Showing papers in "Physical Review Letters in 2012"
TL;DR: It is shown that inversion symmetry breaking together with spin-orbit coupling leads to coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides, making possible controls ofspin and valley in these 2D materials.
Abstract: We show that inversion symmetry breaking together with spin-orbit coupling leads to coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides, making possible controls of spin and valley in these 2D materials The spin-valley coupling at the valence-band edges suppresses spin and valley relaxation, as flip of each index alone is forbidden by the valley-contrasting spin splitting Valley Hall and spin Hall effects coexist in both electron-doped and hole-doped systems Optical interband transitions have frequency-dependent polarization selection rules which allow selective photoexcitation of carriers with various combination of valley and spin indices Photoinduced spin Hall and valley Hall effects can generate long lived spin and valley accumulations on sample boundaries The physics discussed here provides a route towards the integration of valleytronics and spintronics in multivalley materials with strong spin-orbit coupling and inversion symmetry breaking
3,986 citations
TL;DR: Here it is provided compelling evidence, from both structural and electronic properties, for the synthesis of epitaxial silicene sheets on a silver substrate, through the combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in conjunction with calculations based on density functional theory.
Abstract: Because of its unique physical properties, graphene, a 2D honeycomb arrangement of carbon atoms, has attracted tremendous attention. Silicene, the graphene equivalent for silicon, could follow this trend, opening new perspectives for applications, especially due to its compatibility with Si-based electronics. Silicene has been theoretically predicted as a buckled honeycomb arrangement of Si atoms and having an electronic dispersion resembling that of relativistic Dirac fermions. Here we provide compelling evidence, from both structural and electronic properties, for the synthesis of epitaxial silicene sheets on a silver (111) substrate, through the combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in conjunction with calculations based on density functional theory.
3,299 citations
TL;DR: The Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment has measured a nonzero value for the neutrino mixing angle θ(13) with a significance of 5.2 standard deviations.
Abstract: The Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment has measured a nonzero value for the neutrino mixing angle θ13 with a significance of 5.2 standard deviations. Antineutrinos from six 2.9 GW_(th) reactors were detected in six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (flux-weighted baseline 470 m and 576 m) and one far (1648 m) underground experimental halls. With a 43 000 ton–GW_(th)–day live-time exposure in 55 days, 10 416 (80 376) electron-antineutrino candidates were detected at the far hall (near halls). The ratio of the observed to expected number of antineutrinos at the far hall is R=0.940± 0.011(stat.)±0.004(syst.). A rate-only analysis finds sin^22θ_(13)=0.092±0.016(stat.)±0.005(syst.) in a three-neutrino framework.
2,163 citations
TL;DR: The RENO experiment has observed the disappearance of reactor electron antineutrinos, consistent with neutrino oscillations, with a significance of 4.9 standard deviations.
Abstract: The RENO experiment has observed the disappearance of reactor electron antineutrinos, consistent with neutrino oscillations, with a significance of 4.9 standard deviations. Antineutrinos from six $2.8\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GW}}_{\mathrm{th}}$ reactors at the Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, are detected by two identical detectors located at 294 and 1383 m, respectively, from the reactor array center. In the 229 d data-taking period between 11 August 2011 and 26 March 2012, the far (near) detector observed 17102 (154088) electron antineutrino candidate events with a background fraction of 5.5% (2.7%). The ratio of observed to expected numbers of antineutrinos in the far detector is $0.920\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014(\mathrm{syst})$. From this deficit, we determine ${sin }^{2}2{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}=0.113\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.019(\mathrm{syst})$ based on a rate-only analysis.
1,979 citations
TL;DR: A machine learning model is introduced to predict atomization energies of a diverse set of organic molecules, based on nuclear charges and atomic positions only, and applicability is demonstrated for the prediction of molecular atomization potential energy curves.
Abstract: We introduce a machine learning model to predict atomization energies of a diverse set of organic molecules, based on nuclear charges and atomic positions only. The problem of solving the molecular Schrodinger equation is mapped onto a nonlinear statistical regression problem of reduced complexity. Regression models are trained on and compared to atomization energies computed with hybrid density- functional theory. Cross validation over more than seven thousand organic molecules yields a mean absolute error of � 10 kcal=mol. Applicability is demonstrated for the prediction of molecular atomization potential energy curves.
1,755 citations
TL;DR: The results show that long-distance quantum cryptography over say 200 km will remain secure even with seriously flawed detectors, and the key generation rate is many orders of magnitude higher than that based on full device independent QKD.
Abstract: How to remove detector side channel attacks has been a notoriously hard problem in quantum cryptography. Here, we propose a simple solution to this problem--measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (QKD). It not only removes all detector side channels, but also doubles the secure distance with conventional lasers. Our proposal can be implemented with standard optical components with low detection efficiency and highly lossy channels. In contrast to the previous solution of full device independent QKD, the realization of our idea does not require detectors of near unity detection efficiency in combination with a qubit amplifier (based on teleportation) or a quantum nondemolition measurement of the number of photons in a pulse. Furthermore, its key generation rate is many orders of magnitude higher than that based on full device independent QKD. The results show that long-distance quantum cryptography over say 200 km will remain secure even with seriously flawed detectors.
1,699 citations
Columbia University1, University of Amsterdam2, University of California, Los Angeles3, University of Coimbra4, University of Zurich5, University of Mainz6, University of Münster7, University of Nantes8, Weizmann Institute of Science9, Shanghai Jiao Tong University10, University of Bologna11, Max Planck Society12, Purdue University13, Rice University14
TL;DR: A search for particle dark matter with the XENON100 experiment, operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso for 13 months during 2011 and 2012, has yielded no evidence for dark matter interactions.
Abstract: We report on a search for particle dark matter with the XENON100 experiment, operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) for 13 months during 2011 and 2012. XENON100 features an ultra-low electromagnetic background of (5.3\pm0.6)\times10^-3 events (kg day keVee)^-1 in the energy region of interest. A blind analysis of 224.6 live days \times 34 kg exposure has yielded no evidence for dark matter interactions. The two candidate events observed in the pre-defined nuclear recoil energy range of 6.6-30.5 keVnr are consistent with the background expectation of (1.0 \pm 0.2) events. A Profile Likelihood analysis using a 6.6-43.3 keVnr energy range sets the most stringent limit on the spin-independent elastic WIMP-nucleon scattering cross section for WIMP masses above 8 GeV/c^2, with a minimum of 2 \times 10^-45 cm^2 at 55 GeV/c^2 and 90% confidence level.
1,624 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that two-dimensional, epitaxial silicene forms through surface segregation on zirconium diboride thin films grown on Si wafers and that the buckling and thus the electronic properties of silicenes are modified by epitaxials strain.
Abstract: As the Si counterpart of graphene, silicene may be defined as an at least partially $s{p}^{2}$-hybridized, atom-thick honeycomb layer of Si that possesses $\ensuremath{\pi}$-electronic bands. Here we show that two-dimensional, epitaxial silicene forms through surface segregation on zirconium diboride thin films grown on Si wafers. A particular buckling of silicene induced by the epitaxial relationship with the diboride surface leads to a direct $\ensuremath{\pi}$-electronic band gap at the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point. These results demonstrate that the buckling and thus the electronic properties of silicene are modified by epitaxial strain.
1,459 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the SHE torque also affects current-driven magnetic domain wall motion in Pt/ferromagnet bilayers and can enable memory and logic devices with similar critical currents and improved reliability compared to conventional spin-torque switching.
Abstract: We show that in a perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co bilayer the spin-Hall effect (SHE) in Pt can produce a spin torque strong enough to efficiently rotate and switch the Co magnetization. We calculate the phase diagram of switching driven by this torque, finding quantitative agreement with experiments. When optimized, the SHE torque can enable memory and logic devices with similar critical currents and improved reliability compared to conventional spin-torque switching. We suggest that the SHE torque also affects current-driven magnetic domain wall motion in Pt/ferromagnet bilayers.
1,455 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the pseudorelativistic physics of graphene near the Fermi level can be extended to three dimensional materials and β-cristobalite BiO(2) is metastable, so it can be physically realized as a 3D analog to graphene.
Abstract: We show that the pseudorelativistic physics of graphene near the Fermi level can be extended to three dimensional (3D) materials. Unlike in phase transitions from inversion symmetric topological to normal insulators, we show that particular space groups also allow 3D Dirac points as symmetry protected degeneracies. We provide criteria necessary to identify these groups and, as an example, present ab initio calculations of β-cristobalite BiO(2) which exhibits three Dirac points at the Fermi level. We find that β-cristobalite BiO(2) is metastable, so it can be physically realized as a 3D analog to graphene.
1,328 citations
TL;DR: The Double Chooz experiment presents an indication of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance consistent with neutrino oscillations, and an observed-to-predicted ratio of events of 0.944±0.016 and a deficit can be interpreted as a nonzero value of the still unmeasured neutrinos mixing parameter sin(2)2θ(13).
Abstract: The Double Chooz experiment presents an indication of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance consistent with neutrino oscillations. An observed-to-predicted ratio of events of 0.944±0.016(stat)±0.040(syst) was obtained in 101 days of running at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France, with two 4.25GWth reactors. The results were obtained from a single 10m3 fiducial volume detector located 1050 m from the two reactor cores. The reactor antineutrino flux prediction used the Bugey4 flux measurement after correction for differences in core composition. The deficit can be interpreted as an indication of a nonzero value of the still unmeasured neutrino mixing parameter sin22θ13. Analyzing both the rate of the prompt positrons and their energy spectrum, we find sin22θ13=0.086±0.041(stat)±0.030(syst), or, at 90% C.L., 0.017
TL;DR: It is shown that the screening and the many-body vdW energy play a significant role even for rather small molecules, becoming crucial for an accurate treatment of conformational energies for biomolecules and binding of molecular crystals.
Abstract: An efficient method is developed for the microscopic description of the frequency-dependent polarizability of finite-gap molecules and solids. This is achieved by combining the Tkatchenko-Scheffler van der Waals (vdW) method [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 073005 (2009)] with the self-consistent screening equation of classical electrodynamics. This leads to a seamless description of polarization and depolarization for the polarizability tensor of molecules and solids. The screened long-range many-body vdW energy is obtained from the solution of the Schrodinger equation for a system of coupled oscillators. We show that the screening and the many-body vdW energy play a significant role even for rather small molecules, becoming crucial for an accurate treatment of conformational energies for biomolecules and binding of molecular crystals. The computational cost of the developed theory is negligible compared to the underlying electronic structure calculation.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that 100% light absorption can take place in a single patterned sheet of doped graphene, relevant for infrared light detectors and sources, which can be made tunable via electrostatic doping of graphene.
Abstract: We demonstrate that 100% light absorption can take place in a single patterned sheet of doped graphene. General analysis shows that a planar array of small particles with losses exhibits full absorption under critical-coupling conditions provided the cross section of each individual particle is comparable to the area of the lattice unit cell. Specifically, arrays of doped graphene nanodisks display full absorption when supported on a substrate under total internal reflection and also when lying on a dielectric layer coating a metal. Our results are relevant for infrared light detectors and sources, which can be made tunable via electrostatic doping of graphene.
TL;DR: A new technique to generate scattering amplitudes at one loop using tensor-integral and Ossola-Papadopoulos-Pittau reduction results in a fully flexible, very fast, and numerically stable one-loop generator.
Abstract: We introduce a new technique to generate scattering amplitudes at one loop. Traditional tree algorithms, which handle diagrams with fixed momenta, are promoted to generators of loop-momentum polynomials that we call open loops. Combining open loops with tensor-integral and Ossola-Papadopoulos-Pittau reduction results in a fully flexible, very fast, and numerically stable one-loop generator. As demonstrated with nontrivial applications, the open-loop approach will permit us to obtain precise predictions for a very wide range of collider processes.
TL;DR: The research suggests that striving to achieve band degeneracy by means of compositional variations is an effective strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of these materials.
Abstract: Mg(2)Si and Mg(2)Sn are indirect band gap semiconductors with two low-lying conduction bands (the lower mass and higher mass bands) that have their respective band edges reversed in the two compounds. Consequently, for some composition x, Mg(2)Si(1-x)Sn(x) solid solutions must display a convergence in energy of the two conduction bands. Since Mg(2)Si(1-x)Sn(x) solid solutions are among the most prospective of the novel thermoelectric materials, we aim on exploring the influence of such a band convergence (valley degeneracy) on the Seebeck coefficient and thermoelectric properties in a series of Mg(2)Si(1-x)Sn(x) solid solutions uniformly doped with Sb. Transport measurements carried out from 4 to 800 K reveal a progressively increasing Seebeck coefficient that peaks at x=0.7. At this concentration the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT reaches exceptionally large values of 1.3 near 700 K. Our first principles calculations confirm that at the Sn content x≈0.7 the two conduction bands coincide in energy. We explain the high Seebeck coefficient and ZT values as originating from an enhanced density-of-states effective mass brought about by the increased valley degeneracy as the two conduction bands cross over. We corroborate the increase in the density-of-states effective mass by measurements of the low temperature specific heat. The research suggests that striving to achieve band degeneracy by means of compositional variations is an effective strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of these materials.
TL;DR: One of these materials, 6,6,12-graphyne, does not have hexagonal symmetry and features two self-doped nonequivalent distorted Dirac cones suggesting electronic properties even more amazing than that of graphene.
Abstract: The existence of Dirac cones in the band structure of two-dimensional materials accompanied by unprecedented electronic properties is considered to be a unique feature of graphene related to its hexagonal symmetry. Here, we present other two-dimensional carbon materials, graphynes, that also possess Dirac cones according to first-principles electronic structure calculations. One of these materials, 6,6,12-graphyne, does not have hexagonal symmetry and features two self-doped nonequivalent distorted Dirac cones suggesting electronic properties even more amazing than that of graphene.
TL;DR: It is shown that TMDs can be doped by filling the vacancies created by the electron beam with impurity atoms, and this results shed light on the radiation response of a system with reduced dimensionality, but also suggest new ways for engineering the electronic structure of T MDs.
Abstract: Using first-principles atomistic simulations, we study the response of atomically thin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)--a new class of two-dimensional inorganic materials with unique electronic properties--to electron irradiation. We calculate displacement threshold energies for atoms in 21 different compounds and estimate the corresponding electron energies required to produce defects. For a representative structure of MoS2, we carry out high-resolution transmission electron microscopy experiments and validate our theoretical predictions via observations of vacancy formation under exposure to an 80 keV electron beam. We further show that TMDs can be doped by filling the vacancies created by the electron beam with impurity atoms. Thereby, our results not only shed light on the radiation response of a system with reduced dimensionality, but also suggest new ways for engineering the electronic structure of TMDs.
TL;DR: This work shows that the isotropic fluid phase separates well below close packing and exhibits the large number fluctuations and clustering found ubiquitously in active systems.
Abstract: We study numerically and analytically a model of self-propelled polar disks on a substrate in two dimensions. The particles interact via isotropic repulsive forces and are subject to rotational noise, but there is no aligning interaction. As a result, the system does not exhibit an ordered state. The isotropic fluid phase separates well below close packing and exhibits the large number fluctuations and clustering found ubiquitously in active systems. Our work shows that this behavior is a generic property of systems that are driven out of equilibrium locally, as for instance by self-propulsion.
TL;DR: The significance for proposed atomic experiments is that local measurements will show a large but nonthermal entropy in the many-body localized state, which develops slowly over a diverging time scale as in glassy systems.
Abstract: An important and incompletely answered question is whether a closed quantum system of many interacting particles can be localized by disorder. The time evolution of simple (unentangled) initial states is studied numerically for a system of interacting spinless fermions in one dimension described by the random-field $XXZ$ Hamiltonian. Interactions induce a dramatic change in the propagation of entanglement and a smaller change in the propagation of particles. For even weak interactions, when the system is thought to be in a many-body localized phase, entanglement shows neither localized nor diffusive behavior but grows without limit in an infinite system: interactions act as a singular perturbation on the localized state with no interactions. The significance for proposed atomic experiments is that local measurements will show a large but nonthermal entropy in the many-body localized state. This entropy develops slowly (approximately logarithmically) over a diverging time scale as in glassy systems.
TL;DR: It is shown that, in the entire two-parameter family of actions, the Hamiltonian constraint is maintained at the complete nonlinear level and this implies the absence of the pathological Boulware-Deser ghost to all orders.
Abstract: We analyze the ghost issue in the recently proposed models of nonlinear massive gravity in the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formalism. We show that, in the entire two-parameter family of actions, the Hamiltonian constraint is maintained at the complete nonlinear level and we argue for the existence of a nontrivial secondary constraint. This implies the absence of the pathological Boulware-Deser ghost to all orders. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the existence of a consistent theory of massive gravity at the complete nonlinear level, in four dimensions.
TL;DR: It is remarkable that a topological quantum phase transition can be induced simply by changing electric field in a single silicene sheet.
Abstract: Silicene is a monolayer of silicon atoms forming a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, which shares almost every remarkable property with graphene. The low-energy structure of silicene is described by Dirac electrons with relatively large spin-orbit interactions due to its buckled structure. The key observation is that the band structure is controllable by applying electric field to silicene. We explore the phase diagram of silicene together with exchange field M and by applying electric field E(z). A quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulator, valley polarized metal (VPM), marginal valley polarized metal (M-VPM), quantum spin Hall insulator, and band insulator appear. They are characterized by the Chern numbers and/or by the edge modes of a nanoribbon. It is intriguing that electrons have been moved from a conduction band at the K point to a valence band at the K' point for E(z) > 0 in the VPM. We find in the QAH phase that almost flat gapless edge modes emerge and that spins form a momentum-space Skyrmion to yield the Chern number. It is remarkable that a topological quantum phase transition can be induced simply by changing electric field in a single silicene sheet.
TL;DR: It is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that one-dimensional quasicrystals are assigned two-dimensional Chern numbers and, respectively, exhibit topologically protected boundary states equivalent to the edge states of a two- dimensional quantum Hall system.
Abstract: The unrelated discoveries of quasicrystals and topological insulators have in turn challenged prevailing paradigms in condensed-matter physics. We find a surprising connection between quasicrystals and topological phases of matter: (i) quasicrystals exhibit nontrivial topological properties and (ii) these properties are attributed to dimensions higher than that of the quasicrystal. Specifically, we show, both theoretically and experimentally, that one-dimensional quasicrystals are assigned two-dimensional Chern numbers and, respectively, exhibit topologically protected boundary states equivalent to the edge states of a two-dimensional quantum Hall system. We harness the topological nature of these states to adiabatically pump light across the quasicrystal. We generalize our results to higher-dimensional systems and other topological indices. Hence, quasicrystals offer a new platform for the study of topological phases while their topology may better explain their surface properties.
TL;DR: The many-body perturbation and advanced density-functional theory techniques are used to calculate the interlayer binding and exfoliation energies for a large number of layered compounds and show that, independent of the electronic structure of the material, the energies for most systems are around 20 meV/Å2.
Abstract: Although the precise microscopic knowledge of van der Waals interactions is crucial for understanding bonding in weakly bonded layered compounds, very little quantitative information on the strength of interlayer interaction in these materials is available, either from experiments or simulations. Here, using many-body perturbation and advanced density-functional theory techniques, we calculate the interlayer binding and exfoliation energies for a large number of layered compounds and show that, independent of the electronic structure of the material, the energies for most systems are around $20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{meV}/{\AA{}}^{2}$. This universality explains the successful exfoliation of a wide class of layered materials to produce two-dimensional systems, and furthers our understanding the properties of layered compounds in general.
TL;DR: This work presents the most general covariant ghost-free gravitational action in a Minkowski vacuum and includes a large class of nonlocal actions with improved UV behavior, which nevertheless recover Einstein's general relativity in the IR.
Abstract: We present the most general covariant ghost-free gravitational action in a Minkowski vacuum. Apart from the much studied f(R) models, this includes a large class of non-local actions with improved UV behavior, which nevertheless recover Einstein's general relativity in the IR.
TL;DR: The experimental results are reproduced mathematically by a chemotactic aggregation mechanism, originally introduced to account for bacterial aggregation and accounting here for diffusiophoretic chemical interaction between colloidal swimmers.
Abstract: In this Letter, we explore experimentally the phase behavior of a dense active suspension of self-propelled colloids. In addition to a solidlike and gaslike phase observed for high and low densities, a novel cluster phase is reported at intermediate densities. This takes the form of a stationary assembly of dense aggregates---resulting from a permanent dynamical merging and separation of active colloids---whose average size grows with activity as a linear function of the self-propelling velocity. While different possible scenarios can be considered to account for these observations---such as a generic velocity weakening instability recently put forward---we show that the experimental results are reproduced mathematically by a chemotactic aggregation mechanism, originally introduced to account for bacterial aggregation and accounting here for diffusiophoretic chemical interaction between colloidal swimmers.
TL;DR: From momentum distribution and momentum-resolved radio-frequency spectroscopy, the change of fermion population in different helicity branches consistent with a finite temperature calculation is observed, which indicates that a Lifshitz transition of the Fermi surface topology change can be found by further cooling the system.
Abstract: In this Letter, we report the first experimental realization and investigation of a spin-orbit coupled Fermi gas. Both spin dephasing in spin dynamics and momentum distribution asymmetry of the equilibrium state are observed as hallmarks of spin-orbit coupling in a Fermi gas. The single particle dispersion is mapped out by using momentum-resolved radio-frequency spectroscopy. From momentum distribution and momentum-resolved radio-frequency spectroscopy, we observe the change of fermion population in different helicity branches consistent with a finite temperature calculation, which indicates that a Lifshitz transition of the Fermi surface topology change can be found by further cooling the system.
TL;DR: By achieving an indirect interband photonic transition, it is shown that the transmission coefficients between two single-mode waveguides become dependent on the propagation directions only in the presence of the electrical drive.
Abstract: We demonstrate electrically driven nonreciprocity on a silicon chip. By achieving an indirect interband photonic transition, we show that the transmission coefficients between two single-mode waveguides become dependent on the propagation directions only in the presence of the electrical drive. Our structure is characterized by a nonsymmetric scattering matrix identical to a linear magneto-optical device.
TL;DR: The coupling of the spin of electrons to their motional state lies at the heart of recently discovered topological phases of matter and the spin-orbit gap is revealed via spin-injection spectroscopy, which characterizes the energy-momentum dispersion and spin composition of the quantum states.
Abstract: The coupling of the spin of electrons to their motional state lies at the heart of recently discovered topological phases of matter. Here we create and detect spin-orbit coupling in an atomic Fermi gas, a highly controllable form of quantum degenerate matter. We directly reveal the spin-orbit gap via spin-injection spectroscopy, which characterizes the energy-momentum dispersion and spin composition of the quantum states. For energies within the spin-orbit gap, the system acts as a spin diode. We also create a spin-orbit coupled lattice and probe its spinful band structure, which features additional spin gaps and a fully gapped spectrum. In the presence of s-wave interactions, such systems should display induced p-wave pairing, topological superfluidity, and Majorana edge states.
TL;DR: By coiling up space using curled perforations, a two-dimensional acoustic metamaterial can be constructed to give a frequency dispersive spectrum of extreme constitutive parameters, including double negativity, a density near zero, and a large refractive index.
Abstract: We show that by coiling up space using curled perforations, a two-dimensional acoustic metamaterial can be constructed to give a frequency dispersive spectrum of extreme constitutive parameters, including double negativity, a density near zero, and a large refractive index. Such an approach has band foldings at the effective medium regime without using local resonating subwavelength structures, while the principle can be easily generalized to three dimensions. Negative refraction with a double negative prism and tunneling with a density-near-zero metamaterial are numerically demonstrated.
TL;DR: In this article, the BaBar data sample was used to investigate the sensitivity of BaBar ratios to new physics contributions in the form of a charged Higgs boson in the type II two-Higgs doublet model.
Abstract: Based on the full BaBar data sample, we report improved measurements of the ratios R(D(*)) = B(B -> D(*) Tau Nu)/B(B -> D(*) l Nu), where l is either e or mu. These ratios are sensitive to new physics contributions in the form of a charged Higgs boson. We measure R(D) = 0.440 +- 0.058 +- 0.042 and R(D*) = 0.332 +- 0.024 +- 0.018, which exceed the Standard Model expectations by 2.0 sigma and 2.7 sigma, respectively. Taken together, our results disagree with these expectations at the 3.4 sigma level. This excess cannot be explained by a charged Higgs boson in the type II two-Higgs-doublet model. We also report the observation of the decay B -> D Tau Nu, with a significance of 6.8 sigma.