, der ungleich Null ist 2. Im Rahmen eines „Starren-Bander”-Modelles kann Djurleite als eine Art Chalkosit mit teilweise entleertem Valenzband betrachtet werden. Dabei tritt die Entleerung allen beim „indirekten” Maximum auf. 3. Dieses „indirekte” Maximum bleibt im wesentliehen ungeandert durch den Ordnungs—Unordnungs-Phasenubergang in den Kupferionen des Chalkosits bei 105°C und scheint daher im wesentlichen verknupft zu sein mit den Balnfunktionen des Schwefels. Diese Vorstellungen fuhren zu einem vernunftigen Wert fur die effektive Masse des Loches in Chalkosit und bieten eine Erklarung fur die Existenz der zwei sehr ahnlichen Arten von Djurleite die im Gleichgewicht mit einerseits orthorhombischem und andererseits unterkuhltem, hexagonalem Chalkosit bestehen.