Showing papers in "Physical Review Letters in 2008"
TL;DR: A revised Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation is introduced that improves equilibrium properties of densely packed solids and their surfaces.
Abstract: Popular modern generalized gradient approximations are biased toward the description of free-atom energies. Restoration of the first-principles gradient expansion for exchange over a wide range of density gradients eliminates this bias. We introduce a revised Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation that improves equilibrium properties of densely packed solids and their surfaces.
7,797 citations
TL;DR: This work fabricate, characterize, and analyze a MM absorber with a slightly lower predicted A(omega) of 96%.
Abstract: We present the design for an absorbing metamaterial (MM) with near unity absorbance A(omega). Our structure consists of two MM resonators that couple separately to electric and magnetic fields so as to absorb all incident radiation within a single unit cell layer. We fabricate, characterize, and analyze a MM absorber with a slightly lower predicted A(omega) of 96%. Unlike conventional absorbers, our MM consists solely of metallic elements. The substrate can therefore be optimized for other parameters of interest. We experimentally demonstrate a peak A(omega) greater than 88% at 11.5 GHz.
5,550 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that linear junctions between superconductors mediated by the topological insulator form a nonchiral one-dimensional wire for Majorana fermions, and that circuits formed from these junctions provide a method for creating, manipulating, and fusing Majorana bound states.
Abstract: We study the proximity effect between an s-wave superconductor and the surface states of a strong topological insulator. The resulting two-dimensional state resembles a spinless px+ipy superconductor, but does not break time reversal symmetry. This state supports Majorana bound states at vortices. We show that linear junctions between superconductors mediated by the topological insulator form a nonchiral one-dimensional wire for Majorana fermions, and that circuits formed from these junctions provide a method for creating, manipulating, and fusing Majorana bound states.
3,739 citations
TL;DR: Measurements show that mobilities higher than 200 000 cm2/V s are achievable, if extrinsic disorder is eliminated and a sharp (thresholdlike) increase in resistivity observed above approximately 200 K is unexpected but can qualitatively be understood within a model of a rippled graphene sheet in which scattering occurs on intraripple flexural phonons.
Abstract: We have studied temperature dependences of electron transport in graphene and its bilayer and found extremely low electron-phonon scattering rates that set the fundamental limit on possible charge carrier mobilities at room temperature. Our measurements show that mobilities higher than 200 000 cm2/V s are achievable, if extrinsic disorder is eliminated. A sharp (thresholdlike) increase in resistivity observed above approximately 200 K is unexpected but can qualitatively be understood within a model of a rippled graphene sheet in which scattering occurs on intraripple flexural phonons.
3,100 citations
TL;DR: The ternary iron arsenide (BaFe) becomes superconducting by hole doping, which was achieved by partial substitution of the barium site with potassium as mentioned in this paper, which was the first superconductivity discovery.
Abstract: The ternary iron arsenide ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ becomes superconducting by hole doping, which was achieved by partial substitution of the barium site with potassium. We have discovered bulk superconductivity at ${T}_{c}=38\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ in $({\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{K}}_{x}){\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ with $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.4$. The parent compound ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ crystallizes in the tetragonal ${\mathrm{ThCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$-type structure, which consists of $(\mathrm{FeAs}{)}^{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{-}}$ iron arsenide layers separated by ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ ions. ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ is a poor metal and exhibits a spin density wave anomaly at 140 K. By substituting ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ for ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ ions we have introduced holes in the $(\mathrm{FeAs}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ layers, which suppress the anomaly and induce superconductivity. The ${T}_{c}$ of 38 K in $({\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}){\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ is the highest in hole doped iron arsenide superconductors so far. Therefore, we were able to expand this class of superconductors by oxygen-free compounds with the ${\mathrm{ThCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$-type structure.
2,475 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use density functional theory to study how graphene is doped by adsorption on metal substrates and find that weak bonding on Al, Ag, Cu, Au, and Pt, while preserving its unique electronic structure, can still shift the Fermi level with respect to the conical point by 0:5 eV.
Abstract: Making devices with graphene necessarily involves making contacts with metals. We use density functional theory to study how graphene is doped by adsorption on metal substrates and find that weak bonding on Al, Ag, Cu, Au, and Pt, while preserving its unique electronic structure, can still shift the Fermi level with respect to the conical point by 0:5 eV. At equilibrium separations, the crossover from p-type to n-type doping occurs for a metal work function of 5:4 eV, a value much larger than the graphene work function of 4.5 eV. The numerical results for the Fermi level shift in graphene are described very well by a simple analytical model which characterizes the metal solely in terms of its work function, greatly extending their applicability.
2,231 citations
TL;DR: It is shown how, in principle, to construct analogs of quantum Hall edge states in "photonic crystals" made with nonreciprocal (Faraday-effect) media that form "one-way waveguides" that allow electromagnetic energy to flow in one direction only.
Abstract: We show how, in principle, to construct analogs of quantum Hall edge states in "photonic crystals" made with nonreciprocal (Faraday-effect) media. These form "one-way waveguides" that allow electromagnetic energy to flow in one direction only.
2,190 citations
TL;DR: A method for determining the free-energy dependence on a selected number of collective variables using an adaptive bias and the formalism provides a unified description which has metadynamics and canonical sampling as limiting cases.
Abstract: We present a method for determining the free-energy dependence on a selected number of collective variables using an adaptive bias. The formalism provides a unified description which has metadynamics and canonical sampling as limiting cases. Convergence and errors can be rigorously and easily controlled. The parameters of the simulation can be tuned so as to focus the computational effort only on the physically relevant regions of the order parameter space. The algorithm is tested on the reconstruction of an alanine dipeptide free-energy landscape.
2,174 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that a simple gravitational theory can provide a holographically dual description of a superconductor and evidence is found that the condensate consists of pairs of quasiparticles.
Abstract: We show that a simple gravitational theory can provide a holographically dual description of a superconductor There is a critical temperature, below which a charged condensate forms via a second order phase transition and the (dc) conductivity becomes infinite The frequency dependent conductivity develops a gap determined by the condensate We find evidence that the condensate consists of pairs of quasiparticles
2,158 citations
TL;DR: A plasmonic "molecule" consisting of a radiative element coupled with a subradiant (dark) element is theoretically investigated and shows electromagnetic response that closely resembles the electromagnetically induced transparency in an atomic system.
Abstract: A plasmonic "molecule" consisting of a radiative element coupled with a subradiant (dark) element is theoretically investigated. The plasmonic molecule shows electromagnetic response that closely resembles the electromagnetically induced transparency in an atomic system. Because of its subwavelength dimension, this electromagnetically induced transparency-like molecule can be used as a building block to construct a "slow light" plasmonic metamaterial.
2,088 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the newly discovered superconductivity in a nearly magnetic, Fe-based layered compound is unconventional and mediated by antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations, though different from the usual superexchange and specific to this compound.
Abstract: We argue that the newly discovered superconductivity in a nearly magnetic, Fe-based layered compound is unconventional and mediated by antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations, though different from the usual superexchange and specific to this compound. This resulting state is an example of extended s-wave pairing with a sign reversal of the order parameter between different Fermi surface sheets. The main role of doping in this scenario is to lower the density of states and suppress the pair-breaking ferromagnetic fluctuations.
TL;DR: A new universal anisotropy index is introduced that overcomes the above limitations and is applicable to all types of elastic single crystals, and thus fills an important void in the existing literature.
Abstract: Practically all elastic single crystals are anisotropic, which calls for an appropriate universal measure to quantify the extent of anisotropy. A review of the existing anisotropy measures in the literature leads to a conclusion that they lack universality in the sense that they are nonunique and ignore contributions from the bulk part of the elastic stiffness (or compliance) tensor. Proceeding from extremal principles of elasticity, we introduce a new universal anisotropy index that overcomes the above limitations. Furthermore, we establish special relationships between the proposed anisotropy index and the existing anisotropy measures for special cases. A new elastic anisotropy diagram is constructed for over 100 different crystals (from cubic through triclinic), demonstrating that the proposed anisotropy measure is applicable to all types of elastic single crystals, and thus fills an important void in the existing literature.
TL;DR: Graphene yielded a spectrally flat optical absorbance in agreement with a constant absorbance of pialpha, or a sheet conductivity of pie2/2h, predicted within a model of noninteracting massless Dirac fermions, which is explained by including the effects of doping and finite temperature, as well as contributions from intraband transitions.
Abstract: Optical reflectivity and transmission measurements over photon energies between 0.2 and 1.2 eV were performed on single-crystal graphene samples on a ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ substrate. For photon energies above 0.5 eV, graphene yielded a spectrally flat optical absorbance of $(2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)%$. This result is in agreement with a constant absorbance of $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\alpha}$, or a sheet conductivity of $\ensuremath{\pi}{e}^{2}/2h$, predicted within a model of noninteracting massless Dirac fermions. This simple result breaks down at lower photon energies, where both spectral and sample-to-sample variations were observed. This ``nonuniversal'' behavior is explained by including the effects of doping and finite temperature, as well as contributions from intraband transitions.
TL;DR: In this paper, parity-time symmetric periodic potentials are investigated in detail for both one-and two-dimensional lattice geometries, and it is shown that PT periodic structures can exhibit unique characteristics stemming from the nonorthogonality of the associated Floquet-Bloch modes.
Abstract: The possibility of parity-time (PT) symmetric periodic potentials is investigated within the context of optics. Beam dynamics in this new type of optical structures is examined in detail for both one- and two-dimensional lattice geometries. It is shown that PT periodic structures can exhibit unique characteristics stemming from the nonorthogonality of the associated Floquet-Bloch modes. Some of these features include double refraction, power oscillations, and eigenfunction unfolding as well as nonreciprocal diffraction patterns.
TL;DR: The sub-10 nm GNRFETs are comparable to small diameter carbon nanotube FETs with Pd contacts in on-state current density and Ion/Ioff ratio, but have the advantage of producing all-semiconducting devices.
Abstract: Sub-10 nm wide graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors (GNRFETs) are studied systematically. All sub-10 nm GNRs afforded semiconducting FETs without exception, with ${I}_{\mathrm{on}}/{I}_{\mathrm{off}}$ ratio up to ${10}^{6}$ and on-state current density as high as $\ensuremath{\sim}2000\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{A}/\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. We estimated carrier mobility $\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\text{ }\mathrm{s}$ and scattering mean free path $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ in sub-10 nm GNRs. Scattering mechanisms by edges, acoustic phonon, and defects are discussed. The sub-10 nm GNRFETs are comparable to small diameter ($d\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\sim}1.2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$) carbon nanotube FETs with Pd contacts in on-state current density and ${I}_{\mathrm{on}}/{I}_{\mathrm{off}}$ ratio, but have the advantage of producing all-semiconducting devices.
TL;DR: A new type of cloak is discussed: one that gives all cloaked objects the appearance of a flat conducting sheet that has the advantage that none of the parameters of the cloak is singular and can in fact be made isotropic.
Abstract: A new type of cloak is discussed: one that gives all cloaked objects the appearance of a flat conducting sheet. It has the advantage that none of the parameters of the cloak is singular and can in fact be made isotropic. It makes broadband cloaking in the optical frequencies one step closer.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the low-lying entanglement spectrum can be used as a "fingerprint" to identify topological order and is compared with a generic 5/2 state obtained by finite-size diagonalization of the second-Landau-level-projected Coulomb interactions.
Abstract: We study the "entanglement spectrum" (a presentation of the Schmidt decomposition analogous to a set of "energy levels") of a many-body state, and compare the Moore-Read model wave function for the nu=5/2 fractional quantum Hall state with a generic 5/2 state obtained by finite-size diagonalization of the second-Landau-level-projected Coulomb interactions. Their spectra share a common "gapless" structure, related to conformal field theory. In the model state, these are the only levels, while in the "generic" case, they are separated from the rest of the spectrum by a clear "entanglement gap", which appears to remain finite in the thermodynamic limit. We propose that the low-lying entanglement spectrum can be used as a "fingerprint" to identify topological order.
TL;DR: A new method is proposed, detrended cross-correlation analysis, which is a generalization of detrende fluctuation analysis and is based on detrending covariance, designed to investigate power-law cross correlations between different simultaneously recorded time series in the presence of nonstationarity.
Abstract: Here we propose a new method, detrended cross-correlation analysis, which is a generalization of detrended fluctuation analysis and is based on detrended covariance. This method is designed to investigate power-law cross correlations between different simultaneously recorded time series in the presence of nonstationarity. We illustrate the method by selected examples from physics, physiology, and finance.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the multiple spin-fluctuation modes arising from the nesting across the disconnected Fermi surfaces realize an extended s-wave Pairing, while d-wave pairing can also be another candidate.
Abstract: For a newly discovered iron-based high ${T}_{c}$ superconductor ${\mathrm{LaFeAsO}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{F}}_{x}$, we have constructed a minimal model, where inclusion of all five Fe $d$ bands is found to be necessary. The random-phase approximation is applied to the model to investigate the origin of superconductivity. We conclude that the multiple spin-fluctuation modes arising from the nesting across the disconnected Fermi surfaces realize an extended $s$-wave pairing, while $d$-wave pairing can also be another candidate.
TL;DR: It is shown that the TM modes in a gyromagnetic photonic crystal can be formally mapped to electronic wave functions in a periodic electromagnetic field, so that the only requirement for the existence of one-way edge modes is that the Chern number for all bands below a gap is nonzero.
Abstract: We point out that electromagnetic one-way edge modes analogous to quantum Hall edge states, originally predicted by Raghu and Haldane in 2D photonic crystals possessing Dirac point-derived band gaps, can appear in more general settings. We show that the TM modes in a gyromagnetic photonic crystal can be formally mapped to electronic wave functions in a periodic electromagnetic field, so that the only requirement for the existence of one-way edge modes is that the Chern number for all bands below a gap is nonzero. In a square-lattice yttrium-iron-garnet crystal operating at microwave frequencies, which lacks Dirac points, time-reversal breaking is strong enough that the effect should be easily observable. For realistic material parameters, the edge modes occupy a 10% band gap. Numerical simulations of a one-way waveguide incorporating this crystal show 100% transmission across strong defects.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use quantum discord to characterize the correlations present in the model called deterministic quantum computation with one quantum bit (DQC1), introduced by Knill and Laflamme [1998].
Abstract: We use quantum discord to characterize the correlations present in the model called deterministic quantum computation with one quantum bit (DQC1), introduced by Knill and Laflamme [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5672 (1998)]. The model involves a collection of qubits in the completely mixed state coupled to a single control qubit that has nonzero purity. The initial state, operations, and measurements in the model all point to a natural bipartite split between the control qubit and the mixed ones. Although there is no entanglement between these two parts, we show that the quantum discord across this split is nonzero for typical instances of the DQC1 ciruit. Nonzero values of discord indicate the presence of nonclassical correlations. We propose quantum discord as figure of merit for characterizing the resources present in this computational model.
TL;DR: The electronic structure of 5d transition-metal oxide Sr2IrO4 is investigated using angle-resolved photoemission, optical conductivity, x-ray absorption measurements, and first-principles band calculations, suggesting a new class of Jeff quantum spin driven correlated-electron phenomena.
Abstract: We investigated the electronic structure of 5d transition-metal oxide Sr2IrO4 using angle-resolved photoemission, optical conductivity, x-ray absorption measurements, and first-principles band calculations. The system was found to be well described by novel effective total angular momentum Jeff states, in which the relativistic spin-orbit coupling is fully taken into account under a large crystal field. Despite delocalized Ir 5d states, the Jeff states form such narrow bands that even a small correlation energy leads to the Jeff=1/2 Mott ground state with unique electronic and magnetic behaviors, suggesting a new class of Jeff quantum spin driven correlated-electron phenomena.
TL;DR: The resistivity of ultraclean suspended graphene is strongly temperature (T) dependent for 5
Abstract: The resistivity of ultraclean suspended graphene is strongly temperature ($T$) dependent for $5lTl240\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ At $T\ensuremath{\sim}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ transport is near-ballistic in a device of $\ensuremath{\sim}2\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ dimension and a mobility $\ensuremath{\sim}170\text{ }000\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\text{ }\mathrm{s}$ At large carrier density, $ng05\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, the resistivity increases with increasing $T$ and is linear above 50 K, suggesting carrier scattering from acoustic phonons At $T=240\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ the mobility is $\ensuremath{\sim}120\text{ }000\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\text{ }\mathrm{s}$, higher than in any known semiconductor At the charge neutral point we observe a nonuniversal conductivity that decreases with decreasing $T$, consistent with a density inhomogeneity $l{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$
TL;DR: This work describes an explicit algorithm based on spectral optimization of the modularity and shows that it gives demonstrably better results than previous methods on a variety of test networks, both real and computer generated.
Abstract: We consider the problem of finding communities or modules in directed networks. In the past, the most common approach to this problem has been to ignore edge direction and apply methods developed for community discovery in undirected networks, but this approach discards potentially useful information contained in the edge directions. Here we show how the widely used community finding technique of modularity maximization can be generalized in a principled fashion to incorporate information contained in edge directions. We describe an explicit algorithm based on spectral optimization of the modularity and show that it gives demonstrably better results than previous methods on a variety of test networks, both real and computer generated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of nonlinearity on beam dynamics in parity-time (PT) symmetric potentials was investigated and a novel class of one-and two-dimensional nonlinear self-trapped modes were shown to be stable over a wide range of potential parameters.
Abstract: We investigate the effect of nonlinearity on beam dynamics in parity-time (PT) symmetric potentials. We show that a novel class of one- and two-dimensional nonlinear self-trapped modes can exist in optical PT synthetic lattices. These solitons are shown to be stable over a wide range of potential parameters. The transverse power flow within these complex solitons is also examined.
TL;DR: This work attempts to generalize the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence to nonrelativistic conformal field theories which are invariant under Galilean transformations, and constructs a family of metrics which realize these symmetries as isometries.
Abstract: We attempt to generalize the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence to nonrelativistic conformal field theories which are invariant under Galilean transformations. Such systems govern ultracold atoms at unitarity, nucleon scattering in some channels, and, more generally, a family of universality classes of quantum critical behavior. We construct a family of metrics which realize these symmetries as isometries. They are solutions of gravity with a negative cosmological constant coupled to pressureless dust. We discuss realizations of the dust, which include a bulk superconductor. We develop the holographic dictionary and find two-point correlators of the correct form. A strange aspect of the correspondence is that the bulk geometry has two extra noncompact dimensions.
TL;DR: The band-gap problem and other systematic failures of approximate exchange-correlation functionals are explained from an analysis of total energy for fractional charges and identifies the physical nature of the error to be addressed to obtain accurate band gaps from density functional theory.
Abstract: The band-gap problem and other systematic failures of approximate exchange-correlation functionals are explained from an analysis of total energy for fractional charges. The deviation from the correct intrinsic linear behavior in finite systems leads to delocalization and localization errors in large and bulk systems. Functionals whose energy is convex for fractional charges such as the local density approximation display an incorrect apparent linearity in the bulk limit, due to the delocalization error. Concave functionals also have an incorrect apparent linearity in the bulk calculation, due to the localization error and imposed symmetry. This resolves an apparent paradox and identifies the physical nature of the error to be addressed to obtain accurate band gaps from density functional theory.
TL;DR: LaFeAs(O,F) is in a unique class of high T(c) superconductors: high N(E(F))) ionic metals near magnetism.
Abstract: Density functional studies of 26 K superconducting LaFeAs(O,F) are reported. We find a low carrier density, high density of states, $N({E}_{F})$, and modest phonon frequencies relative to ${T}_{c}$. The high $N({E}_{F})$ leads to proximity to itinerant magnetism, with competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic fluctuations and the balance between these controlled by the doping level. Thus LaFeAs(O,F) is in a unique class of high ${T}_{c}$ superconductors: high $N({E}_{F})$ ionic metals near magnetism.
TL;DR: Experimental evidence of sharp spectral features in the optical response of 2D arrays of gold nanorods is presented, and a simple coupled dipole model is used to describe the main features of the observed spectral line shape.
Abstract: We present experimental evidence of sharp spectral features in the optical response of 2D arrays of gold nanorods. A simple coupled dipole model is used to describe the main features of the observed spectral line shape. The resonance involves an interplay between the excitation of plasmons localized on the particles and diffraction resulting from the scattering by the periodic arrangement of these particles. We investigate this interplay by varying the particle size, aspect ratio, and interparticle spacing, and observe the effect on the position, width, and intensity of the sharp spectral feature.
TL;DR: A measurement using a one-electron quantum cyclotron gave the electron magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons, g/2=1.001 159 652 180 73 (28) [0.28 ppt], with an uncertainty 2.7 and 15 times smaller than for previous measurements in 2006 and 1987.
Abstract: A measurement using a one-electron quantum cyclotron gives the electron magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons, g/2=1.001 159 652 180 73 (28) [0.28 ppt], with an uncertainty 2.7 and 15 times smaller than for previous measurements in 2006 and 1987. The electron is used as a magnetometer to allow line shape statistics to accumulate, and its spontaneous emission rate determines the correction for its interaction with a cylindrical trap cavity. The new measurement and QED theory determine the fine structure constant, with alpha{-1}=137.035 999 084 (51) [0.37 ppb], and an uncertainty 20 times smaller than for any independent determination of alpha.