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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi (a) in 1984"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief description of the growth of MOCVD ZnSe and ZnS on GaAs and GaP is given, and a speculative model is offered, of recombinations within extended defects involving a noncentral force electronic system.
Abstract: A brief description is given of the growth of MOCVD ZnSe and ZnS, contrasted with alternative growth techniques. The general physical properties of these layers, grown as single crystals on GaAs or GaP and as polycrystalline layers on glass, are described; particularly smoothness, crystal structure, and doping by donors and by Mn luminescence activators. Techniques of optical characterization and the general optical properties are discussed. Radiative recombination processes involve shallow donor species, and shallow acceptors when present, and these spectra are used to identify residual donor species. Effects of strain associated with heteroepitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs and GaP are evident and provide quantitative estimates of the lattice mismatch-induced strain provided this is relatively small. The spectra contain a variety of low energy luminescence bands, weak in well-prepared MOCVD layers. Some of these bands seem particularly characteristic of the MOCVD growth technique. Amongst these, two bands Y and Z have very unusual aspects of spectral form. A speculative model is offered, of recombinations within extended defects involving a non-central force electronic system. Strong variations in the form and intensity of photoluminescence spectra are described for very thin single crystal layers and attributed to the influence of electric fields on distant donor acceptor pair processes, particularly at the heteroepitaxial interface. These results and variations in the deep centre luminescence observed as a function of deliberate doping by shallow donors, D suggest the strong influence of (DZn–Vzn–Dzn) associates at high D concentrations or high electric fields. Some properties of dead layers in thin film electroluminescence are briefly discussed. Es wird das Wachstum von MOCVD-ZnSe und -ZnS diskutiert und anderen Wachstumstechniken gegenubergestellt. Dabei werden die allgemeinen physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser Schichten, die als Einkristalle auf GaAs oder GaP und als polykristalline Schichten auf Glas wachsen, beschriebeu, insbesondere Ebenheit, Kristallstruktur und Dotierung mit Donatoren und Mn-Lumineszenzaktivatoren. Die Methoden zur optischen Charakterisierung und die allgemeinen optischen Eigenschaften werden diskutiert. Der Prozes der strahlenden Rekombination schliest flache Donatorarten und, wenn vorhanden, flache Akzeptoren ein, und diese Spektren werden benutzt, um die Restdonatoren zu identifizieren. Spannungseffekte, die mit dem heteroepitaktischen Wachstum von ZnSe auf GaAs und GaP zusammenhangen, werden aufgezeigt und liefern quantitative Ergebnisse der durch Gitterfehlanpassung induzierten Spannung, vorausgesetzt, das diese relativ klein ist. Die Spektren enthalten eine Vielzahl von niederenergetischen Lumineszenzbanden, die in gut hergestellten MOCVD-Schichten schwach sind. Einige dieser Banden scheinen fur die MOCVD-Wachstumsmethode besonders charakteristisch zu sein. Von diesen haben zwei Banden, Y und Z, sehr ungewohnliche Aspekte der Linlenform. Ein spekulatives Modell von Rekombinationen innerhalb ausgedehnter Defekte, die ein Elektronensystem ohne Zentralkraft enthalten, wird vorgeschlagen. Starke Variationen der Form und Intensitat der Photolumineszenzspektren von sehr dunnen Einkristallschichten werden dem Einflus von elektrischen Feldern auf Rekombination zwischen entfernten Donator-Akzeptorpaare, insbesondere an den heteroepitaktischen Grenzflachen, zugeschrieben. Diese Ergebnisse und Aderungen der Lumineszenz tiefer Zentren, die in Abhangigkeit von der Dotierung mit flachen Donatoren D, beobachtet werden, weisen auf den starken Einflus von (DZn–VZn–DZn) -Assoziaten bei hohen D-Konzentrationen oder hohen elektrischen Feldern hin. Einige Eigenschaften von Totschichten bei der Dunnschicht-Elektrolumineszenz werden kurz diskutiert.

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For a face-centered-cubic steel, new measurements of the monocrystal Voigt elastic-stiffness constants C11, C12, C44 are given in this article.
Abstract: For a face-centered-cubic steel, new measurements of the monocrystal Voigt elastic-stiffness constants C11, C12, C44 are given. The monocrystal steel, Fe19Cr10Ni, corresponds closely to the well-known AISI-304 austenitic stainless steel. Considering seven theories for the monocrystalpolycrystal elastic constants, it is found that the Hershey-Kroner-Eshelby theory agrees best with measurements. It predicts the shear modulus within 2% of observation, where the Voigt-Beuss first-order bounds differ by 49%. Ten sets of FeCrNi Cij results are reviewed with the finding that both Zener's elastic anisotropy and the C12/C11 ratio are constant within 5%.

124 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic study of lattice defects introduced in Czochralski silicon wafers with a high interstitial oxygen concentration during single and two-step heat treatments was conducted.
Abstract: The results are discussed of a systematic study by means of optical microscopy, high-resolution and high-voltage electron microscopy of the lattice defects introduced in Czochralski silicon wafers with a high interstitial oxygen concentration during single and two-step heat treatments. In the low temperature region 550 to 1000 °C, rod-shaped coesite precipitates, platelike amorphous SiOx precipitates, 60° and 90° dislocation dipoles, and prismatic loops may be identified. The oxygen precipitation behaviour is shown to be consistent with a homogeneous nucleation mechanism. The dislocation dipoles and loops grow due to the supersaturation of the silicon self-interstitials which is induced by the precipitation of the oxygen. After a subsequent high temperature step (1150 °C) the defect spectrum changes severely. A wide range of different types of defects can be distinguished: Frank-type stacking faults, (a/6) 〈114〉-type stacking faults, elongated dislocation loops, prismatic loops, truncated octahedral amorphous SiOx precipitates, and platelike SiOx precipitates with prismatic dislocation loops. These defects nucleate heterogeneously on the defects present due to the low-temperature step. The different mechanisms involved will be discussed. Es werden die Ergebnisse einer systematischen Untersuchung mittels optischer Mikroskopie, hochauflosender und Hochspannungs-Elektronenmikroskopie von Gitterdefekten diskutiert, die in Czochralski-Siliziumwafer mit hoher Konzentration von Zwischengittersauerstoff wahrend Ein- und Zwei-Stufen-Warmebehandlungen eingefuhrt werden. Im Tieftemperaturbereich 550 bis 1000 °C lassen sich stabchenformige Coesit-Prazipitate, plattchenformige amorphe SiOx-Prazipitate, 60° - und 90° - Versetzungsdipole und prismatische Schleifen identifizieren. Es wird gezeigt, das das Verhalten der Sauerstoffprazipitate konsistent mit einem homogenen Keimbildungsmechanismus ist. Die Versetzungsdipole und Schleifen wachsen infolge der Ubersattigung mit Silizium-Zwischengitterstorstellen, die durch die Ausfallung des Sauerstoffs induziert werden. Nach einem folgenden Hochtemperaturschritt (1150 °C) andert sich das Defektspektrum in starkem Mase. Ein breiter Bereich von unterschiedlichen Defekttypen last sich unterscheiden: Franksche Stapelfehler, (a/6) 〈114〉-Stapelfehler, ausgedehnte Versetzungsschleifen, prismatische Schleifen, verkurzte oktaedrische amorphe SiOx-Prazipitate und plattchenformige SiOx-Prazipitate mit prismatischen Versetzungsschleifen. Diese Defekte entstehen durch heterogene Keimbildung an den Defekten, die infolge des Niedertemperaturschritts vorhanden sind. Die unterschiedlichen beteiligten Mechanismen werden diskutiert.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structure peculiarities and disorderness of trigonal Ca3Ga2Ge4O14 and Sr3Ga 2Ge 4O14 crystals are considered. And the luminescence intensity parameters of the activator are analyzed and the cross-sections of its induced transitions at the wavelengths of the two lasing 4F3/2 4I11/2 and 4 F3/ 2 4I13/2 channels are determined.
Abstract: Structure peculiarities and disorderness of trigonal Ca3Ga2Ge4O14 and Sr3Ga2Ge4O14 crystals are considered. Absorption and luminescence characteristics and stimulated emission parameters of Nd3+ ions in said compounds are investigated. The luminescence intensity parameters of the activator are analyzed and the cross-sections of its induced transitions at the wavelengths of the two lasing 4F3/2 4I11/2 and 4F3/2 4I13/2 channels are determined. All registered induced transitions are identified. The electromechanical properties of Ca3Ga2Ge4O14 and Sr3Ga2Ge4O14 crystals, including elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric modulus and constants are studied. [Russian Text Ignored].

97 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the maximum achievable brightness of ac thin film electroluminescent devices is determined by the maximum transferable charge and the maximum efficiency of electrolUMinescence η.
Abstract: The maximum achievable brightness of ac thin film electroluminescent devices is determined by the maximum transferable charge and the maximum efficiency of electroluminescence η. The first is controlled by the charge at breakdown of the insulator, whereas the latter is determined by the properties of the semiconductor layer. By a factorization into partial efficiencies η = ηexcηoptηlum characterizing the three independent fundamental processes involved in these structures, (i) impact excitation of centers, (ii) radiative decay of excited centers, and (iii) outcoupling of emitted photons, some insight ino the limiting physical mechanisms is obtained. The efficiency in ZnS : Mn is limited via ηlum by an influence of non-radiative decay channels which increases with the Mn concentration N and the concentration of excited centers N* In the concentration range (N) of practical interest ηexc is shown to be controlled by σMn2+N, where σMn2+ is the impact cross-section of Mn2+. The limiting factor is the cross section which is determined by a very straight-forward evaluation from experimental data to be σMn2+ = 3.7 × 10−16 cm2. The time behaviour of ηexc within the excitation pulse is measured with a submicrosecond resolution and the results give some hints on spatial inhomogeneities — grown-in and operational ones. Numerical estimates of the maximum achievable brightness show that there is not much improvement possible within the ZnS: Mn system using present day insulator technology.

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
F. Walz1
TL;DR: In this paper, an automatized measuring technique is developed with special respect to the investigation of magnetic after-effects occurring in ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials, based on a voltage-controled LC-oscillator, the resonance conditions of which allow to determine quantitatively both components of coil-impedances.
Abstract: A versatile automatized measuring technique is developed with special respect to the investigation of magnetic after-effects (MAEs) occurring in ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials. The method is based on a voltage-controled LC-oscillator, the resonance conditions of which allow to determine quantitatively both components of coil-impedances. By various types of measurements performed on a series of different Fe samples it is demonstrated that the knowledge on both components may be helpful for the analysis of MAEs, particularly for a discrimination between different relaxation mechanisms. Ein vielseitiges, automatisches Mesverfahren zur Untersuchung der magnetischen Nachwirkung in ferro- und ferrimagnetischen Materialien wird weiterentwickelt und quantitativ gepruft. Grund-lage des Verfahrens ist ein spannungsgeregelter LC-Oszillator aus dessen Resonanzbedingungen die beiden Komponenten komplexer induktiver Widerstande mit groser Genauigkeit bestimmt werden konnen. Durch verschiedenartige Messungen an einer Reihe unterschiedlich vorbehandelter Eisen-Proben wird gezeigt, das die Zeitabhangigkeit beider Komponenten fur die Analyse magne-tischer Nachwirkungsmessungen wichtig sein kann, insbesondere zur Unterscheidung zwischen verschiedenen Nachwirkungsmechanismen.

76 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the minimum RPL detectable exposures using Eu and Sm doped phosphors are (155 ± 12) and (116 ± 10) μCkg−1 after X-irradiation and (12 ± 6) mJcm−2 and 12 ± 6 ) J cm−2 after UV irradiation, respectively.
Abstract: X-or W irradiation of Eu and Sm-doped CaSO4, produces a partial conversion from RE2+ to RE2+. Sm2+, Eu2+, and Eu3+ can be detected using radiophotoluminescence (RPL) and could be utilised for dosimetry. Preliminary measurements show that the minimum RPL detectable exposures using Eu and Sm doped phosphors are (155 ± 12) and (116 ± 10) μCkg−1 after X-irradiation and (12 ± 6) mJcm−2 and (12 ± 6) J cm−2 after UV irradiation, respectively. Rare earth dopant mixtures such as Dy: Eu could be used for combined RPL/TL dosimetry. Die Rontgen-oder UV-Bestrahlung von Eu-und Sm-dotiertem CaSO4, erzeugt eine teilweise Umwandlung von RE2+ zu RE2+. Sm2+, Eu2+ und Eu2+ konnen durch Radiophotolumineszenz (RPL) nachgewiesen werden und konnten zur Dosimetrie verwendet werden. Erste Messungen zeigen, dass als niedrigste RPL Bestrahlungen von (155 ± 12) bzw. (116 ± 14) μC kg−1 durch X-Strahlen und (12 ± 6) mJ cm−2 bzw. (12 ± 6) J cm−2 durch UV, fur Eu bzw. Sm dotiertes Phosphor nachweisbar sind. Mit Seltenen Erden dotierte Mischungen, wie Dy: Eu, konnten fur kombinierte RPL/TL-Dosimetrie verwendet werden.

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical treatment yielding ray tracing maps, intensity curves as well as focusing conditions which are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data are presented, and the observed contrast of the acoustic displacements of the lattice planes has the same periods as the acoustic wave.
Abstract: Surface acoustic waves are investigated by stroboscopic topography using synchrotron radiation from the storage ring DORIS. The observed contrast of the acoustic displacements of the lattice planes has the same periods as the acoustic wave. It is demonstrated that the major part of the contrast is due to orientation contrast of the curved net planes. Intensity maxima correspond to troughs of the acoustic wave, minima to crests. A numerical treatment yielding ray tracing maps, intensity curves as well as focusing conditions which are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data are presented. Akustische Oberflachenwellen werden mittels stroboskopischer Rontgentopographie untersucht. Dazu wird die Synchrotronstrahlung des Speicherrings DORIS benutzt. Der beobachtete Kontrast, der durch die akustische Verschiebung der Netzebenen entsteht, hat die gleiche Periodizitat wie die akustische Welle. Es wird gezeigt, das der Hauptanteil des Kontrastes durch Orientierungs-kontrast der deformierten Netzebenen zustande kommt. Die Intensitatsmaxima entsprechen den Talern der Oberflachenwelle, die Minima den Bergen. Eine numerische Behandlung ermoglicht die Berechnung der Strahlwege und damit die Simulation des Kontrastes. Auserdem erhalt man einen Ausdruck fur den Intensitatsverlauf und Fokussierungsbedingungen, die mit den experimentellen Egebnissen quantitativ ubereinstimmen.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Benutzt et al. as mentioned in this paper measured the diffusion coefficient of cobalt in copper as a function of temperature from 640 to 848 K. The experimental method employed is sputter sectioning of unidirectional diffusion profiles and concentration analysis by either secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or γ-counting of the radioactive 60Co tracer.
Abstract: The diffusion coefficient of cobalt in copper is measured as a function of temperature from 640 to 848 K. The experimental method employed is sputter sectioning of unidirectional diffusion profiles and concentration analysis by either secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or γ-counting of the radioactive 60Co tracer. The effect of limited solubility of cobalt in copper on the evolution of the diffusion profiles is discussed. The diffusion coefficient (in cm2/s) is described by Dco cu = 0.43 exp (−2.22 eV/kT). Der Diffusionskoeffizient von Kobalt in Kupfer wird im Temperaturbereich von 640 bis 848 K gemessen. Benutzt wird fur die Messung die Methode der Schichtentrennung von eindimensionalen Diffusionsprofilen mittels Ionenzerstaubung und die Konzentrationsanalyse durch Sekundarionen-Massenspektrometrie (SIMS) sowie durch Nachweis von radioaktiven 60Co-Traceratomen. Der Einflus der begrenzten Loslichkeit von Kobalt in Kupfer auf die Form der Diffusionsprofile wird diskutiert. Der Diffusionskoeffizient (in cm2/s) wird beschrieben durch DCo Cu = 0,43 exp (−2,22 eV/kT).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the spectral dependence of the optical absorption coefficient is measured by a constant photocurrent method (CPM) on forward-biased Schottky diodes, and the spectral properties of reflection on the semitransparent Pt electrode are determined.
Abstract: The density of states in amorphous hydrogenated silicon is obtained by deconvolution of the optical absorption coefficient a in the full sub band-gap region. The spectral dependence of the optical absorption coefficient is measured by a constant photocurrent method (CPM) on forward-biased Schottky diodes. The spectral dependence of reflection on the semitransparent Pt electrode is determined. All assumptions used in the deconvolution of a are discussed. The difference in measured value of a (by CPM) in the region below approximately 0.9 eV compared to the measurement of α by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) is explained by an absorption process seen in PDS and not seen in CPM. This absorption is supposed to be a transition from a deep localized state to a deep localized gap state (two different charge states of the same defect). [Russian Text Ignored]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Nisi2 is formed by thermal annealing from Nisi and evaporated Si and uniform layers of Nisi, are formed at temperatures between 350 and 425 °C.
Abstract: 2 MeV 4He+ backscattering spectrometry and CuKα X-ray diffraction are used to study Nisi2, formed by thermal annealing from Nisi and evaporated Si. Uniform layers of Nisi, are formed at temperatures between 350 and 425 °C. The thickness of Nisi, formed is proportional to the square root of time at a fixed temperature. This indicates that the growth of Nisi, from evaporated Si is a diffusion-controlled process. The activation energy of this reaction is about 1.65 eV, which is larger than that of regrowth of ion-implanted Nisi, and those of thermal Ni2Si and Nisi formation. The diffusion-controlled process in this case is different from the known result that on single crystal Si the formation of Nisi2 is nucleation-controlled. The dominant moving species in the present Nisi2 formation is Ni, which is identified by implanted Xe or 18O markers initially located inside the Si.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation process of thermal donors in Czochralski-grown silicon crystals at 471.3 °C is studied by means of the optical absorption at a low temperature.
Abstract: The formation process of thermal donors in Czochralski-grown silicon crystals at 471.3 °C is studied by means of the optical absorption at a low temperature. The development of six kinds of thermal donors, termed TD-1 through TD-6, is followed separately. Experimental results obtained are analyzed with the modified Kaiser et al. method. The numbers of oxygen atoms involved in TD-3, TD-4, TD-6, and TD-6 are determined to be 6, 6, 7, and 8, respectively, and those involved in TD-1 and TD-2 are suggested to be 3 and 4, respectively. Der Bildungsprozes von Thermodonatoren in Czochralski-Silizium-Kristallen bei 471,3 °C wird mittels optischer Absorption bei einer tiefen Temperatur untersucht. Die Entwicklung von sechs Arten von Thermodonatoren, TD-1 bis TD-6, wird getrennt verfolgt. Die erhaltenen experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit einer modifizierten Methode von Kaiser et al. analysiert. Die Anzahl der Sauerstoffatome, die an TD-3, TD-4, TD-5 und TD-6 beteiligt sind, wird zu 6, 6, 7 bzw. 8 bestimmt, und es wird angenommen, das an TD-1 und TD-2 3 bzw. 4 beteiligt sind.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wechselspannungs-Elektrolumineszenzdunnfilmdisplays (AC TFD) with MISIM-Struktur (metal insulator-semiconductor-insulator-metal) structure gained much interest by technical and commercial success on the one and novel physical features on the other hand as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Alternating current driven thin film electroluminescence displays (ac TFD) with an MISIM (metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-metal) structure haGe gained much interest by technical and commercial success on the one and novel physical features on the other hand. Because of very recent progress the basics appear now well-established: tunnel emission from interface states, loss-free acceleration, impact excitation and mainly radiative deexcitation of dopants, carrier multiplication, and capture by interface states are the six main processes involved. Experimental evidence can be given for most of them. Afirst time discussion, of the details of time behaviour gives further support to the simple model but clearly points to a necessary further sophistication by taking into account operational inhomogeneities. Wechselspannungs-Elektrolumineszenzdunnfilmdisplays (ac TFD) mit MISIM-Struktur (metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-metal) haben durch den technologischen and kommerziellen Erfolg und interessante physikalische Phanomene viel Interesse erregt. Auf Grundlage kurzlich gewonnener Einsichten scheinen die grundlegenden Vorgange nun mehr gut verstanden zu sein : Tunnelemission aus Grenzflachenzustanden, verlustlose Beschleunigung, Stosanregung der Dotanden und uberwiegend strahlende Ruckkehr in den Grundznstand, Tragermultiplikation und Einfang durch Grenzflachenzustande sind die sechs Grundprozesse in diesen Strukturen. Fur die meisten Prozesse sind uberzengende experimentelle Hinweise vorhanden. Eine erstmals gefuhrte Diskussion des Zeitverhsltens gibt einerseits eine weitere Begrundung des einfachen Modells, zeigt aber andererseits anch die Notwendigkeit weiterer Verfeincrung durch die Berucksichtigung von ‚Betriebsinhomogenitaten’.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a steady state method is represented for the measurement of the thermal conductivity λ and the emissivity e of thin electrically conducting films, which enables measurements of λ with good accuracy even for very small thicknesses down to a lower limit of 10−8 W/K in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K.
Abstract: A steady state method is represented for the measurement of the thermal conductivity λ and the emissivity e of thin electrically conducting films, which enables measurements of λ with good accuracy even for very small thicknesses down to a lower limit of λd ≈ 10−8 W/K in the temperature range from 80 to 400 K. Besides that, the measuring set-up allows the determination of the electrical resistivity ρ, its temperature coefficient β, the thermoelectric power α and, resulting from this, the thermoelectric figure of merit Z. Furthermore, a transient method is described for the determination of the specific heat capacity ρMc and the thermal diffusivity a, respectively. The measurements are performed at thin bismuth films of 20 to 400 nm thickness in the temperature range mentioned above and the results are presented. Es wird eine stationare Methode zur Messung der Warmeleitfahigkeit λ und des Emissionsvermogens e dunner, elektrisch leitender Schichten vorgestellt, mit der λ-Messungen selbst fur sehr geringe Schichtdicken bis zu einem unteren Grenzwert yon λd ≈ 10−8 W/K im Temperaturbereich von 80 bis 400 K mit guter Mesgenauigkeit moglich sind. Daneben gestattet der Mesaufbau die Bestimmung des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstandes ρ, seines Temperaturkoeffizienten, β, der Thermokrttft α und daraus resultierend der thermoelektrischen Effektivitat Z. Daruberhinaus wird eine dynamische Methode zur Bestimmung der spezifischen Warmekapazitat ρMc bzw. Der Temperaturleitfahigkeit a beschrieben. Es werden die Ergebnisse der Messungen an dunnen Bi-Schichten mit Schichtdicken von 20 bis 400 nm im Temperaturbereich von 80 bis 400 K angegeben.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple kinetic model is presented which describes the order-disorder reaction under irradiation, assuming that radiation-induced disordering is opposed by radiation-enhanced reordering.
Abstract: A simple kinetic model is presented which describes the order–disorder reaction under irradiation. The model is based on the Bragg-Williams approximation. It is assumed that radiation-induced disordering is opposed by radiation-enhanced reordering. The ordering process is modeled by a chemical reaction whose elementary step occurs via vacancy jumps. The activation energy of such jumps is a linear function of the degree of order. Compared to the value in disordered material it is higher for a jump contributing to disordering and lower in the opposite case. A set of rate equations is derived which allow to calculate the steady-state vacancy concentrations as a function of the degree of order. The treatment is given in general form applicable to alloys with B2, LI2, and D1a, structure. Details are worked out numerically for B2 and D1a alloys. The results for D1a are compared with those of recent experiments on Ni4Mo. Es wird ein einfaches kinetisches Modell angegeben, das die Ordnungs–Unordnungsumwandlung unter Bestrahlung beschreibt. Das Modell grundet sich auf die Bragg-Williams-Naherung. Es wird angenommen, das der bestrahlungsinduzierten Entordnung eine bestrahlungsverstarkte Ruck-ordnung entgegenwirkt. Die Ordnungseinstellung wird formal uber eine chemische Reaktion be-schrieben, deren Elementarprozes uber Leerstellensprunge ablauft. Die Aktivierungsenergie sol-cher Sprunge ist eine lineare Funktion des Ordnungsgrades. Verglichen zum Wert im ungeord-netem Material ist sie erhoht, wenn der Sprung zur Entordnung beitragt und erniedrigt im umge-kehrten Fall. Es wird ein System von Ratengleichungen abgeleitet, die es gestatten, die shtionaren Leerstellenkonzentrationen als Funktion des Ordnungsgrades zu berechnen. Alle Ausdrucke wer-den in einer allgemeinen Form angegeben, die es erlaubt, sie auf Legierungen mit B2-, L1,- und DIa-Struktur anzuwenden. Numerische Details werden fur Legierungen mit B2- und D1a-Struktur ausgearbeitet. Die Resultate fur die D1a-Struktur werden mit neueren experimentellen Ergebnissen an Ni4Mo verglichen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical absorption coefficient of SnSe thin film was measured at 300 K over the photon energy range 0.8 to 1.3 eV and an exponential 1/T law was observed for each of these variations.
Abstract: Resistivity, Hall effect, and optical absorption coefficient measurements are performed on SnSe evaporated thin films. The resistivity decreases with increasing temperature whereas the Hall mobility and carrier density increase with increasing temperature. An exponential 1/T law is observed for each of these variations. The results are explained in terms of a grain boundary potential barrier mechanism. The optical absorption coefficient is measured at 300 K over the photon energy range 0.8 to 1.3 eV. An analysis of absorption measurements indicates that the SnSe thin film absorption edge is due to allowed direct transitions across an energy gap of about 1.21 eV. Les proprietes de transport et les variations du coefficient d'absorption des couches minces de SnSe ont ete determinees. Quand la temperature croǐt, la resistivite diminue tandis que la mobilite et la concentration de porteurs augmentent. Les variations de ϱ, μ et p obeissent a une loi exponentielle en 1/T. Les resultats ont ete interpretes par le modele de barrieres de potentiel au niveau des joints de grains. Le coefficient d'absorption a ete determine a 300 K dans la region 0,8 a 1,3 eV. L'analyse des resultats obtenus indique que le SnSe en couche mince presente une transition directe avec une largeur de bande interdite de l'ordre de 1,21 eV.


Journal ArticleDOI
T. S. Kě1, P. Cui1, C. M. Su1
TL;DR: In this paper, it is confirmed that the grain-boundary internal friction peak (Kě peak) does not appear in high-purity aluminium (99.991 and 99.999 wt%) single crystals prepared by various procedures.
Abstract: It is confirmed that the grain-boundary internal-friction peak (Kě peak) does not appear in high-purity aluminium (99.991 and 99.999 wt%) single crystals prepared by various procedures. This demonstrates conclusively that the Kě peak is originated by the grain boundaries in aluminium. In the case of 99.991 and 99.999 wt% aluminium single crystals prepared by the dynamic-annealing method, an internal-friction peak is observed for the first time at a temperature about 75 ° C higher than that of the grain-boundary peak when the frequency of vibration is about 1 Hz. This new internal-friction peak does not appear in 99.999 wt% aluminium single crystals prepared by growth with the zone-melting method. This peak seems to be originated by the climbing of dispersive dislocations in aluminium. Es wird bestatigt, das das Maximum der inneren Reibung von Korngrenzen (Kě -peak) in hoch-reinem Aluminium (99,991 und 99,999 Gem.%)-Einkristallen, die nach verschiedenen Verfahren hergestellt werden, nicht auftritt. Dies zeigt schlussig, das der Kě -peak von den Korngrenzen im Aluminium herruhrt. Im Falle von Aluminium(99,991 und 99,999 Gew.%)-Einkristallen, die mit der dynamischen Temperungsmethode behandelt werden, wird ein Maximum der inneren Reibung erstmalig bel einer Temperatur beobachtet, die etwa 75 ° C hoher als die des Korngrenzenmaxi-mums ist, wenn die Schwingungsfrequenz etwa 1 Hz betragt. Dieses neue Maximum der inneren Reibung tritt nicht in Aluminium(99,999 Gew.%)-Einkristallen auf, die mit dem Zonenschmelz-verfahren gezuchtet werden. Das Maximum scheint von dem Klettern disprrsiver Versetzungen in Aluminium zu stammen.

Journal ArticleDOI
S. K. Placheova1
TL;DR: In this article, the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline samples of GeTe-rich side solid solutions (GeTe)1−x·(AgSbTe2)x, for the compositions x = 0.00, 0.10, 0., 15, 20, and 0.29 are investigated.
Abstract: The thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline samples of GeTe-rich side solid solutions (GeTe)1−x·(AgSbTe2)x, for the compositions x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.29 are investigated. The temperature dependences of the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical resistivity and the dependences of the total thermal conductivity at 300 K versus composition are measured. The temperature dependences of the total thermal conductivity and the thermoelectric figure of merit 2 are calculated. The composition with maximum value of 2 is determined as GeTe + 20 mol% AgSbTe2. The reasons for the maximum thermoelectric figure of merit for this composition and for the anomaly changes in the thermoelectric parameters and the sharp increase of Z in the region of phase transitions (OC) are discussed. Die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften von polykristallinen Proben der Mischkristalle (GeTe)1−x·(AgSbTe2)x, nahe der VerbindungGeTemit den Zusammensetzungen x = 0,00; 0,10; 0,15; 0,20 und 0,29 werden untersucht. Die Temperaturabhangigkeiten der Thermospannung und des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstandes und die Abhiingigkeiten der thermischen Leitfahigkeit bei 300 K von der Zusammensetzung werden gemessen. Die Temperatura bhangigkeiten der thermischen Leitfahigkeit und des thermischen Wirkungsgrades Z werden berechnet. Die Zusammensetzung mit dem Maximalwert von Z wird bestimmt zu GeTe + 20 Molyo AgSbTe2. Die Ursachen fur den maximalen Wirkungsgrad bei dieser Zusammensetzung und fur das scharfe Anwachsen von Z im Gebiet der Phesenumwandlung (O5h-C53v) fur alle Zusammensetzungen werden diskutiert.

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TL;DR: In this article, the deformation field of GaAs single crystal wafers with (001) surface orientation is deformed at room temperature by indentation and a strong anisotropic distribution of defects is found by electron microscopical investigations.
Abstract: GaAs single crystal wafers with (001) surface orientation are deformed at room temperature by indentation. In the deformation field a strong anisotropic distribution of defects is found by electron microscopical investigations. The plastic deformation takes place on inclined (111) and (111) planes and (111) and (111) planes, respectively. The deformation on (111) and (111) planes goes over Shockley stacking faults with fault vectors a/6 [211]. During annealing (350 °C, 1 h) the deformation field expands and in some distance from the indentation centre the stacking faults react and series of perfect dislocations with Burgers vector a/2 [110] are created. The deformation on (111) and (111) planes takes place directly by creation of perfect dislocations with Burgers vectors a/2 [110]. The structural defects induced by room temperature deformation can be identified as electrically active centres characterized by an enhanced non-radiative carrier recombination. GaAs Einkristallscheiben mit (001) Oberflachenorientierung werden bei Raumtemperatur mittels Mikroharteeindruck deformiert. Im Deformationsfeld wird eine stark anisotrope Defektverteilung durch elektronenmikroskopische Abbildung nachgewiesen. Die plastische Deformation findet auf den (111)- und (111)-Ebenen bzw. auf den (111)- und (111)-Ebenen statt. Die Deformation auf den (111)- und (111)-Ebenen lauft uber Shockleysche Partialversetzungen mit b = a/6 [211]. Bei der Temperung (350 °C, 1 h) dehnt sich das Deformationsfeld aus und in einiger Entfernung vom Deformationszentrum reagieren die auf parallelen Gleitebenen liegenden Stapelfehler und bilden eine Reihe vollstandiger Versetzungen mit b = a/2 [110]. Die Deformation in den (111)- und (111)-Ebenen geschieht direkt uber die Bildung vollstandiger Versetzungen mit b = a/2 [110]. Die durch Deformation bei Raumtemperatur erzeugten Strukturdefekte konnen als elektrisch aktive Zentren identifiziert werden, die eine strahlungslose Ladungstragerrekombination bewirken.

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TL;DR: The behavior of noble gas atoms implanted in silicon is studied by the luminescence method in this article, which indicates the formation of deep energy levels in the forbidden gap of silicon.
Abstract: The behaviour of noble gas atoms implanted in silicon is studied by the luminescence method. The energy position of Mossbauer-type luminescence bands with zero-phonon lines 1.0148, 1.0120, 1.0097, 1.0048 eV and others connected with implanted atoms of neon, helium, argon, krypton, respectively, indicates the formation of deep energy levels in the forbidden gap of silicon. Implantation of the noble gas isotopes confirms their participation in formation processes of the luminescence centers in silicon. The temperature range of existence and the symmetry of defects incorporating the noble gas atoms are found. It is noted that noble gas atoms form impurity complexes with deep energy levels and their behaviour in crystals does not differ from that of main doped or residual technological impurity atoms. [Russian Text Ignored].

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TL;DR: In this article, conductivity and ESR measurements of a-C:H films obtained by are evaporation of pure graphite rods under the pressure of hydrogen: 13, 66, 133, and 400 Pa, respectively, subsequently annealed in vacuum at different temperatures in the range 300 to 800 °C are examined by de conductivity.
Abstract: Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C : H) films obtained by are evaporation of pure graphite rods under the pressure of hydrogen: 13, 66, 133, and 400 Pa, respectively, subsequently annealed in vacuum at different temperatures in the range 300 to 800 °C are examined by de conductivity and ESR measurements For comparison the same measurements are performed on nonhydrogenated a-C films obtained in the same way in pure argon atmosphere Differences observed for both series of samples are explained by the role of hydrogen incorporated to a-C: H films Hydrierte amorphe Kohlenstoffaufdampfschichten (a-C : H), die im Lichtbogen in einer Wnsserstoff-Atmosphare mit folgenden Drucken: 13; 66; 133 und 400 Pa aus reinen Graphitstabchen aufgedampft werden und danach thermisch in Vakuum im Temperaturbereich von 300 bis 800 °C behandelt werden, werden auf ihre Gleichstromleitfahigkeit und durch ESR-Messungen untersucht Die beobachteten Differenzen fur beide Probenserien werden als Folge des sich in die a-C: H-Schichten einbauenden Wassserstoffs erklart

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TL;DR: Magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of thin tungsten trioxide (a-WO3) films obtained on substrates with different temperatures and annealed in air and vacuum are investigated in this article.
Abstract: Magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of thin tungsten trioxide (a-WO3,) films obtained on substrates with different temperatures and annealed in air and vacuum are investigated. On the basis of these results and recent structural investigations a structure model of the a-WO3, film is given: a spatial network of tightly bounded clusters which are built from hydrated WO6, octahedra. These octahedra contain terminal oxygens and being axially distorted they are the sites for localization of injected electrons. The colour centres formed are paramagnetic (ESR signal from WS+) and their optical absorption is satisfactorily described by the intervalence charge transfer between the localized states of W5+ and W6+ ions. [Russian Text Ignored]

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TL;DR: In this article, the occurrence of different Mn centres in single crystals of ZnSe and ZnS as well as in Zns powder is reinvestigated, and a new axial Mn2+ center in Zs is observed, and the formation of Mn2−Mn2+ pairs is detected not only for Zns but also for Zs.
Abstract: The occurrence of different Mn centres in single crystals of ZnSe and ZnS as well as in ZnS powder is reinvestigated. Besides the well-known centres of single crystals a new axial Mn2+ centre in ZnS is observed, and the formation of Mn2+–Mn2+ pairs is detected not only for ZnS but also for ZnSe. The influence of a Mn doping on the crystalline modification of ZnS powder is proved. Mn2+ centres on cubic and hexagonal sites as well as ones in faulted regions are detected. For the first time EPR results of Mn centres in thin-film structures of ZnS and ZnSe are presented. Das Auftreten von verschiedenen Mn-Zentren in ZnSe- und ZnS-Einkristallen sowie in ZnS-Pulver wird nochmals untersucht. Neben den bekannten Einkristallzentren wird ein neues axiales Mn2+-Zentrum in ZnS beobachtet, und die Bildung von Mn2+-Mn2+-Paaren wird nicht nur fur ZnS, sondern auch fur ZnSe nachgewiesen. Der Einflus einer Mn-Dotierung auf die kristalline Modifikation von ZnS-Pulver wird gezeigt. Mn2+-Zentren auf kubischen und hexagonalen Platzen sowie auf Platzen in fehlgeordneten Bereichen werden nachgewiesen. Erstmalig werden EPR-Ergebnisse uber Mn-Zentren in ZnS- und ZnSe-Dunnfilmstrukturen dargestellt.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the Mott-Schottky plots to determine the donor concentration (ND = 5.5 × 1019 cm−3) and electron affinity (EA = 4.6 eV).
Abstract: Single crystals of CuWO, are grown by the flux method using Na2W2O7 as a flux. Semiconducting n-type behaviour, with an activation energy for the electrical conductivity of ΔE = 0.28 eV is obtained by heating under argon flow. The analysis of the spectral response gives two indirect interband transitions at 2.15 and 2.34 eV. The choice of appropriate equivalent circuit for the CuWO4/0.1 N H2SO4, + 0.5 M KCl interface and of appropriate frequency range enables the determination of the space charge capacity. The corresponding Mott-Schottky plots are used to determine the donor concentration (ND = 5.5 × 1019 cm−3) and electron affinity (EA = 4.6 eV) Photon absorption responsible for the electronic transition at 2.34 eV is probably due to a Cu2+ W6+ charge transfer, although a competing hypothesis involving a O2- . Cu2+ charge transfer cannot by absolutely ruled out. Des monocristaux de CuWO4, ont ete obtenus par une methode de flux utilisant Na2W2O7 comme solvant. Un traitement thermique sous courant d'argon a permis de leur confbrer un comportement semi-conducteur de type n, caracterise par la variation thermique de la conductivite electrique et du pouvoir thermoelectrique. Les electrodes ont ete etudiees dans une solution 0,1 NH2SO4, + 0,5 M KCl. Le trace des courbes de Mott-Schottky a permis de determiner la concentration en donneurs ND = 5.5 × 1019 cm−3) et l'affinite electronique (EA = 4.6 eV). L'etude de la reponse spectrale met en evidence au moins deux transitions, a 2,15 et 2,34 eV. La deuxieme correspond tres probablement au transfert de charge Cu2+ W6+ bien que le rǒle du transfert O2- Cu2+ ne puisse ětre totalement ecarte.

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TL;DR: In this paper, transmission electron microscopy is used to analyze the partial dislocations bounding super-lattice-intrinsic stacking faults (S-ISFs), which are produced when polycrystalline Ni3Al is deformed under tension.
Abstract: Transmission electron microscopy is used to analyze the partial dislocations bounding super-lattice-intrinsic stacking faults (S-ISFs), which are produced when polycrystalline Ni3Al is deformed under tension. The results show that the partials have line directions parallel to 〈110〉 and have (a/3) 〈211〉 Burgers vectors. Most pairs of partials have parallel Burgers vectors, in agreement with similar observations by Takeuchi et al. in compressed Ni3Ga. It is suggested that these S-ISFs are truncated faulted loops. A possible mechanism for the formation of these loops is outlined and some experimental evidence for this mechanism is presented. Die teilweise Verschiebung von Stapelfehlern in uberstrukturgittern (superlattice-intrinsic stacking faults S-ISF) wird mit Hilfe der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie analysiert. Diese uberstruktur entsteht, wenn mehrfachkristallines Ni3Al unter Zugspannung verformt wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Verschiebungen Richtungen parallel zu 〈110〉 aufweisen mit (a/3) 〈211〉 Burgers-Vektoren. Die meisten paarweisen Verschiebungen weisen parallele Burgers-Vektoren auf. Diese Beobachtungen stimmen mit denen von Takeuchi und Mitarbeitern uberein, die in verdichtetem Ni3Ga gemacht wurden. Es wird angenommen, das die S-ISF abgeschnittene Fehlerstellen sind. Ein moglicher Mechanismus fur die Bildung dieser Fehlerstellen wird angegeben, und an Hand von einigen experimentellen Ergebnissen belegt.