Showing papers in "Physical Science International Journal in 2019"
TL;DR: The theoretically justified information approach can be considered as an additional look at the Hubble constant tension and will help to understand the current situation and identify possible specific ways to solve it.
Abstract: Aims: The purpose of this work is to formulate the theoretically justified information approach to analyze different methods of measuring Hubble’s constant, and to verify their advantages and disadvantages. Place and Duration of Study: Mechanical & Refrigeration Consultation Expert, between June 2019 and November 2019. Methodology: Due to the fact that any measurement model contains a certain amount of information about the studied object, comparative uncertainty is introduced, by which the least achievable relative uncertainty when measuring the Hubble constant is calculated. Results: The experimental results of measuring the Hubble constant presented in the scientific literature are analyzed using the proposed information approach. Conclusion: The information approach can be considered as an additional look at the Hubble constant tension. Most likely, this will help to understand the current situation and identify possible specific ways to solve it. Original Research Article Menin; PSIJ, 23(4): 1-15, 2019; Article no.PSIJ.53396 2
14 citations
TL;DR: Njok and Ogbulezie as mentioned in this paper investigated the effect of temperature and relative humidity on photovoltaics installed close to Calabar River to evaluate their performance and found that voltage remains fairly stable between 65% to 75% relative humidity humidity and 33°C to 43°C (panel temperature).
Abstract: The effect of temperature and relative humidity on photovoltaics installed close to Calabar River was investigated to evaluate their performance. The data used in the research was obtained by in-situ measurement approach using a KT-908 precision digital hygrometer and thermometer, and a M890C + digital multimeter. The result obtained shows a strong negative correlation for current, efficiency and relative humidity which indicates that high relative humidity adversely affects the performance of the photovoltaic. The results also show that voltage remains fairly stable between 65% to 75% relative humidity humidity and 33°C to 43°C (panel temperature), while efficiency increases with temperature up to the maximum Original Research Article Njok and Ogbulezie; PSIJ, 20(4): 1-11, 2018; Article no.PSIJ.44760 2 operating temperature of the photovoltaic module before starting to decrease. Peak in efficiency was observed at a relative humidity value of 65% and module temperature of about 47°C at noon.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze differences between theoretical elements of the Standard Model electroweak theory and corresponding properties of a dipole-dipole weak interaction theory, and demonstrate the existence of fundamental errors in the standard model and the advantage of the dipoledipsole weak interactions theory.
Abstract: This paper analyzes differences between theoretical elements of the Standard Model electroweak theory and corresponding properties of a dipole-dipole weak interaction theory. The analysis relies on a number of self-evident criteria that are valid for quantum theories. The results demonstrate the existence of fundamental errors in the electroweak theory and the advantage of the dipole-dipole weak interaction theory.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model is proposed for Osun State monthly rainfall data and the analysis was based on probability time series modeling approach.
Abstract: The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model is proposed for Osun State monthly rainfall data and the analysis was based on probability time series modeling approach. The Plot of the original data shows that the time series is stationary and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test did not suggest otherwise. The graph further displays evidence of seasonality and it was removed by seasonal differencing. The plots of the ACF and PACF show spikes at seasonal lags respectively, suggesting SARIMA (1, 0, 1) (2, 1, 1). Though the diagnostic check on the model favoured the fitted model, the Auto Regressive parameter was found to be statistically insignificant and this led to a reduced SARIMA (1, 0, 1) (1, 1, 1) model that best fit the data and was used to make forecast.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of the generally parabolic law of nonlinearity on the evolution of the energy of super-sech soliton dynamics was studied using the Lagrangian Variational Method (LVM).
Abstract: Aims/ Objectives: This paper studies the impact of the generally parabolic law of nonlinearity on the evolution of the energy of super-sech soliton dynamics.Study Design: generally parabolic law of nonlinearity terms study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology(FAST),
University of Abomey Calavi, B´ enin. between Febuary 2018 and January 2019.
Methodology: Variational approach, namely, the Lagrangian Variational Method (LVM) is presented. The different results are obtained using standard fourth order Runge-Kutta method for integration of the system of ordinary differential equation systems.Results: Dynamics of the different parameters (amplitude, center position, pulse width, chirp, frequency and phase) has been presented with respect to propagating distance.Conclusion: This study reveals that the generally parabolic law of nonlinearity terms don’t affect the energy of the system but influence the pulse phase.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that fermion properties such as colour and flavour come from the representations of the Lorentz group and the related Clifford algebra, and that the threefold colour degree of freedom emerges naturally, and similarly the three-fold generation degree, both being enabled essentially by the SU(2) group having three generators given by the Pauli matrices.
Abstract: Where do such fermion properties as colour and flavour come from? We attempt to give a possible answer to this question in our paper. For that purpose we use the reducible (1/2,1/2) representation of the Lorentz group. Then the fermion corresponds to a doublet, each component of which can be described by the standard Dirac equation. In this way we conclude that quark and lepton, when being considered as doublets, originate from the discussed multiple representations of the Lorentz group (LG) and the related Clifford algebra. In particular the threefold colour degree of freedom emerges naturally, and similarly the threefold generation degree, both being enabled essentially by the fact that the SU(2) group has three generators given by the Pauli matrices. The Dirac spinor, or for zero mass the chiral Weyl spinor, remains the building block of that theory.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the long-term average annual and seasonal water balance components for Birki watershed using WetSpass model with the integrated geospatial modeling approach with ten years' hydro-meteorological and biophysical data of the watershed.
Abstract: This study aims to estimate long-term average annual and seasonal water balance components for Birki watershed using WetSpass model with the integrated geospatial modeling approach with ten years’ hydro-meteorological and biophysical data of the watershed. Both primary and secondary data were collected using both field survey and disk-based data collection methods. The WetSpass model was used for data analysis purposes. The finding showed that in the summer season the annual groundwater recharge is 24.1 mm year-1 (96.5%), winter season mean groundwater recharge is 0.8 mm year-1 (3.5%) and yearly mean groundwater recharge is 24.9 mm year-1, Surface runoff yearly mean value is 40.6 mm year-1, Soil evaporation yearly mean value is 10.8 mm year-1, Evapotranspiration yearly mean value is 60.8 mm year-1, Intersection loss yearly mean value is 17 mm year-1, and Transpiration loss yearly value is 6.8 mm year-1 in the entire watershed. The mean annual precipitation, which is 573 mm, is contributed to 7.4%, 7.1% and 85.5% recharge to the groundwater, to surface runoff, and evapotranspiration, respectively. Annually 1.1205 million m3 water recharges into the groundwater table as recharge from the precipitation on the entire watershed. The contribution of this study could be used as baseline information for regional water resource experts, policy makers and researchers for further investigation. It can also be concluded that integrated WetSpass and GIS-based models are good indicators for estimating and understanding of water balance components in a given watershed to implement an integrated watershed management plan for sustainable utilization and sustainable development.
4 citations
TL;DR: The proposed information-oriented approach is theoretically justified and does not include such concepts as a statistically significant trend, cumulative values of consensus or statistical control, which are characteristic of the statistical expert tool adopted in CODATA.
Abstract: Aims: The purpose of this work is to prove that only by implementing a weighted and thorough theoretical information approach to the development of a physical and mathematical model for measuring Planck’s constant, it is possible to prepare a reasonable justification for calculating the required relative uncertainty.
Place and Duration of Study: Mechanical & Refrigeration Consultation Expert, between June 2018 and February 2019.
Methodology: Using the principles of information theory and similarity theory, a dimensionless parameter (comparative uncertainty) was formulated to compare the experimental results of measurements of Planck’s constant and the simulated data.
Results: Examples of the application of the proposed original method to measure Planck’s constant using the Kibble balance and X-ray crystal density methods are given.
Conclusion: The proposed information-oriented approach is theoretically justified and does not include such concepts as a statistically significant trend, cumulative values of consensus or statistical control, which are characteristic of the statistical expert tool adopted in CODATA. We tried to show how the mathematical and, apparently, rather arbitrary expert formalism can be replaced by a simple, theoretically grounded postulate on the use of information in measurements.
4 citations
TL;DR: The article describes in details the proposed alternatives for both the saturated and the unsaturated connections of the MODFLOW integrated hydrologic model, and presents means by which improvements can be introduced into the procedures.
Abstract: Most widely used integrated hydrologic models still describe the flow interaction between streams and aquifers using primitive early concepts. In the previous article the shortcomings of the methodology were shown in great details. In this second part means are presented by which improvements can be introduced into the procedures. Accuracy and numerical efficiency will be improved. The article describes in details the proposed alternatives for both the saturated and the unsaturated connections. In the article reference is made specifically to the code MODFLOW. Most of the other integrated hydrologic models used for large-scale regional studies apply essentially the same methodology to estimate seepage.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a tensor interaction term of a Dirac Lagrangian density transforms to a difference between a vector and an axial vector of the corresponding Dirac Hamiltonian density.
Abstract: Relativistic properties of a Dirac Lagrangian density are compared with those of a Dirac Hamiltonian density. Differences stem from the fact that a Lagrangian density is a Lorentz scalar, whereas a Hamiltonian density is a 00-component of a second rank tensor, called the energy-momentum tensor. This distinction affects the form of an interaction term of a Dirac particle. In particular, a tensor interaction term of a Dirac Lagrangian density transforms to a difference between a vector and an axial vector of the corresponding Hamiltonian density. This outcome shows that fundamental principles can prove the V-A attribute of weak interactions. A further analysis supports these results. Inherent problems of the electroweak theory are discussed.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of the Dar Zarrouk parameter, the Coefficient of Anisotropy to Groundwater Potential Evaluation in a typical Basement Complex Terrain of Ado-Ekiti Southwest, Nigeria was examined.
Abstract: This paper examines the application of the Dar Zarrouk parameter, the Coefficient of Anisotropy to Groundwater Potential Evaluation in a typical Basement Complex Terrain of Ado-Ekiti Southwest, Nigeria. A regional Geoelectric Depth sounding was carried out across the metropolis using the Schlumberger electrode array. Resistivity-depth image in terms of layer thickness and resistivity was used to compute the Coefficients of Anisotropy for the VES locations occupied. Thematic maps of the geoelectric parameters were generated using the Concept of Geographical Information System (GIS). Comparative Map Analysis revealed that a range of 1.3 to 1.6 Anisotropy values was observed across the zones characterized by thick overburden, Weathered Basement Thickness in excess of 25m, low weathered basement resistivity, fractured bedrock and basement depressions in the study area. Anisotropy values ranging from 1.8 to 2.8 were observed across the basement ridges and zones characterized by thin overburden, Weathered Basement Thickness of generally less than 15m and Weathered Basement resistivity greater than 1500 Ω-m with least groundwater potential. The regions of Anisotropy values ranging from 1.3 to 1.6 are demarcated as high groundwater potential zones. Areas characterized by higher Anisotropy values can be associated with low porosity and permeability with less hydro geological appeal.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the greenhouse effect concept to explain the Earth's elevated temperature and showed that the GH effect is 294.5 Wm-2, including shortwave radiation absorption by the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effect.
Abstract: The greenhouse effect concept has been developed to explain the Earth’s elevated temperature. The prevailing theory of climate change is the anthropogenic global warming theory, which assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by GH gases and clouds. The actual warming increase to 33°C of the Earth’s surface temperature according to the present GH effect definition is the infrared downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 emitted by the atmosphere. The atmosphere’s temperature is the key element behind this radiation. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. In this study, the GH effect is 294.5 Wm-2, including shortwave radiation absorption by the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effect. This greater GH effect is a prerequisite for the present atmospheric temperature, which provides downward radiation on the surface. Clouds’ net effect is 1% based on the empirical observations. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.3% corresponding to 2.4°C in temperature. The reproduction of CO2 radiative forcing (RF) showed the climate sensitivity RF value to be 2.16 Wm-2, which is 41.6% smaller than the 3.7 Wm-2 used by the IPCC. A climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect, but the IPCC’s climate model showing a CS of 1.8°C or 1.2°C does not.
TL;DR: In this article, the depletion analysis of the Nigerian research reactor fuel with 19.75% enriched UO2 have been performed using the VENTURE PC code and the matrix exponential method was selected in this work to perform depletion analysis.
Abstract: The depletion analysis of the Nigerian research reactor fuel with 19.75% enriched UO2 have been performed using the VENTURE PC code. The matrix exponential method was selected in this work to perform the depletion analysis. The volume fraction of the materials in this mixture was calculated and multiplied by their respective atom densities to obtain the effective atom density of the nuclide in the water, Aluminium mix region of the fuel cell model. The plot of the variation of k infinity versus hydrogen to Uranium ratio was generated using Matlab programming language for processing of the computer code result. This shows that as the ratio of hydrogen to uranium in the core of the reactor is increased, the reactivity also increases by gradually increasing the fuel cell radii till it gets to the peak of 0.6193. Any further increment in the radius of the fuel cell radii, the reactivity of the reactor decreases as the hydrogen to uranium ratio increases.
TL;DR: In the high-latitude troposphere for the region of the geomagnetic polar cap, in the winter period, the excitation of local cyclonic structures are observed which are accompanied with ice storms, with invasions into middle and subtropical latitudes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Earth’s atmosphere is affected by various ionizing sources. The maximum ionization of atmospheric particles by cosmic rays corresponds to the altitude of formation of tropospheric clouds. In the high-latitude troposphere for the region of the geomagnetic polar cap, in the winter period, the excitation of local cyclonic structures are observed which are accompanied with ice storms, with invasions into middle and subtropical latitudes. The time of excitation of such cyclones is about a day that is comparable with the time of excitation of tornadoes, which are generated at low latitudes. Localization of polar cyclones is not accidental. The region of the polar cap is connected with geomagnetic field lines extended into the tail of the Earth’s magnetosphere. This area is open for the penetration of cosmic rays. The ionization of aerosols in the stratosphere and the upper troposphere by precipitating particles of cosmic rays enhances the vortex activity of the atmosphere. The important role of the aerosol impurity is manifested in the generation of plasma vortices and in the accumulation of energy and mass in the atmosphere by vortices during condensation of moisture. Due to the cascade character of the ionization process, the influence of cosmic radiation turns out to be non-linear and increases with increasing pollution of the atmosphere. Aperiodic electrostatic perturbations, which play a remarkable role in the genesis of vortices, are stochastically excited in plasma inhomogeneities. During the interaction of plasma vortices and Rossby vortices, a large-scale vortex structure is formed and grows.
TL;DR: In this paper, in-situ measurements of atmospheric parameters (pressure, temperature and relative humidity) were carried out by placing an automatic weather station at five different heights: ground surface, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m respectively on a 220 m Nigeria Television Authority TV tower in Akure, South Western Nigeria.
Abstract: In this study, four years in-situ measurements of atmospheric parameters (pressure, temperature and relative humidity) were carried out. The measurement was by placing an automatic weather station at five different heights: ground surface, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m respectively on a 220 m Nigeria Television Authority TV tower in Akure, South Western Nigeria. The four years Data collected (January 2007 to December 2009 and January to December 2011) were used to compute radio refractivity and its gradient. The local effect of a location/ region cannot but looked into when designing effective radio link, hence the diurnal, seasonal and annual variations of the radio refractivity gradient were studied. Results showed that refractivity gradient steadily increases inthe hour of 8:30 and 9:30 to 18:00 during dry season throughout the years investigated, and decreases two hours in the rainy season than the dry season. The record shows that at 50 m altitude, the maximum and minimum values are 158 N-unit/km around 14:30 and - 286 N-unit/km around 13:30 to 14:00 hrs, LT during the dry and rainy season respectively. Seasonally, refractivity gradient is steeper with greater variability in the dry season months than in the wet season months.
TL;DR: In this paper, the parameters of the Rosiglitazone molecule in gas phase and in solvents (Water, Ethanol, DMSO and Acetonitrile) were calculated based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) using standard basis sets.
Abstract: Rosiglitazone ( C18H19N3O3S ) is an anti-diabetic drug that reduces insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. The parameters (bond lengths and bond angles), HOMO, LUMO, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, dipole moment, thermodynamic properties, total energy and vibrational frequencies and intensities of the Rosiglitazone molecule in gas phase and in solvents (Water, Ethanol, DMSO and Acetonitrile) were calculated based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) using standard basis sets: B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p). Windows version of Gaussian 09 was used for all the calculations. From the results obtained, the solvents have little influence on the optimized parameters of the molecule. The highest HOMO value of -5.433 eV was found in gas phase showing that the molecule will best donate electron in the gas phase, followed by ethanol in comparison with other solvents. The values of the HOMO were observed to increase with the decrease in dielectric constants of the solvents across all the basis sets used. The lowest LUMO energy of -1.448 eV was found to be in ethanol which shows that the molecule will best accept electron in ethanol compared to the gas phase and other solvents. The largest HOMO-LUMO gap of 4.285 eV was found in water which shows its higher kinetic stability and less chemical reactivity compared to other solvents and in the gas phase. The chemical softness of the molecule was found to decrease as the dielectric constants of the solvents increased namely from ethanol to water. The chemical hardness was found to slightly increase with the increase in dielectric constants of the solvents. The highest value of the dipole moment of 4.6874 D was found in water indicating that the molecule will have the strongest intermolecular interactions in water compared to other solvents and in the gas phase. The total energy increased as the dielectric constants of the solvents decreased from water to ethanol. The vibrational frequencies and intensities increased as the dielectric constants of the solvents increased from ethanol to water. The results confirmed the effects of solvents on the structural, electronic and thermodynamic properties of the studied molecule and will be useful in the design and development of rosiglitazone as an anti-diabetic drug.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the concepts of information theory to calculate the amount of information contained in the measurement model of a physical constant, which can be converted to the value of the achievable absolute uncertainty.
Abstract: Aims: To analyze the results of measurements of the Boltzmann, gravitational and Planck constants using a theoretically sound information approach in comparison with the CODATA technique.
Place and Duration of Study: Beer-Sheba, between January 2019 and May 2019.
Methodology: Using the concepts of information theory, the amount of information contained in the measurement model of a physical constant is calculated. This allows us to find the value of the comparative uncertainty proposed by Brillouin, and the achievable value of the relative uncertainty, taking into account the basic SI values used on each test bench when measuring physical constants.
Results: An unsolved question was to find the amount of information contained in the model of the measurement of a physical constant, which can be converted to the value of the achievable absolute uncertainty. This value now has an exact analytical formula. It is notoriously difficult to study the consistency of the measurement results of physical constants, but the proposed mathematical tool, developed using the concepts of information theory, allow us to simplify the analysis completely.
Conclusion: The information method leads to an intuitive and logically justified calculation of the relative uncertainty, which is compatible with the current practice of CODATA. This allows you to identify the threshold discrepancy between the model and the object under study. Proof of this is the calculation of the achievable value of the relative uncertainty when measuring the Boltzmann, gravitational and Planck constants. The proposed information-oriented method for calculating the relative uncertainty in measuring physical constants represents a new tool when formulating a modernized SI.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the general accepted formulas linking energy, temperature and information, and not requiring any additional restrictions, to introduce a practical numerical value of the energy of any specific object based on the amount of information and thermodynamic temperature.
Abstract: Aims: To use the generally accepted formulas linking energy, temperature and information, and not requiring any additional restrictions, to introduce a practical numerical value of the energy of any specific object based on the amount of information and thermodynamic temperature.
Place and Duration of Study: Beer-Sheba, between January 2019 and July 2019.
Methodology: By combining the Landauer limit and Bekenstein’s proof that the amount of information of any physical system must be finite, if the object space and its energy are finite, the values of energy-matter and energy, based on the amount of information, were calculated for various elements of nature. In addition, a formula is presented for the energy of the universe containing these two components.
Results: The energy content of an object depends not only on its mass and speed. The value of the additional independent component, due to the amount of information contained in the object, is caused by its size and the ambient temperature. This component has never been considered in the scientific literature. This means that energy is inextricably linked with both the space and the thermodynamic component of Nature.
Conclusion: Using the generally accepted formulas linking energy, temperature and information and not requiring any additional restrictions, we have shown that it is possible to represent the energy of the universe on the basis of information theory.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors solved the nonlinear Doubly Dispersive Equation (DDE) in (1+1)-D by the homogeneous balance method, introduced to investigate the strain waves propagating in a cylindrical rod in complex polymer systems.
Abstract: In this article, we solve analytically the nonlinear Doubly Dispersive Equation (DDE) in (1+1)-D by the homogeneous balance method, introduced to investigate the strain waves propagating in a cylindrical rod in complex polymer systems. The linear dispersion relation plays important role in connecting the frequency of the emitted nonlinear waves with the wave number of the ablating laser beam affecting the polymers with their characteristic parameters. In accordance with the normal dispersion conditions, the resulting solitary wave solutions show the compression characters in the nonlinearly elastic materials namely Polystyrene (PS) and PolyMethylMethAcrylate (PMMA). The ratio between the estimated potential and kinetic energies shows good agreement with the physical situation, and as well in making comparisons with the bellshaped model conducted in the literature.
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of the energy-momentum tensor of a spin-1/2 massive particle has been discussed, and the Noether theorem has been proved that the tensor can also be used for a consistency test of a field theory.
Abstract: This work discusses the significance of the energy-momentum tensor of physical fields of an elementary particle. The Noether theorem shows how this tensor can be derived from the Lagrangian density of a given field. This work proves that the energy-momentum tensor can also be used for a consistency test of a field theory. The results show that the Dirac Lagrangian density of a spin-1/2 massive particle yields consistent results. On the other hand, problems exist with the present structure of quantum electrodynamics, and with quantum fields of massive particles that are described by a second order differential equation. All problematic results are confirmed by an independent analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, the shortcomings of the MODFLOW methodology are shown in great details and means are presented by which improvements can be introduced in the procedures, which can only be obtained by calibration.
Abstract: Most widely used integrated hydrologic models were conceived and their development started some 50-60 years ago. These models have undertaken many major improvements since. However they still describe the flow interaction between streams and aquifers using the primitive early concepts. Most users seem unaware of the limitations of these concepts, which use parameters that are empirical and can only be obtained by calibration. In this Part1 the shortcomings of the methodology are shown in great details. In the article reference is made specifically to the code MODFLOW. Most of the other integrated hydrologic models used for large-scale regional studies apply essentially the same methodology to estimate seepage.
In a second Part means are presented by which improvements can be introduced in the procedures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the symmetry breaking in gravitational attraction between gluons within a proton was examined and it was shown that the random motion of hydrogen gas molecules might be caused by this breaking of symmetry.
Abstract: This paper examines symmetry breaking in gravitational attraction between gluons within a proton and shows that the random motion of hydrogen gas molecules might be caused by this breaking of symmetry. Anisotropic gravitational field is applied to a gluon elementary particle. Generally, gravitational force is offset when masses face each other. A progressive concept of gravitational attraction that gravitational force is also offset when gravitational field lines being shielded by each other is presented. The rigidification of vacuum by color-charged mass is introduced to explain the shielding of gravitational field lines. Both the gluon’s anisotropic gravitational field and the shielding mechanism demonstrate that the symmetry of gravitational attraction can be broken within a proton. The asymmetric gravitational attraction produced within a proton inevitably accelerates proton. Thus, a hydrogen gas molecule with independent acceleration vectors at the two hydrogen atoms exhibits the combination of vibrating, rotating and translation motions. Atomic vibrations in a solid are also caused by this acceleration.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors aimed at concentration determination of some heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn and Cr) in Moringa stenopetala tree leaves at three growing stages (young, matured and aged).
Abstract: This study was aimed at concentration determination of some heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn and Cr) in Moringa stenopetala tree leaves at three growing stages (young, matured and aged). Determination was made on samples collected from Southern part of Ethiopia using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) with acidic digestive method deployed. In the results, three of five metals (Cu, Fe and Zn) are detected but Pb and Cr was not detected by the technique. Results indicated that presence of the metals in all the three growing stages (young, matured and aged) varied. It was observed that mean concentration of iron content increases as the age of the leave increases while mean concentration of zinc decreases as the age of the leave increases. Mean copper concentration was found to be higher in matured and lower in aged leaves. However, the heavy metals lead and chromium were not detected in this experiment.
TL;DR: Francis et al. as discussed by the authors used advanced corrosion identification and corrosion inhibition technique to investigate the corrosion inhibition mechanism of Al Alloy (AA5052) in 1.0 M HCl solution using Newboudia laevis leaf extract.
Abstract: Aims: This research is aimed at using advanced corrosion identification and corrosion inhibition technique to investigate the corrosion inhibition mechanism of Al Alloy (AA5052) in 1.0 M HCl solution using Newboudia laevis leaf extract. Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at Material Science Laboratory Group, Physics/Electronic Department, Abia State Polytechnic, Aba Abia State. Methodology: Extraction of the green leaf was done with reflux apparatus under constant temperature. The 100% inhibitor solvent was diluted to the various inhibitor concentrations. Gravimetric technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to study the corrosion and corrosion inhibitory behavior of the metal in the various environments. Scanning Electron Microscope and OPTICAL emission microscopy were used to investigate the surface structure of the corroded and inhibited metal alloy. The influence of the leaf extract on the mechanical hardness of the Al alloy AA5052 was tested using Vickers indentation hardness test. Original Research Article Francis et al.; PSIJ, 20(4): 1-12, 2018; Article no.PSIJ.46346 2 Results: The presence of the Newbouldia leavis leaf extract significantly reduced the weight loss and also decreased the rate of chemical attack on the AA5052 alloy. The inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor increases with increase in concentration but decreased with increase in temperature. The introduction of the leaf extract alters the electrochemical behaviours of the metal in the acidic environment. The inhibitor mechanism was found to be through adsorption on the metal surface according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The Gibb’s free energy confirms that the inhibition of the leaf to corrosion attacks is spontaneous. The calculated activation energy, heat of adsorption, enthalpy and the entropy implications of the leaf extract were appraised. The surface morphology of the metal was studied to ascertain the level of redemption offered by the green inhibitor molecules to the material degradation. Vickers hardness test revealed that the presence of the inhibitor improved the mechanical hardness of the corroded Al alloy. Conclusion: The acidic corrosion of AA5052 has been studied. The study shows that Newboudia laevis extract can be used to combat the corrosion attacks on AA5052 alloy.
TL;DR: The QSAR analysis indicated that certain molecular descriptors namely EHOMO, Original Research Article Erazua et al.
Abstract: Recently, considerable attention has been drawn on the search for novel anticancer drugs in order to improve survival rates and wellbeing of cancer patients. 1,2,3-triazole is an attractive scaffold possessing diverse biological activities. The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) is a powerful computational tool which has widened the scope of rational drug design, as well as the search for the mechanisms of drug actions. A series of novel 1,2,3-triazole-dithiocarbamate hybrids (1,2,3-TDHs) were studied for anticancer activity against human gastric cancer cell line (MGC-803) using Density Functional Theory (DFT), Quantitative Structure Activity Relation (QSAR) and Docking approaches. QSAR models were successfully constructed with acceptable predictive performance. The QSAR analysis indicated that certain molecular descriptors namely EHOMO, Original Research Article Erazua et al.; PSIJ, 20(4): 1-10, 2018; Article no.PSIJ.46207 2 ELUMO, Log P, Area, the total electronic charges on the heteroatom (H), and the average electronic charge on the heteroatoms (H_HET4r) are important factors for the observed biological activity. The results from docking study predicted stable conformations of the ligands within the enzyme’s active gouge of the receptor. Compound E, tert Butyl 4-(((1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-1,2,3triazol-4-yl)methylthio)carbonothioyl)-piperazine-1-arboxylate, formed the most stable complex with the protein receptor.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the properties of obliquely propagating nonlinear solitary waves in a plasma system consisting of warm ions and nonextensively distributed electrons and derived the nonlinear Korteweg-de-Vries (KdV) equation and its solution using the standard reductive perturbation method.
Abstract: In this paper, authors have studied the properties of obliquely propagating nonlinear solitary waves in a plasma system consisting of warm ions and nonextensively distributed electrons. The nonlinear Korteweg-de-Vries (KdV) equation and its solution have been derived using the standard reductive perturbation method. The effect of ion temperature on the propagation of solitary waves has been investigated numerically. The critical value of nonextensivity at which solitary structures transit from negative to positive potential is found to shift to the lower value under the effect of finite temperature. The numerical results are interpreted graphically. The results may be useful for understanding the wave propagation in laboratory and space plasmas where magnetic field is present.
TL;DR: In this article, a growth rate expression of high frequency electromagnetic O-mode wave in the presence of low frequency electrostatic ion sound wave through wave-particle interaction process known as plasma maser instability was derived by using observational data.
Abstract: Unique forms of nonlinear wave energy exchange phenomena are observed in the Earth’sionosphere region. Energy upconversion of nonresonant plasma waves in the top ionospheric and auroral zone are noticed.Origin of these phenomena are tried to explained by linear andnonlinear theoretical approach.Wave-wave and wave-particle-wave interaction processes may be possible role takes place here.In this theoretical investigation we wish to derive probable growthrate expression of high frequency electromagnetic O-mode wave in the presence of low frequency electrostatic ion sound wave through wave-particle interaction process known as plasma maserinstability and estimate its value by using observational data.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the gross gamma counting technique (γ-ray spectroscopy) to determine the elemental concentration in (ppm) and specific activity in (Bqkg-1) of Uranium (238U) and Thorium (232Th) contained in the granite rock of a special geological area in Sudan (Kadugli).
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to determine the elemental concentration in (ppm) and specific activity in (Bqkg-1) of Uranium (238U) and Thorium (232Th) contained in the granite rock of a special geological area in Sudan (Kadugli).
The elemental concentrations and specific activity of 238U and 232Th in granite rock were determined by using the gross gamma counting technique (γ-ray spectroscopy). The analyses were performed for daughter decaying of 238U and 232Th; which are Pb-214, Bi-214 for 238U and Tl-208, Ac-228 for 232Th.
The experiments were carried out at the Nuclear Laboratory, Physics Department, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia using the facilities of gamma ray spectroscopy system with high purity germanium detector (HPGe) of efficiency 20%.
Granite samples were collected from Hagar El-Mlik area, 2 km from the central of Kadugli city in southern Kordofan state, Sudan. The rock was crushed and ground to fine powder and sieved with a particle size less than 120 μm. To calculate the concentrations of 238U and 232Th in the granite rock, standard reference materials provided by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was used.
The average of elemental concentrations and specific activity of uranium were obtained in the range (1.8 ± 0.11) to (0.80 ± 0.08) ppm, and (22.11 ± 1.30) to (9.79 ± 0.98) Bqkg-1 respectively, while (16.22±1.84) to (7.45±1.34) ppm and (65.42±7.40) to (29.50 ± 5.39) Bqkg-1 are the average concentration and specific activity of thorium. Moreover, average activity concentrations (Bqkg-1) for granite samples have been compared with the typical values of different countries.
232Th shows high activity concentration (65.42±7.4) Bqkg-1 whereas, 238U activity value is distinctly lower than the corresponding ones obtained from other countries and, in general, all results are acceptable and fall within the range given in UNSCEAR report 1993.
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical speciation and fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) in relation to their levels of pollution from six different locations along the course of Owena River during the dry and wet season of 2015 was investigated.
Abstract: This study investigates the chemical speciation and fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) in relation to their levels of pollution from six different locations along the course of Owena River during the dry and wet season of 2015. The top sediment deposit was subjected to sequential extraction and the heavy metals were identified and quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of the analyzed heavy metals in the top sediment deposit were found to occur below the maximum permissible limit of the Dutch reference standard for soil/sediment, thereby the sediment collected from Owena river is not contaminated with the analyzed heavy metals. The overall results of this research suggest that the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediment collected from Owena River decreases in the following order: Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni.
TL;DR: Amasha et al. as mentioned in this paper found a spatial relation between the collected seismic points and evaluated how much these points affect and accelerate the frequencies of the high magnitudes' earthquakes events.
Abstract: The northern coastal zone of Egypt (Mediterranean) is under the force of tension shear zones of African and European plates that generate earthquakes with variable magnitudes. We try to find a spatial relation between the collected seismic points and to evaluate how much these points affect and accelerate the frequencies of the high magnitudes’ earthquakes events. Geospatial and statistical analyses (e.g. ArcGIS tools) have used to analyze nearly 3083 earthquake records in the last 65 years in the Mediterranean basin in relation to the geo-tectonic shear zones. Nearly 85% of these earthquakes were in the marine. Aegean and Anatolia shear zones are the highest contributors of the earthquakes with nearly 43% and 42% respectively. Three results of the Original Research Article Amasha et al.; PSIJ, 20(3): 1-15, 2018; Article no.PSIJ.46208 2 dominant geotectonic hazards were obtained. The first is that the majority of the hot spotted earthquakes are located at the Aegean Sea which enforcing the frequency and severity of earthquakes and tsunamis than that of Anatolia plate. The northward movement rate towards the African-Aegean plate is a bit lower due to the existing of the Mediterranean ridge and Strabo and Pliny trenches which resisting the African plate northward subduction. The second is that the subsidence rates and directions at the coastal Nile delta region is aligned to the rates and directions of the tectonic plates’ movements and the compaction rates of the deltaic sediments. The third is that the depths of the majority earthquakes epicenters (85%) were down to 40 km from the sea floor, one third of them were within the shallower 10 km depth. These results approve the frequencies of the severe earthquakes are potential based on the spatial statistical analysis. Therefore, the Egyptian coastal zone is vulnerability-marked where a lot of developmental activities were located.