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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi (a) in 1974"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the dielectric parameters of copper containing ferrites and found an abnormal behaviour of the constant and loss factor as a function of frequency and temperature in comparison with the normal behaviour of spinel ferrites.
Abstract: The dielectric parameters are investigated as a function of composition, frequency, and temperature in copper containing ferrites. An “abnormal” behaviour of the dielectric constant is found and also the loss factor as a function of frequency and temperature in comparison with the “normal” behaviour of spinel ferrites. The origin of this abnormal behaviour is attributed to the presence of Cu1+ ions which determine the appearance of p-carriers in these ferrites. On a analyse le comportement des parametres dielectriques en fonction de la composition, la frequence et la temperature dans les ferrites qui contiennent du cuivre. On a trouve un comportement „anormal” de la constante dielectrique et du facteur de pertes dielectriques en fonction de la frequence et la temperature par rapport au comportement „normal” pour les ferrites de type spinelle. L'origine de ce comportement anormal est attribue a la presence des ions Cu1+ qui determinent l'apparition des porteurs de type p dans ces ferrites.

471 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main characteristics of martensitic transformations in metals and alloys are described, and available data on the monoclinic-tetragonal transformation in ZrO/sub 2/ are critically evaluated.
Abstract: Main characteristics of martensitic transformations in metals and alloys are described, and available data on the monoclinic-tetragonal transformation in ZrO/sub 2/ are critically evaluated. Kinetics, thermal hysteresis, tetragonal -- cubic transformation, metastable high-temperature phases, and pressure and irradiationinduced transformation are discussed. Transformation in HfO/sub 2/ is also briefly examined. (9 tables, 22 figures, 108 references) (DLC)

257 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the transmission and backscattering of electrons with energies between 0.5 and 4 keV in thin films of Be, Al, Ge, Cu, and Ag, together with their secondary yields (δT, δR), were measured with a threecollector system.
Abstract: The transmission (ηT) and backscattering (ηR) of electrons with energies between 0.5 and 4 keV in thin films of Be, Al, Ge, Cu, and Ag, together with their secondary yields (δT, δR), were measured with a three-collector system. The SE efficiencies of backscattered electrons were 3 to 15 times greater than those of incident PE. The energy distributions of the transmitted electrons were measured with a spherical retarding field analyser. Average and most probable energies were obtained. Transmission characteristics could be normalized by the maximal penetration range R and in this way generality is achieved for initial energies up to 1 MeV. Die Transmission (ηT) und Ruckstreuung (ηR) von Elektronen mit Energien zwischen 0,5 und 4keV in dunnen Be-, Al-, Ge-, Cu- und Ag-Schichten, zusammen mit ihren Sekundarausbeuten (δT, δR), wurden in einem Drei-Kollektorsystem gemessen. Die SE-Effektivitaten ruckgestreuter Elektronen lagen 3 bis 15mal hoher als die einfallender PE. Die Energieverteilungen transmittierter Elektronen wurden mit einem spharischen Gegenfeldanalysator auǐgenommen. Mittlere und wahrscheinlichste Energien wurden ermittelt. Die Transmissionscharakteristiken konnten mit Hilfe der maximalen Eindringtiefe R normalisiert werden. Auf diesen Wege wird eine Verallgemeinerung fur Anfangsenergien bis zu 1 MeV erzielt.

234 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relative integrated intensities of different orders of reflections were calculated and calculated values of extinction distances were used to estimate the image width of a dislocation whose Burgers vector could be determined.
Abstract: Synchrotron radiation which is emitted into a narrow cone and which has a continuous spectrum was succesfully used in X-ray topography. The exposure time to take a set of topographs (a transmission Laue pattern) from a silicon crystal on a fine grain film with a geometric resolution of a few microns turned out to be as short as some seconds. As an example for the use of the new method the contrast formation of a defect in the Laue pattern of topographs was analysed in detail. For this purpose the relative integrated intensities of different orders of reflections were calculated. They and the calculated values of extinction distances were used to estimate the image width of a dislocation whose Burgers vector could be determined. Synchrotronstrahlung, die ein kontinuierliches Spektrum besitzt und in eine schmale Keule emittiert wird, wurde erfolgreich in der Rontgentopographie benutzt. Es erwies sich, das die Belichtungszeit, um mehrere Topographen (ein Laue-Bild mit Transmissionsverfahren) von einem Silizium-Einkristall auf einen feinkornigen Film mit gutem Auflosungsvermogen aufzunehmen, nur einige Sekunden betragt. Als Beispiel fur die Anwendung der neuen Methode wurde die Kontrastbildung eines Defektes im Laue-Bild der Topographen analysiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die relativen integrierten Intensitaten der Reflexe verschiedener Ordnungen berechnet. Diese und die berechneten Werte der Extinktionslangen wurden zur Abschatzung der Bildbreite einer Versetzung, deren Burgers-Vektor bestimmt werden konnte, benutzt.

208 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the temperature dependence of the intrinsic radiative recombination coefficient B in silicon was measured from 100 to 400 °K and a unique theory of the indirect radiative band-to-band and free exciton recombination was given.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of the intrinsic radiative recombination coefficient B in silicon was measured from 100 to 400 °K. In contrast to previous calculations, B decreases with temperature. For interpretation of the measurements, a unique theory of the indirect radiative band-to-band and free exciton recombination is given. The decrease of B with increasing T is due to the decrease to the exciton concentration and of the Coulomb-enhancement of the band-to-band recombination rate. The latter however is smaller than the exciton recombination part even at room temperature. The constants of the exciton and band-to-band recombination are determined.

157 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electric and magnetic properties of (Bi1−xLax)FeO3 solid solution exhibiting simultaneously long-range order of electric and magnetic dipoles were investigated.
Abstract: Results are reported on the electric and magnetic properties of (Bi1−xLax)FeO3 solid solution exhibiting simultaneously long-range order of electric and magnetic dipoles. In the concentration range 0 ≦ x < 0.30 close to the Neel temperature, an anomaly of ϵ(T) attributed to the influence of a decay of magnetic ordering on the electric ordering, was observed. A temperature-concentration phase diagram is constructed. Within the framework of Benguigui's theory [16], an explanation is proposed for the anomaly in electric properties at the transition boundaries between structural modifications. Ce travail contient les resultats d'une etude des proprietes electriques et magnetiques de la solution solide (Bi1−xLax)FeO3 presentant simultanement l'ordre lointain des dipǒles electriques et magnetiques. A des concentrations 0 ≦ x < 0,30 aux environs de la temperature de Neel, on a observe une anomalie de ϵ(T), attribuee a une influence sur l'ordre electrique de la part de la disparition d'ordre magnetique. Un diagramme de phases en fonction de la temperature et concentration est donne. A partir de la theorie de Benguigui [16], les causes des anomalies des proprietes electriques apparaissant aux limites entre les modifications structurelles sont expliquees.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal decomposition of GaN was studied by means of a Mettler Thermoanalyzer while the gaseous products evolved were continuously pumped out and the temperature dependence of the decomposition was determined using the equilibrium pressure data of the dynamic system.
Abstract: The thermal decomposition of GaN was studied by means of a Mettler Thermoanalyzer while the gaseous products evolved were continuously pumped out. Some small loss of weight of GaN was observable already in the temperature range of 710 to 980°C but a definitive loss started only above 980°C. The gaseous decomposition products were analyzed also by means of a mass-spectrometer, Varian, coupled directly to a vacuum furnace. Only nitrogen was found. The temperature dependence of the decomposition was determined using the equilibrium pressure data of the dynamic system. Die thermische Zersetzung des GaN wurde unter fortlaufendem Abpumpen der Spaltgase mit einem Mettler Thermoanalysator untersucht. Eine geringe Absenkung des Gewichts des GaN konnte schon im Temperaturbereich von 710 bis 980°C beobachtet werden, aber ein ausgepragter Gewichtsverlust begann nur uber 980°C. Die gasformigen Zersetzungs-produkte wurden auch mit einem, dem Vakuumofen unmittelbar angeschlossenen Massen-spektrometer, Varian, untersucht. Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Zersetzungwurde aus den Daten der Gleichgewichtsdrucke des dynamischen Systems berechnet.

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a two-band Si3N4 impurity conduction model with silicon microcrystals is examined, the latter serving as Poole-Frenkel centres in the nitride volume as well as trapping and recombination centers in the regions close to the electrodes.
Abstract: A method is proposed for determining the electron and hole components of stationary current flowing through an MIS structure and the hole and electron components of the stationary current in an MNOS structure have been determined. It is shown that the experimental results may be explained by a two-band Si3N4 conduction model. A two-band Si3N4 impurity conduction model with silicon microcrystals is examined, the latter serving as Poole-Frenkel centres in the nitride volume as well as trapping and recombination centres in the regions close to the electrodes. [Russian Text Ignored].

97 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the initial stages of ordering in Ni3Mo and Ni4Mo have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and the development of long-range order in Ni 3Mo is associated with decomposition into the two metastable phases Ni2Mo, which are eventually replaced by the equilibrium Ni 4Mo at a later stage of ordering.
Abstract: The initial stages of ordering in Ni3Mo and Ni4Mo have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. The development of long-range order in Ni3Mo is associated with decomposition into the two metastable phases Ni2Mo and Ni4Mo, which are eventually replaced by the equilibrium Ni3Mo at a later stage of ordering. Evidence for the presence of metastable Ni2Mo phase was also found during the early stages of ordering of Ni4Mo. The presence of the metastable phase Ni2Mo at Ni4Mo composition and that of Ni2Mo and Ni4Mo at Ni3Mo composition can be explained in terms of the recent thermodynamic calculations of the ground states of ordered binary alloys by Cahn and his co-workers.

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The spectral variations of optical absorption and refractive index for thin layers of molybdenum trioxide prepared by evaporation in vacuum are reported in this article, where a short discussion is given of the electronic structure of MoO3 and defects responsible for coloration.
Abstract: The spectral variations of optical absorption and refractive index are reported for thin layers of molybdenum trioxide prepared by evaporation in vacuum. These layers can be coloured by ultraviolet light and the absorption spectra of coloured layers show a single broad absorption band centred at 850 nm. The appearance of the colour centre absorption and the associated changes in the intrinsic edge have been used to record stable ‘thin’ holograms. A short discussion is given of the electronic structure of MoO3 and of the defects responsible for coloration. Le spectre d'absorption et l'indice de refraction ont ete mesure pour les couches minces de MoO3. Les couches minces ont ete colorees par UV et le spectre d'absorption des couches minces colorees a une bande d'absorption a la longeur d'onde λ = 850 nm. Le developpement de l'absorption des centres colores et le changement pres de l'absorption fondamentale ont ete utilises pour l'enregistrement holographique.

81 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The low temperature luminescence of GaSe has been measured on a series of single crystals, some of which were doped with tin, copper, zinc, iodine, or cadmium as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The low temperature luminescence of GaSe has been measured on a series of single crystals, some of which were doped with tin, copper, zinc, iodine, or cadmium. Concentrations and activation energies of the impurities have been determined by electrical measurements. At 4.2 °K, radiative recombination of electron–hole pairs occurs via two channels, whose relative efficiency is governed by the total impurity concentration. The first channel is most efficient in pure crystals. It gives rise to a spectrum dominated by the free exciton lines. The second channel is most efficient in doped crystals. Its spectrum is not sensitive to the chemical nature of the impurities. It is attributed to structural defects which are created by the chemical impurities. On a mesure la luminescence a basse temperature d'une serie de cristaux de GaSe, dont certains etaient dopes a l'etain, au cuivre, au zinc, au cadmium ou a l'iode. Les concentrations et les energies d'activation des impuretes ont ete determinees par des mesures electriques. A 4.2 °K, les recombinaisons radiatives de paires electron–trou suivent deux canaux distincts, dont l'efficacite relative est determinee par la concentration totale en impuretes. Le premier canal, efficace dans les cristaux purs, donne naissance a un spectre domine par les raies de l'exciton libre. Le second canal est efficace dans les cristaux dopes. Son spectre n'est pas sensible a la nature chimique des impuretes. On attribue ce spectre a des defauts de structure engendres par la presence d'impuretes chimiques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, annealing samples from 500 to 3 μm are annealed in reducing and oxidizing atmosphere, thus creating geometrical lattice defects which in the paramagnetic case can be detected with ESR.
Abstract: ZnO powder samples sized from 500 to 3 μm are annealed in reducing and oxidizing atmosphere, thus creating geometrical lattice defects which in the paramagnetic case can be detected with ESR. Predominantly oxygen vacancies, oxygen at interstitial sites, and the coupling of these two kinds of defects correlated to the observed ESR-lines at g1 = 1.955, g2 = 1.958, and g3 = 1.987 are discussed. The variation of the grain sizes allows to distinguish between the centres in the layer near the surface and the bulk centres; this is also possible by means of the photosensitivity of the ESR-singnals. The paramagnetic centres of the surface layer can be excluded, as their lines are broadened by the paramagnetic oxygen in the air, if the pressure is greater than 1330 Pa (10 Torr), and therefore not detectable by ESR. Durch reduzierendes und oxydierendes Gluhen von ZnO-Pulvern der Korngrosen 500 bis 3 μm werden Eigenstorstellen erzeugt, die sich mit Hilfe der ESR nachweisen lassen, sofern sie paramagnetisch sind. Insbesondere Sauerstofflucken und Sauerstoff im Zwischengitter sowie Kopplungen dieser Storstellen werden als Ursache der gefundenen ESR-Signale bei g1 = 1,955, g2 = 1,958 und g3 = 1,987 diskutiert. Die Variation der Korngrose gestattet es, zwischen oberflachennahen Randschichtzentren und Volumenzentren zu unterscheiden; dies wird auch durch die Photoempfindlichkeit der ESR-Signale ermoglicht, da ihre Linien durch den paramagnetischen Sauerstoff der Luft oberhalb von 1330 Pa(10 Torr) Stosverbreiterung erfahren und sich somit dem Nachweis durch die ESR entziehen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the O-Gitter-Methode was used to interpret electron diffraction images of α- and β-brass interfaces, and the results agreed with the observed features and predict a fine structure.
Abstract: Recent electron microscope observations of f.c.c.–b.c.c. interfaces between α- and β-brass are interpreted quantitatively by means of the O-lattice method. The results agree with the observed features and predict a fine structure which might be revealed by electron diffraction. The directly visible features can also be interpreted by the plane matching approximation. It is shown that this one-dimensional approximation is included within the frame of O-lattice method. Kurzliche elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von k.f.z.–k.r.z.-Phasengrenzen zwischen α- und β-Messing werden quantitativ mit der O-Gitter-Methode interpretiert. Die Resulate stimmen mit den Beobachtungen uberein und liefern daruber hinaus Angaben uber eine Feinstruktur, die durch Elektronendiffraktion beobachtet werden konnte. Die in den Elektronenmikrogrammen direkt sichtbaren Erscheinungen konnen auch mittels Naherung angepaster Ebenen (plane matching) erklart werden. Es wird gezeigt, das letztere Methode sich in den Rahmen der allgemeinen O-Gitter-Methode einfugt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnetic properties of rapidly quenched Fe83−xP17Ex (E = Ga, Ge, As) alloys over the composition range of x = 2 to 8 at% were studied in this article.
Abstract: The magnetic properties of rapidly quenched Fe83−xP17Ex (E = Ga, Ge, As) alloys over the composition range of x = 2 to 8 at% were studied. The specimens were prepared by the Taylor-technique. For supersaturated solid solutions as well as amorphous samples coercitive force values Hc are found of the same order of magnitude. The results indicate that low values of Hc for rapidly quenched alloys are not representative for structural disorder. Die magnetischen Eigenschaften von schnell abgeschreckten Fe83−xP17Ex Legierungen (E = Ga, Ge, As) wurden im Bereich von x = 2 bis 8 at% untersucht. Die Proben wurden mit dem Taylor-Verfahren hergestellt. Die Messungen der Koerzitivfeldstarke Hc ergeben fur ubersattigte Mischkristalle und amorphe Phasen dieselbe Grosenordnung. Die Resultate zeigen, das niedrige Hc-Werte fur schnell abgeschreckte Legierungen nicht reprasentativ fur ungeordnete Strukturen sind.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the luminescence during avalanche breakdown of Si, GaSb, and Ge p-n-junctions is measured in the energy range 0.5Eg < hv ≦ Eg.
Abstract: The luminescence during avalanche breakdown of Si, GaSb, and Ge p–n-junctions is measured in the energy range 0.5Eg < hv ≦ Eg. As has been shown in most other group IV and III–V semiconductors, these spectra exhibit bands which extend to energies far below and above Eg with a maximum near 0.8Eg, and which are essentially independent of the lattice temperature. These spectra can be explained by direct radiative transitions between different valence bands. This is shown explicitly for Si and GaP. The theory of Baraff is used for the calculation of hot carriers distribution functions. The parameters of this function are derived from photo-current multiplication data. Theoretical expressions for indirect intraband transitions of hot carriers (i.e. “bremsstrahlung”) yield emission bands, which do not contain the experimentally observed low energy decrease of the spectra. In highly efficient direct gap materials and in efficient GaP, additional lines caused by usual minority carrier recombination are observed at low temperatures. Im Spektralbereich 0,5Eg

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the photoconductivity of amorphous As2Se3 was studied as a function of temperature and illumination intensity. And the results were discussed in the density of states model proposed by Marshall and Owen.
Abstract: On evaporated layers of amorphous As2Se3 the photoconductivity is studied as a function of temperature and illumination intensity. An extremely slow decay of the photocurrent is found which is almost independent of temperature in the range of high excitation. At low excitation level the recombination is considerably enhanced with rising temperature. These results are discussed in the density of states model proposed by Marshall and Owen. It is shown that in the investigated temperature range recombination occurs directly between localized states. An aufgedampften Schichten von amorphem As2Se3 wird die Photoleitung in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur und der Bestrahlungsstarke untersucht. Das Abklingen des Photostroms erfolgt auserordentlich langsam und hangt im Bereich hoher Anregung praktisch nicht von der Temperatur ab. Bei hohen Temperaturen im Bereich schwacher Anregung wird der Abklingvorgang mit steigender Temperatur deutlich schneller. Die Ergebnisse werden im Rahmen des von Marshall und Owen vorgeschlagenen Modells fur die Zustandsdichte diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, das im untersuchten Temperaturbereich die Rekombination durch direkte Ubergange zwischen lokalisierten Zustanden erfolgt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that there is a close relationship between the dark conductivity and the occurrence of a peak in measurements of thermally stimulated depolarization, assuming a reciprocal heating scheme (d(1/T)/dt = const).
Abstract: It is shown that there is a close relationship between the conductivity and the occurrence of a peak in measurements of thermally stimulated depolarization. Supposing a reciprocal heating scheme (d(1/T)/dt = const) a simple relation between the dark conductivity and the position and the height of the corresponding peak of the depolarization current is found. In a survey all possibilities of carrying out measurements of optically or thermally stimulated polarization or depolarization are compiled. Es wird gezeigt, das ein enger Zusammenhang besteht zwischen der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit und dem Auftreten eines Signals bei Messungen der thermisch stimulierten Depolarisation. Fur den Fall der Verwendung eines reziproken Aufheizprogramms (d(1/T)/dt = const) ergibt sich eine einfache Beziehung zwischen der Dunkelleitfahigkeit und der Lage und Hohe des dazugehorigen Depolarisationsstromsignals. Daruber hinaus sind in einer Ubersicht die verschiedenen Moglichkeiten der Messung der optisch oder thermisch stimulierten Polarisation bzw. Depolarisation zusammengestellt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with hydrodynamic motion of phonons in solids, i.e., situations where the phonon gas can flow or carry out density oscillations like an ordinary fluid.
Abstract: In this lecture we shall deal with hydrodynamic motion of phonons in solids, i. e. with situations where the phonon gas can flow or carry out density oscillations like an ordinary fluid.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnetic after-effect in magnetite (Fe3O4) was investigated as a function of the Fe2+ vacancy concentration in the temperature range between −269 and +90°C.
Abstract: The magnetic after-effect in magnetite (Fe3O4) was investigated as a function of the Fe2+ vacancy concentration in the temperature range between −269 and +90°C. A small after-effect below −150°C is supposed to be related to the Verwey transition. A large magnetic after-effect was observed between −20 and 70°C. Its amplitude increased with the concentration of Fe2+ vacancies. A detailed analysis reveals that this relaxation is composed of two simple Debye processes with the following activation parameters: Q1 = 0.82 eV, τ01 = 3 × 10−13 s; Q2 = 0.88 eV, τ02 = 3 × 10−13 s. Both processes are attributed to jumps of Fe ions into vacant sites in the Fe lattice leading to a reorientation of the symmetry axis of the trigonal vacancies. The two activation energies are attributed to different distributions of the Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions around the vacancy. In Magnetit wurde in Abhangigkeit von der Fe2+-Leerstellenkonzentration das magnetische Nachwirkungsspektrum im Temperaturbereich von −269 bis +90°C untersucht. Ein kleiner Nachwirkungseffekt unterhalb von −150°C steht im Zusammenhang mit der Verwey-Umwandlung. Zwischen −20 und 70°C wurde eine grose magnetische Nachwirkung gefunden. Die Amplitude dieser Nachwirkung nahm mit der Fe2+ -Leerstellenkonzentration zu. Eine ausfuhrliche Analyse der Messungen ergab, das die Nachwirkung aus zwei einfachen Debyeprozessen mit folgenden Aktivierungsparametern zusammengesetzt ist: Q1 = 0,83 eV, τ01 = 3 × 10−13 s; Q2 = 0,88 eV, τ02 = 3 × 10−13 s. Beide Prozesse werden Sprungen der Fe-Ionen in die Leerstelle zugeordnet. Dieser Vorgang entspricht einer Diffusion der Leerstelle bei einer gleichzeitigen Reorientierung der Symmetrieachse der trigonalen Leerstellen. Das Auftreten von zwei Aktivierungsenergien wird zwei verschiedenen Kofigurationen der Fe2+ -und Fe3+ -Ionen in der Umgebung der Leerstelle zugeschrieben.

Journal ArticleDOI
S. R. Herd1, P. Chaudhari1
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the number of fringes increases with tilt angle contrary to the model proposed by Berry and Doyle which predicted a single fringe if the second amorphous halo is used for interference.
Abstract: High resolution dark-field electron microscopy on amorphous thin films of Ge, GeTe, PdSi, and AuNi show coherently scattering regions to be 5 to 7 A rather than the 15 A found in lower resolution instruments. Fringe-like contrast found in tilted beam interference micrographs and used in support of the microcrystallite model by Howie et al. is shown to be caused by instrumental aberrations introduced by the tilted beam method. It is found that the number of fringes increases with tilt angle contrary to the model proposed by Berry and Doyle which predicted a single fringe if the second amorphous halo is used for interference. Using thin (≈20 A) films of Ge and untilted interference microscopy the contrast is found to comprise typically of one to two fringes. The extent of the fringe was of the order of 6 A. An occasional alignment leading to fringe contrast over larger areas was also observed. These observations are consistent with random network or dense random packed models for amorphous solids. Dunkelfeldmikroskopie hoher Auflosung an amorphen, dunnen Schichten von Ge, GeTe, PdSi und AuNi zeigt, das die koharent streuenden Bereiche nur 5 bis 7 A gros sind und nicht 15 A, wie mit geringerer Auflosung gefunden wurde. Der „interferenzstreifenahnliche” Kontrast, wie er in Interferenzbildern mit gekipptem Strahl gefunden wird, und der von Howie et al. zur Unterstutzung des mikrokristallinen Models benutzt wurde, entsteht durch Aberrationen des Elektronenmikroskopes, die durch den gekippten Strahl erzeugt werden. Die Zahl der Interferenzstreifen steigt mit groserem Kippwinkel an, was nicht mit Berry und Doyle's Model ubereinstimmt, nach dem nur ein einziger Streifen zu erwarten ist, wenn der zweite amorphe Halo im Beugungsbild zur Interferenz benutzt wird. Mit Hilfe sehr dunner Ge-Schichten (≈20 A) und ungekippter Interferenzmikroskopie wurden zwei bis drei charakteristische Interferenzstreifen gefunden, die sich uber ≈ 6 A ausdehnen. Gelegentlich wurden Ausrichtungen gefunden, die Streifenkontrast uber grosere Stellen hervorriefen. Diese Ergebnisse sind mit der regellosen Netzstruktur oder dem Model fur regellos dicht gepackte Kugeln vertraglich.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the orientation factor, K, of elastic dislocation energy is calculated for dislocations in KDP (space group I42d) with Burgers vectors b = 〈100〉, [001] and b = [011] in the (011) growth sector.
Abstract: The orientation factor, K, of elastic dislocation energy is calculated for dislocations in KDP (space group I42d) with Burgers vectors b = 〈100〉, [001], 〈110〉, 〈011〉, and 1/2〈111〉. As a result of elastic anisotropy, for dislocations with b = 〈110〉, K has an absolute maximum in pure screw orientation. The preferred line directions characterized by a minimum elastic energy per unit growth length, W, are calculated for nine types of dislocations in (011) and (010) growth sectors; seven of them are identified by X-ray topography. The agreement of observed and calculated line directions is satisfactory except for dislocations with b = [011] in the (011) growth sector. Because of W having a very weak minimum in this case, it is suggested that the position that the position of these dislocations is influenced by a variation of dislocation core energy with direction that has been neglected in the calculations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the ESR spectra of V4+ in amorphem V2O5 have been analyzed and it has been shown that the average distance between the unpaired electron and 51V nucleus is shorter in the amorphous state.
Abstract: The ESR study of V4+ in amorphous V2O5 shows that this ion is in a site having a strong axial anisotropy. The parameters of the spin Hamiltonian describing the spectra are g∥ = 1.926, A = 190 × 10−4 cm−1, g⟂ = 1.984, and B = 73×10−4 cm−1. A comparison with the ESR spectra of V4+ in V2O5 single crystals shows that short-range order in the amorphous oxide is slightly different from that in the crystal. It appears that the average distance between the 3d unpaired electron and 51V nucleus is shorter in the amorphous state. This fact should be related to the higher electrical resistivity found in the glass. EPR-Untersuchungen von V4+ in amorphem V2O5 zeigen, das dieses Ion sich auf Platzen mit groser achsialer Anisotropic befindet. Die Parameter des Spin-Hamiltonoperators sind g∥ = 1,926; A = 190 × 10−4 cm−4; g⟂ = 1,984 und B = 73 × 10−4 cm−1. Ein Vergleich mit den EPR-Spektren von V4+ in V2O5-Einkristallen zeigt, das die Nahordnung in dem amorphen Oxid sich leicht von der des Kristalls unterscheidet. Es scheint, das der mittlere Abstand zwischen den ungepaarten 3d-Elektronen und dem 51-Kern im amorphen Zustand kurzer ist. Diese Tatsache konnte mit dem hoheren elektrischen Widerstand in der Glasphase verbunden sein.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, structural changes occurring in the metastable IT modification of TaS2 have been studied by means of electron diffraction and correlated with changes in the electric and magnetic properties.
Abstract: Structural changes, occurring in the metastable IT modification of TaS2, have been studied by means of electron diffraction and correlated with changes in the electric and magnetic properties. The IT form was found to adopt a superstructure of the CdI2 structure at low temperatures and two different distortion modulated structures of the CdI2 structure at higher temperatures. Close to the transition IT 2H intense diffuse scattering is observed, which can be related to the occurrence of a Kohn anomaly. The 2H modification which results from the IT modification by a shear transformation, exhibits two superstructures as well. Specimens which have been heat treated in the temperature range where the transition IT 2H sets in, exhibit the doubly positioned IT superstructure at room temperature. This is attributed to the presence of the 4Hb polytype. Strukturanderungen, die in der metastabilen IT-Modifikation von TaS2 auftreten, werden mit Elektronenbeugung untersucht und mit Anderungen der elektrischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften verknupft. Es wird gefunden, das die IT-Form bei niedrigen Temperaturen eine Superstruktur der CdJ2-Struktur annimmt und bei hoheren Temperaturen zwei verschiedene verzerrungsmodulierte Strukturen der CdJ2-Struktur. In der Nahe des IT 2H-Ubergangs wird intensive diffuse Streuung beobachtet, die mit dem Auftreten einer Kohn-Anomalie verknupft werden kann. Die 2H-Modifikation, die aus der IT-Modifikation durch eine Schertransformation hervorgerufen wird, zeigt ebenfalls zwei Strukturen. Proben, die im Temperaturbereich getempert werden, wo der IT 2H-Ubergang einsetzt, zeigen die doppelte IT-Superstruktur bei Zimmertemperatur, was der Anwesenheit des 4Hb-Polytyps zugeschrieben wird.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the velocities of sound in single crystals of the isostructural monosilicides of Co, Mn, and Fe and in polycrystalline CrSi.
Abstract: Longitudinal and transverse velocities of sound in [100] and [110] directions were measured at 80 to 400 K in single crystals of the isostructural monosilicides of Co, Mn, and Fe and in polycrystalline CrSi. The temperature dependences of the elastic constants and moduli for CoSi, MnSi, and CrSi were described by a theoretical equation. Values of θD(0) were found by extrapolating the elastic constants and moduli to 0 K. The anomalous temperature dependences of elastic constants of FeSi, the behaviour of Gruneisen coefficients, and the phonon frequency distribution in the monosilicides studied are discussed. [Russian Text Ignored]

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TL;DR: The analysis of the expression for interaction energy obtained previously by one of the authors leads to a simple procedure for determination of the spatial distribution of the inclusions as mentioned in this paper, which leads to the conclusion that the periodical distribution proves to be stable.
Abstract: The stress-induced interaction of the new phase coherent inclusions is considered. The analysis of the expression for interaction energy obtained previously by one of the authors leads to a simple procedure for determination of the spatial distribution of the inclusions. In particular it was shown that the periodical distribution of the inclusions which forms one of the 14 Bravais lattices is associated with the minimum energy. The calculation for the particular case of spherical inclusions in the cubic alloy (C11 − C12 − 2C44 < 0 where C11, C12, C44 are the elastic constants) shows, that spherical precipitates form a simple cubic lattice. The studies of the variations of the interaction energy with respect to the displacements of the inclusions leads to the conclusion that the periodical distribution proves to be stable. Es wird die spannungsinduzierte Wechselwirkung zwischen den koharenten Einschlussen einer neuen Phase untersucht. Die Analyse des von einem der Autoren bereits angegebenen Ausdruckes fur die Wechselwirkungsenergie fuhrt zu einem einfachen Verfahren zur Bestimmung der raumlichen Verteilung der Einschlusse. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, das die periodische Verteilung der Einschlusse, die eins der 14 Bravaisgitter bildet, mit der Minimalenergie zusammenhangt. Die Berechnung fur den speziellen Fall kugelformiger Einschlusse in das kubische Gitter (C11 − C12 − 2C44 < 0, wobei C11, C12 und C44 elastische Konstanten sind) zeigt, das kugelformige Ausfallungen ein primitives kubisches Gitter bilden. Untersucht man die Anderungen der Wechselwirkungsenergie bezuglich der Verschiebung von Einschlussen, so erweist sich die periodische Verteilung als stabil.

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TL;DR: In this article, the Mossbauer absorption in BaFe12−xAlxO19, Ba1−ySryFe12+xGaxO19 compounds has been investigated for some values of x as a function of T/Tc.
Abstract: The Mossbauer absorption in BaFe12−xAlxO19, SrFe12−xGaxO19, and Ba1−ySryFe12−xAlxO19 compounds has been investigated. Measurements carried out at T < Tc allowed to determine the behaviour of the hyperfine magnetic fields of the Fe3+ ions in the five sublattices of these structures for some values of x as a function of T/Tc. The magnetization of the predominant K-sublattice, where six Fe3+ ions per unit formula are located, decreases more rapidly with increasing T/Tc for BaFe12O19and SrFe12O19 than for BaFe12−xAlxO19 and SrFe12−xGaxO19. This result demonstrates that the interactions between the octahedral sublattices with parallel magnetic moments appreciably influence the temperature dependence of the magnetization of the predominant sublattice. L'absorption Mossbauer a ete etudie dans les composes BaFe12−xAlxO19, SrFe12−xGaxO19 et Ba1−ySryFe12−xAlxO19. Les mesures effectuees a T < Tc nous ont permis de determiner la variation avec T/Tc pour des different valeurs de x des champs internes dues aux ions Fe3+ repartis sur les cinque sousreseaux de ces structures. L'aimantation du sousreseau predominant K, Ou six ions Fe3+ par unite chimique sont places, montre une diminution avec T/Tc plus rapide dans le cas du BaFe12O19 et SrFe12O19 que dans le cas du BaFe12−xAlxO19 et SrFe12−xGaxO19. Ce resultat montre que les interactions entre les sousreseaux octaedriques avec leur moments magnetiques paralleles ont une appreciable influence sur la dependence de la temperature de l'aimantation du sousreseau principal.

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TL;DR: The diffusion coefficient and the heat of transport of H and D in Nb were determined by resistance measurements for concentrations between 0.01 and 0.15 at% as mentioned in this paper, and an activation energy of (0.123 ± 0.006) eV was measured for D in the whole temperature range investigated (150 to 320 K).
Abstract: The diffusion coefficient and the heat of transport of H and D in Nb were determined by resistance measurements for concentrations between 0.01 and 0.15 at%. An activation energy of (0.123 ± 0.006) eV was measured for D in the whole temperature range investigated (150 to 320 K). For H a pronounced break in the Arrhenius plot was found at about 225 K in agreement with Gorsky effect measurements [1]. The activation energy changes from (0.093 ± 0.009) eV for T > 225 K to (0.061 ± 0.006) eV for T < 225 K. The ratio of the diffusion coefficients for H and D increases from two at room temperature to about 15 at 150 K. For temperatures between 200 and 320 K the heat of transport ranges between 0.09 and 0.15 eV for H and between 0.10 and 0.17 eV for D. Die Diffusionskonstante und die Transportwarme von H und D in Nb wurden durch Widerstandsmessungen im Konzentrationsbereich zwischen 0,01 und 0,15 At% bestimmt. Fur D wurde eine Aktivierungsenergie von (0,123 ± 0,006) eV im gesamten untersuchten Temperaturbereich von 150 bis 320 K gefunden. In Ubereinstimmung mit Gorsky-Effekt-Messungen [1] ergab sich fur H bei ca. 225 K ein ausgepragter Knick in einer Arrhenius-Darstellung. Die Aktivierungsenergie verringert sich von (0,093 ± 0,009) eV fur T > 225 K auf (0,061 ± 0,006) eV fur T < 225 K. Das Verhaltnis der Diffusionskonstanten von H und D nimmt von zwei bei Zimmertemperatur bis auf 15 bei 150 K zu. Im Temperaturbereich zwischen 200 und 320 K liegt die Transportwarme von H zwischen 0,09 und 0,15 eV und die von D zwischen 0,10 und 0,17 eV.

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TL;DR: Using Poisson's method the demagnetization energy of magnetic dipole distributions is formulated and the equations are solved for the special case of doubly periodic distributions in infinite plates having arbitrary components of magnetization.
Abstract: Using Poisson's method the demagnetization energy of magnetic dipole distributions is formulated and the equations are solved for the special case of doubly periodic distributions in infinite plates having arbitrary components of magnetization. As an example the energy of a simple bubble lattice with charged domain walls is calculated. Mit Hilfe einer Methode von Poisson wird die Entmagnetisierungsenergie von magnetischen Dipolverteilungen formuliert und die Gleichungen fur den speziellen Fall von doppelt periodischen Verteilungen in unendlichen Platten mit willkurlichen Magnetisierungskomponenten gelost. Als Beispiel wird die Energie eines einfachen Bubblegitters mit geladenen Domanenwanden berechnet.