Showing papers in "Physics in 2000"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can raise the temperature of abnormal tissue to over 70℃ within a few milliseconds, which results in coagulation necrosis of abnormal tissues.
Abstract: High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can raise the temperature of abnormal tissue to over 70℃ within a few milliseconds, which results in coagulation necrosis of abnormal tissues. This is a noninvasive and effective approach with great potential for the treatment of tumors. Experimental HIFU research on animals, clinical applications and therapeutic systems are reviewed and current problems are analyzed. Further application prospects are forecast.
41 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, various techniques to generate dark hollow beams, such as geometrical optics,mode-conversion, optical holography, computer-generated holographicy, transverse mode selection and hollow fibers, are reviewed.
Abstract: Various techniques to generate dark hollow beams,such as by geometrical optics,mode-conversion,optical holography,computer-generated holography,transverse-mode selection and hollow fibers,are reviewed.The applications of dark hollow beams in atomic optics and the other fields are also discussed.
31 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: By writing and erasing molecule-sized bits of a thin organic film, physicists have demonstrated its potential to become the next high-density storage medium as mentioned in this paper, which has been shown to be the next storage medium.
Abstract: By ‘writing’ and ‘erasing’ molecule-sized bits of a thin organic film, physicists have demonstrated its potential to become the next high-density storage medium.
8 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Active walk is a paradigm for pattern formation and self organization in complex systems as discussed by the authors, and it has been applied successfully to various biological, physical and economic systems, including retinal neuron patterns and surface reaction patterns in thin cells of liquids, anomalous ion transport in glasses.
Abstract: Active walk is a paradigm for pattern formation and self organization in complex systems. An active walker changes the landscape as it walks, and is influenced by the changed landscape in choosing its next step. Active walk models have been applied successfully to various biological, physical and economic systems, including retinal neuron patterns and surface reaction patterns in thin cells of liquids, anomalous ion transport in glasses, food collection by ant swarms, market competition of high tech products in economics, etc.
6 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the nineties, new metal magnetic materials, such as alloys and compounds of 3d\|(4f,4d, 5d,5f\:) elements, surpassed ferrites with their superior characteristics as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Magnetic materials can be divided into two kinds,metal magnetic materials which have ferromagnetic order and non\|metal magnetic materials such as ferrites which have mostly ferrimagnetic order and semiconducting properties.Before the fifties,metal magnetic materials were the most widely used.However,after the 1950's,non\|metal magnetic materials gradually replaced metal magnetic materials except for FeSi alloy which is used in the electric power industry because it has higher saturation magnetization than ferrites.In the nineties,new metal magnetic materials,such as alloys and compounds of 3d\|(4f,4d,5d,5f\:)elements,amorphous magnetic materials and nanostructured magnetic materials surpassed ferrites with their superior characteristics.
6 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: By exploiting quantum mechanical features such as super position and entanglement, quantum computing is a huge leap forward for computing technology and can solve certain problems much more effectively than classical computing.
Abstract: By exploiting quantum mechanical features such as super position and entanglement, quantum computing is a huge leap forward for computing technology. It can solve certain problems much more effectively than classical computing. For example, Shor's algorithm could in principle factor large composite integers in polynomial time, thus solving a problem that classical computers still find difficult to calculate. An introduction is given to the fundamental principles and processes of the main quantum algorithms discovered so far. The advantages, current progress and future prospects of quantum computing are mentioned. In addition, the applications and significance of quantum computing in physics are discussed.
4 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: SubPc is a new class of phthalocyanine-related compounds with great potential as photonics materials for information technology as mentioned in this paper and is a promising candidate for optical recording media in the shorter wavelength region (such as for DVD recording).
Abstract: Subphthalocyanine (SubPc) is a new class of phthalocyanine\|related compounds with great potential as photonics materials for information technology. SubPc shows a delocalized 14π\|electron system with a 3\|D noncentrosymmetric cone\|shaped structure. It has been considered as a suitable organic material for nonlinear optics because of its“multipolar” origin. SubPc is at the same time a promising candidate for optical recording media in the shorter wavelength region (such as for DVD recording).The structure, properties and possible applications of subphthalocyanine dyes in nonlinear optics and optical storage are reviewed.
3 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of ultra-smooth surfaces including their characteristics, application and the development of relevant machining techniques is presented, based on which important applications of such surfaces in high-technology fields are presented through some typical examples.
Abstract: We present an overview of ultra\|smooth surfaces including their characteristics, application and the development of the relevant machining techniques. Based on the properties of ultra\|smooth surfaces, important applications of such surfaces in high\|technology fields are presented through some typical examples. Progress in ultra\|smooth machining technology is reviewed, and typical machining methods and principles are described. Finally,future trends in ultra\|smooth processing technology are discussed.
3 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The principle of two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and its applications are reviewed in this article, where the intrinsic three dimensional spatial resolution has been widely exploited in the life sciences,semiconductor technology,optical data storage and lithographic microfabrication.
Abstract: The principle of two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and its applications are reviewed.Its intrinsic three dimensional spatial resolution has been widely exploited in the life sciences,semiconductor technology,optical data storage and lithographic microfabrication.
2 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the electromagnetic fields radiated by electrostatic discharge from the charged human body during the operation of computers are measured by a very high sampling rate oscilloscope and custom-made wide band electric field and magnetic field antennas.
Abstract: The electromagnetic fields radiated by electrostatic discharge is analyzed using the bipolar model The transient electric and magnetic fields generated by electrostatic discharge from the charged human body during the operation of computers are measured by a very high sampling rate oscilloscope and custom\|made wide band electric field and magnetic field antennas The spectrum of the fields is analyzed by FFT The influence of the fields on high frequency signals is studied The results show that the electric fields can be several hundred V/m and the magnetic fields can be several A/m even if the discharge voltage is very low(2kV)The spectrum of the fields is very wide ranging from several MHz to several GHzThe effects of the fields on high frequency circuits show that some influences such as “latent effects” on integrated circuits or devices, electromagnetic interference and even damage to the circuits can be caused by the electromagnetic fields generated by electrostatic discharge from the charged human body
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Positron spectroscopy is a new and sensitive microanalytical probe for characterization of polymer microstructures as mentioned in this paper, including studies on the free volume properties,structural transition,miscibility of blending polymers, physical aging,doping of functional polymers and interfacial interaction of multiphase polymers.
Abstract: Positron spectroscopy is a new and sensitive microanalytical probe for characterization of polymer microstructures.We report recent advances in this area,including studies on the free volume properties,structural transition,miscibility of blending polymers,physical aging,doping of functional polymers,interfacial interaction of multiphase polymers,etc.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanism and experiments involved in the laser cooling of two ultracold ions in an ion trap are described, and the significance and complexity of this subject, particularly its relation to quantum computation, are discussed.
Abstract: The mechanism and experiments involved in the laser cooling of two ultracold ions in an ion trap are described, and the significance and complexity of this subject, particularly its relation to quantum computation, are discussed A comparision with the laser cooling of a single ultracold ion is also made
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of photons and energy in tissue can be calculated with Monte-Carlo simulation based on transfer theory, and the dynamic process of coagulation is monitored through changes of the tissue's scattering characteristics.
Abstract: During laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy,the laser-tissue interaction includes two aspects:one is photon migration,the other is bioheat transfer.The distribution of photons and energy in tissue can be calculated with Monte-Carlo simulation based on transfer theory.With Pennes equation and Weinbaum Jiji model,temperature distribution and changes in tissue could be described.It is very important to unite the both models.Dynamical process of coagulation is monitored through changes of the tissue's scattering characteristics and new experimental results are discussed.It makes quantitative description more exact and noninvasive optical monitoring possible.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A brief review of flux dynamics research in high-T c superconductors can be found in this paper, where some important and/or anomalous experimental discoveries and various potential applications and unsolved problems are described.
Abstract: A brief review is given on the progress of flux dynamics research in high- T c superconductors in the past decade.On the theoretical side,the vortex\|glass model proposed by Fisher et al.has changed the picture about the energy dissipation induced by flux motion in superconductors,therefore it receives special attention.However the vortex phase diagram,though not fully understood yet,has revealed interesting new phenomena and thus new physics.Some important and/or anomalous experimental discoveries and various potential applications and unsolved problems are described briefly.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Ozone generation by strong ionization discharge of the dielectric barriers is described in this article, where the ozone concentration and decomposition are controlled by the electric field intensity and electron energy.
Abstract: Ozone generation by strong ionization discharge of the dielectric barriers is described. The ozone concentration and decomposition are controlled by the electric field intensity and electron energy. New technologies with thinner dielectric layers (230μm) of α \|Al\-2O\-3 and narrow discharge gaps (110μm) are employed to achieve strong ionization discharges with a reduced field(E/n) and electron average energy of more than 400Td and 10eV, respectively. The ozone concentration can reach 250g/Nm\+3 and the efficiency 200g/Nm\+3. Ozone generators of high yield and miniaturization with module assemblies can now be realized.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The physical mechanism of ordering of colloidal particles in aqueous suspension, their structural phase transitions, the formation of morphologies, and the synthesis of three-dimensional periodic lattice cluster materials based on colloidal crystal are discussed in this article.
Abstract: The crystallization of colloidal crystals and the synthesis of three\|dimensional periodic lattice cluster materials based on colloidal crystal are of great interest in experimental condensed matter physics.An introduction is given to the physical mechanism of ordering of colloidal particles in aqueous suspension,their structural phase transitions,the formation of morphologies,and the synthesis of three\|dimensional periodic lattice cluster materials based on colloidal crystal.There is still not enough experimental evidence or theoretical explanation for the physical mechanism of ordering by self\|organization that occurs in colloidal suspensions.Colloidal crystals open up a new way of designing such three\|dimensional lattice materials with novel functions which may have important potential applications in photonics and other fields.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the application and development of this new technology is described, and the pros and cons of laser versus electron beam techniques are compared, present problems and future prospects are discussed.
Abstract: Surface strengthening processes with laser and electron beams are attracting great attention The application and development of this new technology is described, and the pros and cens of laser versus electron beam techniques are compared Finally, present problems and future prospects are discussed
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A review of research and development of gas discharge and non-equilibrium plasma including, new ideas of non equilibrium plasma at high gas pressure can be found in this article, where strong electric fields (400Td) can be achieved by which electrons are accelerated suddenly, becoming high energy electrons(10eV) at high pressure.
Abstract: A review is presented of research and development of gas discharge and non equilibrium plasma including, new ideas of non equilibrium plasma at high gas pressure With special technology, strong electric fields(400Td) can be achieved by which electrons are accelerated suddenly, becoming high energy electrons(10eV) at high pressure On impact with the electrons, the gas molecules dissociate into ions, atomic ions, atoms and free radicals, and new substances or molecules can be synthesized through custom design Chemical reaction difficult to achieve by conventional method can be realized or accelerated Non equilibrium plasma chemistry at high pressure has wide application prospects
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Femtosecond lasers exhibit great advantages in 3D microfabrication and ophthalmic surgery since they can machine materials with very high resolution and precision due to their ultrashort pulse duration and ultrahigh peak intensity as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Femtosecond lasers exhibit great advantages in three\|dimensional microfabrication and ophthalmic surgery since they can machine materials with very high resolution and precision due to their ultrashort pulse duration and ultrahigh peak intensity. Recent developments of the applications of femtosecond lasers in three\|dimensional microfabrication of high density 3\|D optical data storage, wave guides and photonic crystals, and in refractive surgery, glaucoma treatment and cataract surgery are reviewed. Femtosecond laser three\|dimensional microfabrication technology will be extensively used in microelectronics, computer science, optical communication and biomedicine fields.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A 40mm diameter large aperture permanent magnet Faraday rotator of 154mm×154mm×240mm overall size and about 30kg in weight has been developed in this paper, where the integral transmissivity and integral isolation of Faraday isolator can be improved by preset center angle of rotation of the beam center.
Abstract: A 40mm diameter large aperture permanent magnet Faraday rotator of 154mm×154mm×240mm overall size and about 30kg in weight has been developed. The uniformity of the beam polarization plane of rotation angles are better than ±3°. The integral transmissivity and integral isolation of Faraday isolator can be improved by preset center angle of rotation of the beam center. The calculated integrated transmissivity and isolation of the isolator for different preset rotation angles are given.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A review of the history of quantum entangled states and the main advances in the measure of entanglement, the distinguishing of entangled states from separable states, and the classification of the entangled states can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Entanglement is one of the intriguing characteristics of quantum mechanics We review the history of quantum entangled states and the main advances in the measure of entanglement, the distinguishing of entangled states from separable states and the classification of entangled states
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of electrostatic hazards, the mechanism of electric discharge (ESD), electrostatic measurement techniques, ESD theoretical models and simulation techniques, and the theories and techniques of ESD protection are summarized.
Abstract: The formation of electrostatic hazards, the mechanism of electrostatic discharge (ESD), electrostatic measurement techniques, ESD theoretical models and simulation techniques, and the theories and techniques of electrostatic protection are summarized. Current progress and topic of interest in the field of electrostatic protection are also presented.