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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi (a) in 1976"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the equilibrium structure of an epitaxial layer on a flat crystal substrate is considered theoretically and the elastic and free energies of the layer are calculated as a function of the substrate crystallographic orientation.
Abstract: The equilibrium structure of an epitaxial layer on a flat crystal substrate is considered theoretically. Epitaxial stresses as well as the elastic and free energies of the layer are calculated as function of the substrate crystallographic orientation. It is shown that as the layer thickness increases there is the “phase” transition from the state of the best microscopic fit between the layer and substrate lattices (the microdistortion is absent) to the state of the best macroscopic fit (the elastic energy is a minimum). When the layer thickness increases the epitaxial stress relief due to the formation of elastic domain becomes preferable. In particular cases domains may be twins and the layer is a polysynthetic twin. The formation of the first- and second-order polysynthetic twins is discussed. With the increase in the thickness to some critical value the relaxation by twin domains formation becomes less favourable than by the translation domains formation. The correlation between the translation domains and misfit dislocations is under consideration. [Russian Text Ignored]

275 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the α β phase transition in quartz and in the isostructural AlPO4 has been studied in situ in an electron microscope, and a very high density of defects was observed close to the transition temperature.
Abstract: The α β phase transition in quartz and in the isostructural AlPO4 has been studied in situ in an electron microscope A very high density of defects was observed close to the transition temperature A diffraction contrast analysis allowed us to identify these defects as dauphine twins In the neighbourhood of the transition the twins form columnar domains parallel with the c-axis; these triangular prisms are arranged following regular (hexagonal) networks, their mesh width becomes smaller close to the transition temperature Particular “defects” in the networks are analysed The domain walls (dauphine twin boundaries) are constantly vibrating, thus transforming continuously the α1 orientation into α2 These observations are suggestive for the interpretation of the β phase as being a time average of α1 and α2 orientations The particular geometry of the diffuse intensity observed in the electron diffraction patterns is related to the phonon mode that drives the transition from the α to the β phase In AlPO4 also antiphase boundaries were observed as expected from the structure model Es wurde in einem Elektronenmikroskop in situ die α β-Phasenumwandlung in Quarz und im isostrukturellen AlPO4 untersucht Nahe der Umwandlungstemperatur wurde eine hohe Dichte von Defekten beobachtet Eine Beugungskontrast-Analyse erlaubte es, diese Defekte als Dauphine-Zwillinge zu identifizieren Nahe der Umwandlung bilden die Zwillinge saulenformige Domanen parallel zur c-Achse; diese dreieckigen Prismen sind in regelmasigen (hexagonalen) Netzwerken angeordnet, deren Maschenweite nahe der Umwandlungstemperatur kleiner wird Defekte in diesen Netzwerken werden analysiert Die Domanenwande (Dauphine-Zwillingsgrenzen) schwingen dauernd und verandern so kontinuierlich die α1- in die α2-Orientierung Diese Beobachtungen legen es nahe, die β-Phase als zeitliches Mittel der α1- und α2-Orientierungen zu deuten Die besondere Geometrie der in den Elektronenbeugungsbildern auftretenden diffusen Intensitaten ist mit der Phononen-Mode verknupft, die die Umwandlung von der α- zur β-Phase antreibt Wie aus dem Strukturmodell zu erwarten ist, wurden in AlPO4 auch Antiphasengrenzen beobachtet

184 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
W. Bazela, A. Szytuła1, J. Todorović, Z. Tomkowicz1, A. Zieba 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and magnetometric methods to obtain a model of the spiral magnetic structure of NiMnGe and found that at temperature Tt = 185 K the spiral axis is in the bc-plane.
Abstract: NiMnGe is investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and magnetometric methods. The orthorhombic distorsion of hexagonal lattice is observed below 470 K. The compound NiMnGe is antiferromagnetic with a Neel temperature TN = 346 K. The jump observed at temperature Tt = 185 K on the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility points at the change of a magnetic structure. From the analysis of the neutron diffraction patterns the following models of spiral magnetic structure are obtained; at T < Tt the spiral axis is in the bc-plane. The angle between the spiral axis and the b-axis is 45°, magnetic moment at 80 K is 2.75μB; at Tt < T < TN the spiral axis is along the a-axis. The magnetic moment at 295 K is 2.2μB.

153 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, structural and dielectric studies have been performed on CsH2PO4 for scrutinizing the validity of the previously reported structure and it is found that the symmetry in the paraelectric state is not orthorhombic as previously assumed but monoclinic with the space group of C.
Abstract: Structural and dielectric studies have been performed on CsH2PO4 for scrutinizing the validity of the previously reported structure. It is found that the symmetry in the paraelectric state is not orthorhombic as previously assumed but monoclinic with the space group of C. The net configuration of hydrogen bond and the sequence of Cs and P are found to differ substantially from those of KH2PO4. Structural evidences combined with dielectric measurements indicate that the ferroelectricity of CsH2PO4 takes place through different atomic structure from that of KH2PO4 type ferroelectrics. L'etude structurale et dielectrique de CsH2PO4 a ete effectuee en vue de scruter la structure anterieurement rapportee. Nous avons trouve que la symetrie a la phase paraelectrique n'est pas orthorhombique comme prealablement connue mais monoclinique au groupe spatial C. La conformation de la liaison hydrogenee et la sequence de Cs et P different solidement de celles de KH2PO4. Ces faits structural combines avec les mesures dielectrique indiquent que la ferroelectricite de CsH2PO4 a lieu sous la structure atomique differente de celle des ferroelectriques au type de KH2PO4.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the elastic constants of V, Nb, and Ta were determined at room temperature after loading with hydrogen and deuterium by ultrasonic methods in cubic α-phases.
Abstract: By ultrasonic methods the elastic constants of V, Nb, and Ta are determined at room temperature after loading with hydrogen and deuterium. For Nb and Ta also the change of the temperature dependence of the elastic constants on alloying are determined up to 300°C. All measurements are performed in the cubic α-phases. The three alloy systems show qualitatively the same behaviour: The bulk moduli are nearly unaffected whereas the shear constants C44 increase. These changes are independent of the hydrogen isotope. The shear constants (C11–C12)/2 decrease as a function of alloy concentration and these decreases are isotope-dependent, being stronger for hydrogen than for deuterium. Durch Ultraschallmessungen werden die elastischen Konstanten von V-, Nb- und Ta-Wasserstoff bzw. Deuterium-Legierungen bei Raumtemperatur bestimmt. Fur Nb und Ta wird auch die Anderung der Temperaturabhangigkeit der elastischen Konstanten durch Legieren bis 300°C gemessen. Alle Messungen werden in den kubischen α-Phasen durchgefuhrt. Die drei Legierungssysteme zeigen qualitativ das gleiche Verhalten. Der Kompressionsmodul bleibt nahezu konstant, wahrend der Schermodul C44 zunimmt. Die Anderungen in diesen zwei Moduln sind unabhangig vom Wasserstoffisotop. Im Gegensatz hierzu nimmt die Scherkonstante (C11–C12)/2 mit zunehmender Beladung ab. Die Abnahme ist fur Wasserstoff jeweils starker als fur Deuterium.

116 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
R. M. Hill1
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalisation of Mott's model of an amorphous solid is used to investigate the characteristics of carrier transport by hopping in an extended temperature range, and it is shown that three types of behaviour can be expected, the Mott T−-1/4 variable-range hopping at low temperatures, nearest-neighbour hopping at high temperatures and low hop site densities, and a weakly temperature-dependent long-range hop at high densities and high temperatures.
Abstract: A generalisation of Mott's model of an amorphous solid is used to investigate the characteristics of carrier transport by hopping in an extended temperature range. It is shown that three types of behaviour can be expected, the Mott T−-1/4 variable-range hopping at low temperatures, nearest-neighbour hopping at high temperatures and low hop site densities, and a weakly temperature-dependent long-range hopping at high densities and high temperatures. Criteria for the observation of these three regions are established and the transitional behaviour of the conductivity is determined. A number of experimental observations of hopping transport are examined and analysed in terms of the densities of localised states.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The perovskite-type layer structure compound (CH3NH3)2CdCl4 exhibits an unusual phase sequence: the phase transitions are governed by changes both in the motion of CH 3NH3 groups and the hydrogen bonding scheme.
Abstract: The perovskite-type layer structure compound (CH3NH3)2CdCl4 exhibits an unusual phase sequence: The phase transitions are governed by changes both in the motion of CH3NH3 groups and the hydrogen bonding scheme. Structural data are given for the tetragonal high-temperature and the monoclinic low-temperature phase. The whole phase sequence is discussed in detail. Die perowskitartige Schichtstruktur-Verbindung (CH3NH3)2CdCl4 zeigt eine ungewohnliche Phasenfolge: Die Phasenumwandlungen werden durch Anderungen sowohl im Bewegungsverhalten der CH3NH3-Gruppen als auch im Wasserstoff-Bindungsschema bewirkt. Fur die tetragonale Hochtemperaturphase und die monokline Tieftemperaturphase werden die Strukturdaten bestimmt. Zusammenfassend wird die komplette Phasenfolge analysiert.

97 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Y. Li1
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of calculating the anisotropy of Poisson's ratio is applied to trigonal and tetragonal crystals in the literature, and the method of calculation is extended to hexagonal crystals.
Abstract: A method of calculating the anisotropy of Poisson's ratio is applied to trigonal and tetragonal crystals in the literature. The method of calculation is extended to hexagonal crystals. The results are illustrated by reference to Tl and Cd.

96 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electrical conductivity of some nickel-zinc ferrites is studied as a function of temperature, and it is shown that ferrites with iron in excess show n-type conduction and those with iron with deficiency show p-type conductivity.
Abstract: The electrical conductivity of some nickel-zinc ferrites is studied as a function of temperature. The ferrites with iron in excess show n-type conduction and those with iron in deficiency show p-type conduction. Seebeck coefficient, X-ray analysis, and saturation magnetisation are also carried out to discuss the conductivity of these ferrites. Es wird die elektrische Leitfahigkeit einiger Nickel-Zinkferrite als Funktion der Temperatur gemessen. Ferrite mit Eisenuberschus zeigen n-Leitfahigkeit, solche mit Eisenmangel p-Leitfahigkeit. Untersuchungen des Seebeckkoeffizienten, der Sattigungsmagnetisierung sowie Rontgenanlysis werden durchgefuhrt, um die Leitfahigkeit dieser Ferrite zu diskutieren.

93 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is proposed which allows to describe the ordering in the transition state in terms of predominant clusters of a typical polyhedral type, which satisfy a linear relation for the occupation operators of the cluster sites.
Abstract: A system which exhibits substitutional disorder is said to be in the “transition state” if the diffuse intensity is confined to the vicinity of a geometric locus in reciprocal space. A model is proposed which allows to describe the ordering in the transition state in terms of predominant clusters. According to the model the transition state is considered as being built from clusters of a typical polyhedral type, which satisfy a linear relation for the occupation operators of the cluster sites. This ordering relation is directly derived from the analytical equation of the geometric locus. Ein System mit Substitutionsfehlordnung befindet sich im „Ubergangszustand”, wenn die diffuse Intensitat auf die Umgebung eines geometrischen Punktes im reziproken Raum beschrankt ist. Es wird ein Modell vorgeschlagen, das es erlaubt, die Ordnung im Ubergangszustand mit dem Uberwiegen von Clustern zu erklaren. In Ubereinstimmung mit dem Modell wird angenommen, das der Ubergangszustand aus Clustern mit bestimmtem Polyedertyp aufgebaut ist, die eine lineare Beziehung fur die Besetzungsoperatoren der Clusterplatze erfullen. Diese Ordnungsbeziehung wird direkt aus der analytischen Gleichung des geometrischen Ortes abgeleitet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for the trapping process in thermoluminescent LiF is developed based on Z centers, where traps initiating main glow peak 5 are assumed to be Z2 centers being produced by irradiation via Z0 and Z3 centers in a two-step process.
Abstract: Optical absorption measurements were performed on LiF:Mg and LiF:Mg, Ti crystals after irradiation and various thermal treatments. From the close correlation between the 4.0 and 5.5 eV absorption bands introduced by the Mg dopant a model for the trapping process in thermoluminescent LiF is developed basing on Z centers. Traps initiating main glow peak 5 are assumed to be Z2 centers being produced by irradiation via Z0 and Z3 centers in a two step process. The model explains radiation sensitization as well as the necessity for pre-irradiation annealing in thermoluminescence dosimetric application. An LiF:Mg- und LiF:Mg, Ti-Kristallen wurden optische Absorptionsmessungen nach Bestrahlung und verschiedenen thermischen Behandlungen durchgefuhrt. Aus dem engen Zusammenhang zwischen den Absorptionsbanden bei 4.0 und 5.5 eV wird ein Modell fur den Haftstellenprozes in LiF hergeleitet, das auf Z-Zentren beruht. Z2-Zentren werden als die das Thermolumineszenz-Hauptmaximum 5 verursachenden Haftstellen angenommen, welche wahrend der Bestrahlung in einem Zweistufen-Prozes uber Z0- und Z3-Zentren entstehen. Das Modell erklart sowohl die Sensitivierung durch Bestrahlung als auch die Notwendigkeit einer Temperbehandlung vor der Bestrahlung bei der Anwendung in der Thermolumineszenz-Dosimetrie.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, phase transitions in triammonium hydrogen disulfate (NH4)3H(SO4)2 were studied by means of dielectric measurements and differential thermal analysis.
Abstract: Phase transitions in triammonium hydrogen disulfate (NH4)3H(SO4)2 were studied by means of dielectric measurements and differential thermal analysis. Below room temperature three phase transitions were observed at −8, −132, and −140°C. The dielectric constant along the c*-direction shows breaks at the −8 and −132°C transitions, while it shows a discontinuous change accompanied with a thermal hysteresis at the −140°C transition. In addition to the above-mentioned transitions, a broad maximum of the dielectric constant was found at about −28°C along the c*-direction. However, no thermal anomalies were observed around −28°C. Mit Hilfe dielektrischer Messungen und differentieller Thermoanalyse wurden die Phasenubergange in Triammoniumhydrogendisulfat (NH4)3H(SO4)2 untersucht. Unterhalb der Raumtemperatur wurden drei Phasenubergange bei −8, −132 und −140°C gefunden. Die entlang der c*-Richtung gemessene Dielektrizitatskonstante zeigt bei den −8 und −132°C-Ubergangen stufenformige Anderungen, beim −140°C-Ubergang andert sie sich, begleitet von thermischen Hystereseerscheinungen, diskontinuierlich. Zusatzlich zu den o. g. Ubergangen wurden bei Messung in c*-Richtung ein breites Maximum der Dielektrizitatskonstanten bei etwa −28°C, aber keine thermischen Anomalien gefunden.

Journal ArticleDOI
R. Visocekas, T. Ceva, C. Marti, F. Lefaucheux1, M. C. Robert1 
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of thermoluminescence and isothermal decay of calcite synthetic single crystals after electronic irradiation is presented, showing that a new, weak, low temperature emission precedes the 360 K glow peak (related with manganese): it has the same emission spectrum as the glow peak, the intensity varies in inverse proportion to the time and does not depend on temperature.
Abstract: A study of thermoluminescence and isothermal decay of calcite synthetic single crystals after electronic irradiation shows that a new, weak, low temperature emission precedes the “360 K” glow peak (related with manganese): it has the same emission spectrum as the glow peak, the intensity varies in inverse proportion to the time and does not depend on temperature in a wide range (LNT to 180 K). These two emissions are accounted for by a model with charge transfer taking place between traps and manganese centers through two competing tunneling processes. One starts from the fundamental level of the traps and is athermal. The other starting from a thermally excited level 0.62 eV higher, gives rises to the 360 K glow peak. Une etude de la thermoluminescence et du declin isotherme de monocristaux de calcite synthetique apres bombardement electronique montre qu'une nouvelle emission a basse temperature et de faible intensite precede le pic a 360 K attribue au manganese: elle a le měme spectre d'emission que ce pic, son intensite varie en raison inverse du temps et independamment de la temperature dans un grand domaine, de 77 a 180 K environ. Un modele rend compte de ces deux emissions par des transferts de charges s'effectuant entre les pieges et les centres manganese par deux effects tunnels competitifs: l'un, qui part du niveau fondamental du piege, est athermique, l'autre, qui part d'un niveau excite thermiquement a 0,62 eV au dessus, donne le pic de thermoluminescence a 360 K.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the acoustic emission during tensile tests for several types of aluminium alloys and found that the mean square amplitude of the continuous emission is proportional to strain rate and sample length.
Abstract: The acoustic emission during tensile tests is investigated for several types of aluminium alloys. It is found that the mean square amplitude of the continuous emission is proportional to strain rate and sample length. It is assumed that the continuous emission is generated by dislocation loops, which are created continuously at Frank-Read sources. According to this model the mean square amplitude of the continuous emission U2 is proportional to the total length of the mobile dislocations L and the size of the loops l: ∼LI. Information about l was taken from Kuhlmann and Wilsdorf's observations of slip lines at the surface of deformed aluminium single crystals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the stacking fault energy is calculated by a thermodynamic analysis, and it is shown that the stacking energy is equal to the difference in bulk free energies between f.c.c/h.p.z.
Abstract: An attempt is made to calculate the stacking fault energy by a thermodynamic analysis. It is shown that the stacking fault energy is equal to the difference in bulk free energies between f.c.c. and h.c.p. phases in non-magnetic metals. On the other hand, the magnetic surface energy contribution to the stacking fault energy is significant in magnetic materials. It is also confirmed that the high value of the stacking fault energy at the f.c.c./h.c.p. transition temperature in cobalt base alloys and austenitic stainless steels can be explained by considering the magnetic effect. The temperature and compositional dependence of the stacking fault energy is evaluated in many systems. Excellent agreement is found between the calculated and observed values. Es wird der Versuch unternommen, die Stapelfehlerenergie mit einer thermodynamischen Analyse zu berechnen. Es wird gezeigt, das die Stapelfehlerenergie gleich der Differenz der freien Volumenenergie zwischen den k.f.z.- und h.d.p.-Phasen in nichtmagnetischen Metallen ist. Auf der anderen Seite ist der Beitrag der magnetischen Oberflachenenergie zur Stapelfehlerenergie in magnetischen Materialien betrachtlich. Es wird auch gefunden, das der hohe Wert der Stapelfehlerenergie an der k.f.z./h.d.p.-Ubergangstemperatur in Kobalt-Legierungen und rostfreiem Austenitstahl durch Berucksichtigung der magnetischen Effekte erklart werden kann. Fur eine Reihe von Systemen wird die Temperatur- und Zusammensetzungsabhangigkeit der Stapelfehlerenergie berechnet. Es wird ausgezeichnete Ubereinstimmung zwischen den berechneten und beobachteten Werten gefunden.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical constants of the pleochroic partially polymerized crystals were determined and the principal values of the absorption ellipsoid of the chains were compared with theoretical predictions.
Abstract: The solid state polymerization of bis(p-toluene sulphonate)diacetylene proceeds via a single-phase solid solution. The optical constants of the pleochroic partially polymerized crystals are determined. Spurious “absorption lines”, due to an intense Brewster's brush, are observed, especially when increasing polymer content leads to pronounced dispersion of the optic axes. The optical constants of fully polymerized crystals for light polarized parallel to the conjugated polymer chains are calculated from the reflection spectra. These data enables the principal values of the absorption ellipsoid of the chains to be determined and compared with theoretical predictions. Die Festkorperpolymerisation von bis(p-Toluol-Sulfonsaureester)-Diacetylen erfolgt uber eine einphasige feste Losung. Die optischen Konstanten der pleochromen, teilweise polymerisierten Kristalle werden bestimmt. Vorgetauschte “Absorptionen” durch ein intensives “Brewster-Buschel” werden besonders dann beobachtet, wenn der zunehmende Polymergehalt zu ausgepragter Dispersion der optischen Achsen fuhrt. Die optischen Konstanten von vollstandig polymerisierten Kristallen werden fur parallel zu den konjugierten Polymerketten polarisiertes Licht aus Reflexionsspektren berechnet. Anhand dieser Daten ist es moglich, die Hauptwerte des Absorptionsellipsoids der Ketten zu bestimmen und mit theoretischen Vorhersagen zu vergleichen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used angular correlation measurements of the positron annihilation radiation on cold rolled, polycrystalline Ni of purity 99.99% and 99.84% to determine the curve-shape parameters S for treating the as-deformed and annealed samples up to a thickness reduction of 90%.
Abstract: From the angular correlation measurements of the positron annihilation radiation on cold rolled, polycrystalline Ni of purity 99.99% and 99.84% the curve-shape parameters S are determined for treating the as-deformed and annealed samples up to a thickness reduction of 90%. The trapping rate of the positrons can be determined for a thickness reduction up to 15 or 18% for the dislocations and for the vacancies as well. Using known relations for the hardening within range 2 the specific trapping rates are estimated for the dislocations, μd = 2.9 × 10−15 s−1, and for the vacancies, μv = 2.2 × 10−15 s−1. Estimated dislocation densities and vacancy concentrations vary between 108 and 1011 cm/cm3 and 1016 and 1019 cm−3, respectively. Both of them show a remarkable dependence on the purity of the samples. Ni of low purity exhibits formation of vacancy clusters after annealing. Aus Winkelkorrelationsmessungen der Positronenannihilationsstrahlung an kaltgewalztem, polykristallinem Ni der Reinheit 99,99% und 99,84% werden die Kurvenformparameter S fur die Probenbehandlungen, deformiert sowie getempert bis 90% Dickenreduktion, bestimmt. Die Positroneneinfangraten konnen bis 15 bzw. 18% Dickenreduktion sowohl fur Versetzungen als auch fur Leerstellen ermittelt werden. Unter Benutzung von bekannten Beziehungen fur die Verfestigung im Bereich 2 werden die spezifischen Positroneneinfangraten fur Versetzungen zu μd = 2,9 × 10−15 s−1 und fur Leerstellen zu μv = 2,2 × 10−15 s−1 bestimmt. Die ermittelten Versetzungsdichten variieren von 108 bis 1011 cm/cm3, die Leerstellenkonzentrationen von 1016 bis 1019 cm−3. Beide zeigen eine markante Abhangigkeit vom Verunreinigungsgrad der Proben. Fur das verunreinigte Ni wird nach der Temperung eine Bildung von Leerstellenclustern beobachtet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, detailed complex investigations of the spectral and physical characteristics for cubic Bi4Ge3O12−Nd3+ crystals were made An analysis of absorption, luminescence, and stimulated emission spectra for 4F3/2 4I11/2 and 4F 3/24I13/2 transitions were carried out.
Abstract: Detailed complex investigations of the spectral and physical characteristics for cubic Bi4Ge3O12–Nd3+ crystals were made An analysis of absorption, luminescence, and stimulated emission spectra for 4F3/2 4I11/2 and 4F3/2 4I13/2 transitions were carried out The luminescence lifetime of the metastable state, inter-multiplet and “Stark” luminescence branching coefficients, luminescence quantum efficiency, luminescence line width, spontaneous transition probabilities and stimulated-emission transition cross-sections were determined The temperature dependence of the stimulated-emission (4F3/2 4I11/2) excitation threshold was investigated and interpreted Preliminary conclusions on the activator centre structure of Nd3+ ions in Bi4Ge3O12 were made, and informations on the extent of the vibronic spectra of Bi4Ge3O12 crystals were obtained [Russian Text Ignored]


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The exchange-striction of cubic Laves-phase compounds RCo2 (R = Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) has been determined at 0 K from measurements of the thermal expansion as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The exchange-striction of the cubic Laves-phase compounds RCo2 (R = Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) has been determined at 0 K from measurements of the thermal expansion. The results are interpreted in terms of a two-sublattice model involving RCo and RR interactions. The former are the more important. Die Austauschstriktion der kubischen Lavesphasenverbindungen RCo2 (R = Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho und Er) wurde durch Messungen der Warmeausdehnung bestimmt und bis zum absoluten Nullpunkt extrapoliert. Die Ergebnisse werden durch ein Zwei-Untergitter-Modell mit RCo- und RR-Wechselwirkungen erklart. Die ersteren sind wichtiger.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, high purity Ni is used for quenching experiments in a He cryostat, the electrical resistivity being used as a defect indicator, and the formation energy of monovacancies is determined to be (1.58 to 1.63) ± 0.05 eV.
Abstract: High-purity Ni is used for quenching experiments in a He cryostat, the electrical resistivity being used as a defect indicator. The quenched-in resistivity recovers in two stages: a steep one, A, around 120°C with a decrease of 50% and a rather broad one, B, around 560°C with a decrease of 45%. The formation energy of monovacancies is determined to be (1.58 to 1.63) ± 0.05 eV. From the Meechan-Brinkman analysis H ≈ 1.27 eV can be estimated, whereas it can be calculated to HmIV = (1.32 to 1.27) eV using self diffusion data. Stage A is attributed to the recovery of monovacancies and of multivacancies built during migration of single vacancies, stage B is discussed as annealing of voids and perfect dislocation loops. An hochreinem Ni werden Abschreckexperimente im He-Kryostaten durchgefuhrt. Der elektrische Widerstand wird als Leerstellenindikator benutzt. Der eingeschreckte Wider-stand heilt in zwei Stufen aus: einer steilen, A, bei 120°C mit einem Abfall um 50% und einer breiten, B, um 560°C mit einem Abfall von 45%. Die Bildungsenergie der Einzelleer-stellen wird zu Hf = (1,58 bis 1,63) ± 0,05 eV bestimmt. Aus der Meechan-Brinkman-Auftragung kann HIVm ≈ 1,27 eV abgeschatzt werden. Unter Benutzung von Selbstdiffusionsdaten ergibt sich HmIV = (1,32 bis 1,27) eV. Stufe A wird der Erholung von Einzelleer-stellen und von Vielfachleerstellen, die sich wahrend der Wanderung der Einzelleerstellen bilden, zugeordnet. Stufe B wird als Erholung von Lochern und vollstandigen Versetzungs-ringen gedeutet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the crystal structure of (CH3NH3)2MnCl4 (MAMC) is determined by neutron diffraction at 188 K in the low temperature tetragonal phase (P42/ncm).
Abstract: The crystal structure of (CH3NH3)2MnCl4 (MAMC) is determined by neutron diffraction at 188 K in the low temperature tetragonal phase (P42/ncm). The sequence of structural phase transitions of MAMC can be discussed in terms of NH … Cl bridges between NH3 and certain Cl−-ions. The order of the room temperature orthorhombic structure is determined by one dominant H-bond and that of the low temperature tetragonal structure by three equivalent H-bridges. Mit Hilfe der Neutronenbeugung wird die Kristallstruktur von (CH3NH3)2MnCl4 (MAMC) bei 188 K in der tetragonalen Tieftemperaturphase (P42/ncm) bestimmt. Die Folge der strukturellen Phasenubergange von MAMC kann entsprechend den NH … Cl Brucken zwischen NH3 und bestimmten Cl−-Ionen diskutiert werden. Die Ordnung der orthorhombischen Zimmertemperaturstruktur wird durch eine dominante H-Bindung bestimmt und diejenige der tetragonalen Tieftemperaturstruktur durch drei gleichwertige H-Brucken.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Nowotny phases or "chimney ladder" structures are shown to possess structures based on two in-commensurable sublattices, which are related unambiguously to the presence of irrational diffraction spots, forming either orientation anomalies, spacing anomalies or both.
Abstract: Manganese disilicides MnSi2−x as well as molybdenum digermanides MoGe2−x have been studied by electron diffraction and electron microscopy. Both materials, known as Nowotny phases or “chimney ladder” structures, are shown to possess structures based on two in-commensurable sublattices. Dark field electron microscopy reveals that a strictly commensurable superstructure does not exist. The presence of moire fringes is related unambiguously to the presence of irrational diffraction spots, forming either orientation anomalies, spacing anomalies or both. Sowohl Mangandisilizide MnSi2−x als auch Molybdandigermanide MoGe2−x wurden mit Elektronenbeugung und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, das beide Materialien, die als Nowotny-Phasen oder “chimney ladder” -Strukturen bekannt sind, Strukturen besitzen, die auf zwei inkommensurablen Untergittern basieren. Dunkelfeld-Elektronenmikroskopie zeigt, das eine wirklich kommensurable Superstruktur nicht existiert. Die Anwesenheit von Moire-Streifen wird eindeutig der Anwesenheit von irrationalen Beugungspunkten zugeschrieben, die entweder Orientierungsanomalien, Abstandsanomalien oder beides bilden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, electron and hole trapping centers of GaSe(I2) grown by chemical transport method are investigated by using photoelectronic techniques, such as thermally stimulated current (TSC), thermal quenching of photoconductivity (TQ) and spectral response of photoconductorivity.
Abstract: Electron and hole trapping centres of GaSe(I2) grown by chemical transport method are investigated by using photoelectronic techniques, such as thermally stimulated current (TSC), thermal quenching of photoconductivity (TQ) and spectral response of photoconductivity. Several electron trapping centres, between 0.15 and 0.65 eV below the conduction band, with densities ranging from 1013 to 1016 cm−3 and capture cross-sections between 10−13 and 10−19 cm−2 are found. Three hole trapping centres, acting as sensitizing centers for photoconductivity, are also present at 0.40, 0.27, and 0.21 eV above the valence band. They are responsible for a superlinearity in the behaviour of the photocurrent versus light-intensity at low temperature. Elektronen- und Locherhaftstellen von GaSe(J2), das durch chemische Transportmethoden gezuchtet wurde, werden mit photoelektrischen Methoden, wie thermisch stimulierte Strome (TSC), thermische Tilgung der Photoleitung (TQ) und spektrale Abhangigkeit der Photoleitung, untersucht. Verschiedene Elektronenhaftzentren zwischen 0,15 und 0,65 eV unterhalb des Leitungsbandes, Dichten von 1013 bis 1016 cm−3 und Wirkungsquerschnitten zwischen 10−13 und 10−19 cm−2 werden gefunden. Drei Locherhaftstellen, die als Sensibilisierungszentren fur die Photoleitung wirken, sind ebenfalls vorhanden bei 0,40, 0,27 und 0,21 eV oberhalb des Valenzbandes. Sie sind verantwortlich fur eine Superlinearitat im Verhalten der Photostrom-Lichtintensitatscharakteristik bei tiefen Temperaturen.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of fast neutron radiation on the transition temperature Tc, upper critical field Hc2, and structural peculiarities of Nb3Sn is investigated.
Abstract: The influence of fast neutron radiation on the transition temperature Tc, upper critical field Hc2, and structural peculiarities of Nb3Sn is investigated. For heavily irradiated samples (doses higher than 1 × 1019 cm−2) drastically reduced values for Tc, Hc2, and degree of long-range order are observed. The appearance of thermal neutron small-angle diffuse scattering and the sharp increase of the transition breadth in irradiated samples show the creation of disordered phase microregions during irradiation. [Russian Text Ignored].


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TL;DR: In this paper, the flash intensity of the ZnS-Cu phosphor induced by external de field applied after excitation with ultraviolet light (Gudden-Pohl effect) is investigated.
Abstract: The flash intensity of the ZnS-Cu phosphor induced by external de field applied after excitation with ultraviolet light (Gudden-Pohl effect) is investigated. A method is used, which enables to study the temperature dependence of flash intensity for different applied voltages conditioned by centres of certain depth. The results are compared with the electron tunneling probability from the centre to the conduction band under phonon participation obtained in the paper. [Russian Text Ignored]

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TL;DR: In this paper, a phenomenological space-charge-limited current theory for molecular crystals with local charge carrier trapping states of Gaussian distribution is presented and the validity range for various analytical approximations of the currentvoltage (I-U) characteristics for Gaussian trap distribution is analyzed and the main validity criteria for Ge(E), Gg(E) and the exponential trap distributions are presented.
Abstract: A phenomenological space-charge-limited current (SCLC) theory for molecular crystals with local charge carrier trapping states of Gaussian distribution is presented. Two distinct types: conductivity level edge Ge(E) and forbidden energy gap Gg(E) Gaussian trap distributions are discussed. The validity range for various analytical approximations of the currentvoltage (I-U) characteristics for Gaussian trap distribution is analysed and the validity criteria for Ge(E), Gg(E), and the exponential trap distributions are presented. Other important SCLC theory relationships, such as the dependence of the I-U characteristic on the Gaussian distribution parameters σ and Et, temperature, and sample thickness are also discussed in some detail. Several calculated I-U characteristics for crystals with a set of double Gaussian distributions are presented. Calculated SCLC theory dependences and main validity criteria are illustrated by experimental data. [Russian Text Ignored.]