Showing papers in "Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture in 1984"
TL;DR: A system was established for achieving plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts and cotyledon-derived cell suspension cultures of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Citation, Answer and Regen S, the latter two produced embryos from which plants could be regenerated.
Abstract: A system was established for achieving plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts and cotyledon-derived cell suspension cultures of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Peeled leaflets or cells from 6-day-old cell suspensions were incubated in an enzyme mixture containing 1% Driselase, 1% Rhozyme, 0.1% Cellulase and 72 gl-1 mannitol at pH 5.8 for 2–16 h to liberate protoplasts. A complex Kao medium supported cell division and colony formation, whereas a high auxin/low cytokinin treatment on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium followed by culture on growth regulator-free Blaydes or Linsmaier and Skoog medium resulted in somatic embryo formation. Of the three varieties tested. Citation, Answer and Regen S, the latter two produced embryos from which plants could be regenerated.
124 citations
TL;DR: ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and several of its strains, which have been difficult to root in vitro, were successfully propagated with rooting percentages up to 100%.
Abstract: ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and several of its strains, which have been difficult to root in vitro, were successfully propagated with rooting percentages up to 100%. The combination of treatments used to achieve this result included placing the shoots on rooting medium in the dark at 30°C for the first week of the rooting stage, then moving them to a regime of 16 hr light-8 hr dark at 25°C. The rooting medium contained half strength Murashige and Skoog salts plus 1.2 μM thiamine HCl, 0.56 mM myo-inositol, 1 mM phloroglucinol (PG), 1.4 μM indolebutyric acid (IBA), 1.3 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), 87.6 mM sucrose, and 7 g l−1 Difco Bacto agar. Dark treatment applied during the proliferation stage (etiolation) was less effective than one applied at the beginning of the rooting stage. The optimum length of dark treatment during rooting was 4 to 7 days. Increasing the temperature from 25°C to 30°C improved rooting of ‘Delicious’, ‘Royal Red Delicious’, and ‘Vermont Spur Delicious’ in the absence of PG but generally had less effect in the presence of PG. Further increase in temperature to 35°C stimulated rooting of ‘Royal Red Delicious’ but reduced rooting of ‘Vermont Spur Delicious’. Transfer of the cuttings to auxin-free medium after 1 week had no effect on percentage rooting and increased the number of roots per cutting for only 1 of 4 cultivars tested and then only in the presence of PG. In general PG stimulated rooting of ‘Delicious’ and its strains, but had no effect on ‘Golden Delicious’.
83 citations
TL;DR: The development of adventitious shoots of Picea abies was affected by the agar concentration in the culture medium, and the new needles from the acclimatized plantlets had an anatomy approaching that of plants growing in field.
Abstract: The development of adventitious shoots of Picea abies was affected by the agar concentration in the culture medium. Increasing the agar concentration from 0.5 to 2.0% decreased vitrification, but at the same time reduced shoot growth and rooting potential. Slightly vitrified plantlets could become acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. The mesophyll of needles developed in vitro was interspersed with large air spaces; the lower the agar concentration, the larger the air spaces. After transfer to the greenhouse, the new needles from the acclimatized plantlets had an anatomy approaching that of plants growing in field.
83 citations
TL;DR: Adventive embryogenesis in vitro-grown somatic cells of Daucus carota L. was increased three-fold by a 45 min plasmolysis pre-treatment using 1M sucrose solutions and a high degree of synchronous development also resulted from this treatment.
Abstract: Adventive embryogenesis in vitro-grown somatic cells of Daucus carota L. was increased three-fold by a 45 min plasmolysis pre-treatment using 1M sucrose solutions. A high degree of synchronous development also resulted from this treatment. The enhancement of embryogenesis is interpreted as an increase in the regeneration of cells which have become physiologically somewhat isolated from the tissue of their origin by the plasmolysis-caused rupture of plasmodesmata. Possible causes of the increased synchrony are discussed.
76 citations
TL;DR: C cultured excised leaf segments of monohaploid and diphaloid potato plants were regenerated to suggest that it can be used as a simple and reliable method of obtaining homozygous tetraploid potatoes.
Abstract: Plants were regenerated from cultured excised leaf segments of monohaploid (2n=x=12) and diphaloid (2n=2x=24) potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and a sample has been studied cytologically. In the case of monohaploids, a single leaf regeneration cycle resulted in almost total recovery of doubled monohaploid plants (2n=2x=24), whilst 50% of the plants regenerated from doubled monohaploid leaves had doubled again to the doubled double monohaploid (or homozygous tetraploid, 2n=4x=48) level. Regeneration from dihaploid leaf pieces also gave a good proportion (60%) of doubled genotypes. Very few mixoploids and very few aneuploids were found. These results, together with the general applicability of the method to a large number of potato cultivars, suggest that it can be used as a simple and reliable method of obtaining homozygous tetraploid potatoes.
74 citations
TL;DR: A two-stage in vitro technique was established for the development of interspecific hybrid embryos in the genus Lens, and the culture of 14-day-old fertilized ovules on MS medium supplemented with zeatin allowed theDevelopment of viable and vigorous plants.
Abstract: A two-stage in vitro technique was established for the development of interspecific hybrid embryos in the genus Lens. The culture of 14-day-old fertilized ovules on MS medium supplemented with zeatin, followed by the release of the embryos from the ovular integuments, allowed the development of viable and vigorous plants.
73 citations
TL;DR: Callus formation from stem internodes of the apple rootstocks M.25, M.27 and the cherry rootstock Colt, and from pith of Nicotiana tabacum cv.
Abstract: Callus formation from stem internodes of the apple rootstocks M.9, M.25, M.26, M.27 and the cherry rootstock Colt, and from pith of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38 was initiated on 4 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)-based media (2.0–10.0 mg1-1). Transfer of callus to corresponding media lacking NAA allowed regeneration of shoots from callus of M.25, M.27, Colt and tobacco but not of M.9 and M.26. With M.25 phloroglucinol (PG) depressed regeneration from 30 to 10% and no regeneration was observed in cultures grown in the presence of casein hydrolysate (CH) and glutathione (GSH). Organogenesis was also obtained from leaf discs of M.27 employing 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) at 5.0mg 1-1 and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) at 0.1 mg1-1. The regenerated shoots have been multiplied and rooted. Organogenesis also occurred in M.26 from small (1–2mm), green, compact embryoid-like structures derived from stem and leaf surfaces of excised axillary shoots. These structures differentiated into shoots at a low frequency (< 1%) on media containing BAP (1.0mg1-1) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.1 mg1-1) and could also be micropropagated by subsequent axillary shoot proliferation.
69 citations
TL;DR: The number of chromosomes and their structure were found to be normal in the regenerated plantlets of Pinus contorta and the concentration of salts, vitamins and cytokinin in the medium strongly influenced the frequency of bud formation.
Abstract: A protocol is described for plantlet formation in juvenile tissues of Pinus contorta. Shoots were induced on embryonic, cotyledonary and hypocotyl explants cultured on a defined medium supplemented with cytokinin. The concentration of salts, vitamins and cytokinin (benzylamino purine) in the medium, as well as different temperature regimes, strongly influenced the frequency of bud formation. Differentiation of shoot primordia and their subsequent development was also markedly affected by cytokinin exposure times. Bud development and elongation were enhanced by elimination of the phytohormone, reducing the strength of mineral salts, vitamins and sucrose in the medium, as well as by the inclusion of charcoal. Rooting was induced by treating the shoots with a sterilized rooting powder containing indole-butyric acid and culturing them in agar-solidified medium containing reduced mineral salts, vitamins, sucrose and charcoal. The number of chromosomes and their structure were found to be normal in the regenerated plantlets.
62 citations
TL;DR: Studies on the in vitro propagation of Alnus crispa, A. glutinosa and A. rubra indicated interspecific as well as intraspecific variations in their requirements for in vitro culture, while the optimum type and concentration of sugar to be used in the multiplication medium varied with species.
Abstract: Studies on the in vitro propagation of Alnus crispa, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. japonica, A. rubra, A. sinuata and A. viridis indicated interspecific as well as intraspecific variations in their requirements for in vitro culture. The WPM and Blaydes media supported, respectively, growth of A. glutinosa and A. crispa but not that of both species, while the MS medium induced equal or significantly better growth than WPM and Blaydes media for both species. The optimum type and concentration of sugar to be used in the multiplication medium varied with species. Only A. glutinosa showed good growth on sucrose while glucose was optimum for all other species but at different concentrations. All species rooted in 3 weeks on half-strength MS medium including 1 μM IBA. All clones of A. glutinosa and A. rubra rooted 100%, whereas “easy-to-root” and “difficult-to-root” clones were observed in the other species. In the rooting medium, glucose promoted rooting of the “difficult-to-root” clones better than sucrose. Survival following transfer to an artificial substrate was 100% for all species. Nodulation tests using pure cultures of two Frankia strains showed 100% nodulation on all Alnus clones.
57 citations
TL;DR: Both Murashige and Skoog's and modified White's medium supported callusing as well as organogenesis when supplemented with either 2,4-D or NAA in combination with BAP or Kn.
Abstract: Callus cultures were established from node and internode segments of Dioscorea floribunda Mart. & Gal. Both Murashige and Skoog's and modified White's medium supported callusing as well as organogenesis when supplemented with either 2,4-D or NAA in combination with BAP or Kn. On development of shoot primordia, calli were transferred to unsupplemented, half strength MS basal medium. This procedure led to the increase in formation of shoots. Several ‘crops’ of shoots were obtained from single differentiating callus cultures by excising the shoots and subculturing the residual part. Seventy percent of plantlets survived rooting and transfer to soil.
50 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that permanent phenotypic change may result from tissue culture, but the results suggest that such changes are not frequent and may be confounded by temporary alterations or by chimeras formed in the process of differentiation.
Abstract: This study investigates the frequency of apparent and permanent expression of marker change following two types of tissue culture, conventional callus and direct regeneration cultures, and for two markers it relates this frequency to that following breeding. Each clone was used for only one marker. After conventional callus culture, plants of the sugarcane clone Arundoid B, a clone having a growth habit with shortened internodes and leaves, were freed of this marker at a rate of 1 in 172 plants. Marker remission in a second clone with a leaf blotch was enhanced in the presence of a mutagen. Callus culture alone gave a remission rate of 1/280 plants, while treatment of callus with ethyl methanesulfonate gave a remission rate of 1/42 plants. Of two markers subjected to vegetative and sexual transmission, the first, a leaf marker, was stable in callus culture with no remissions; crossing with non-marker parents produced progeny with 54% lacking the marker. The second, a stalk marker (multibud), showed epigenetic effects during two generations of vegetative propagation; plants lacking the multibud marker produced vegetative progeny in which the marker reappeared. Nine crosses to nonmarker parents produced progeny of which an average of 29% had the marker. The use of stalk chimeras as markers demonstrated that passage through conventional callus or direct regeneration culture resulted in the loss of the donor phenotype in all plants regenerated. Phenotypic variation in plants derived from callus culture appears to arise from several sources; chimeral segregants, epigenetic transients, and mutational variants.
TL;DR: Green and albino plants as well as ‘roots only’ have been regenerated from the spring wheat cultivars Sinton, Neepawa, Pitic 62 and DW 50, and most plants were haploid.
Abstract: Cold pretreatments applied to excised anthers in liquid ‘potato 2’ medium proved to be unnecessary. Generally, cold pretreatments inhibited anther response and productivity as the duration was lengthened or as the pretreatment temperature was lowered. There were significant differences in response attributed to the anther donor genotype. Green and albino plants as well as ‘roots only’ have been regenerated from the spring wheat cultivars Sinton, Neepawa, Pitic 62 and DW 50. Most plants were haploid.
TL;DR: The 14CO2 uptake of an aseptically cultured red raspberry clone (Rubus ideaus L.) was examined prior to and after transfer to soil, displaying a spectrum of photosynthetic competence from low levels close to that of leaves from culture,to that of control plants.
Abstract: The 14CO2 uptake of an aseptically cultured red raspberry clone (Rubus ideaus L.) was examined prior to and after transfer to soil. Individual leaves of transplants, both persistent from culture and new ones, were tested 5 weeks after transplant for 14CO2 uptake capability. Transplant leaves of successive weekly age classes took up 14CO2 at increasing rates per unit area, displaying a spectrum of photosynthetic competence from low levels close to that of leaves from culture, to that of control plants. This is illustrative of acclimatization to the soil environment and was related to transplant light intensity.
TL;DR: Multiple shoot formation was induced from excised leaf explants of Annona squamosa Linn on a Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing benzylaminopurine and kinetin and the process of development of adventitious buds in leaf culture was analysed histologically.
Abstract: Multiple shoot formation was induced from excised leaf explants of Annona squamosa Linn. (custard apple) seedlings on a Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing benzylaminopurine and kinetin. Various auxins in combination with the above medium produced callusing of the explants. In an investigation of environmental factors affecting shoot induction it was seen that the maximum number of shoots were obtained using the leaf base with petiole at a temperature of 27°C and a light intensity of 1000 lux. Roots were initiated erratically when individual shoots were treated with an auxin and then transferred to an auxin free medium. The process of the development of adventitious buds in leaf culture was analysed histologically.
TL;DR: Using low concentrations of picloram, embryoids were formed on the surface of leaf-derived callus of pea, Pisum sativum L.v. Dippes Gelbe Victoria, and developed into torpedo-shaped embryos, which were transferred to solid medium and exhibited embryogenesis also from epicotyl- derived callus.
Abstract: Using low concentrations of picloram (0.06 mg/l), embryoids were formed on the surface of leaf-derived callus of pea, Pisum sativum L. (c.v. Dippes Gelbe Victoria) upon transfer to liquid medium. After some days in culture, embryoids spontaneously separated from the calli, and developed into torpedo-shaped embryos, which were transferred to solid medium. In a second series of experiments, embryos were also formed by mutant 489C and a genetic line of Pisum arvense, which additionally exhibited embryogenesis also from epicotyl-derived callus. Some of the embryos showed root formation, but no shoot morphogenesis occurred. In a limited number of cases, an additional root was formed in the apparent shoot apical region after 2–5 days.
TL;DR: An improved culture system for plant cells that employs filter paper resting on polyurethane saturated with liquid medium that combines a simplified version of the system outlined by Weber and Lark with the method of growth estimation described by Horsch et al.
Abstract: An improved culture system for plant cells that employs filter paper resting on polyurethane saturated with liquid medium is described. It combines a simplified version of the system outlined by Weber and Lark [1979, Theor Appl Genet 55: 81–86] with the method of growth estimation described by Horsch et al. [1980, Can J Bot 58: 2402–2406]. The growth of plated cells or callus can be conveniently monitored through repeated non-destructive fresh weight measurements of the filter paper and adhering cells, thereby allowing the construction of a complete growth curve over the course of an experiment. Experiments with 3 Nicotiana genotypes (N. plumbaginifolia Viv., N. tabacum L. ‘SC 58’ and N. tabacum ‘WI 38’) and 3 Vitis vinifera L. genotypes (‘Chenin Blanc’, ‘Dogridge’ and ‘White Riesling’) clearly demonstrate higher growth rates of plated cells on polyurethane supports compared with agar. Further experiments with N. plumbaginifolia illustrate the use of polyurethane supports for culturing cells at low pH (4.0) and the recovery of spent medium for monitoring changes in pH. These features will greatly facilitate quantitative studies of mineral nutrition and metal toxicity in cultured cells. Polyurethane supports also allow the incorporation of conditioned medium or feeder cells to support the growth of cells at low densities and facilitate the rapid recovery of variant cells.
TL;DR: Callus cultures were established from bulb explants of diploid Urginea indica Kunth (Indian squill) on a modified basal medium of Murashige and Skoog (1962) and 90% of the plants transferred to potted soil have survived.
Abstract: Callus cultures were established from bulb explants of diploid Urginea indica Kunth (Indian squill) on a modified basal medium of Murashige and Skoog (1962) supplemented with either 2 mg/l-1 2,4-D+15% (v/v) CM or 4 mg/l-1 2,4-D+2 mg/l-1 NAA+2 mg/l-1 KN+1 g/l-1 YE. Shoot primordia developed after 2–3 subcultures in that medium. Increased growth of shoot primordia was obtained in media containing less auxins and vitamins. Rooted bulbous plantlets obtained were maintained in MS medium with 0.5% sucrose.
TL;DR: Single-node stem segments of Rosmarinus officinalis L. var.
Abstract: Single-node stem segments of Rosmarinus officinalis L. var. genuina forma erectus proved better explants than shoot tips (ca. 2 cm long) for extablishment of field-grown plants in aseptic cultures. Benzylaminopurine was far more effective than kinetin for shoot induction in shoot tips excised from aseptically-grown plants. Maximum numbers of shoot buds (ca. 14) were formed per explant at 0.2 mgl-1 benzylaminopurine in 30 days. After further growth of isolated shoots and treatment with 0.25 mgl-1 indolepropionic acid for 7 days, 80% shoots produced roots. In vitro raised plantlets were successfully grown in soil to plants. About 5,000 plants could be produced from a single nodal segment in 1 year.
TL;DR: A protocol was developed for the isolation and culture of protoplasts from the cotyledons of seedlings of Pinus coulteri D. Don and small cell colonies were formed, but these started to accumulate phenolics and no further growth of the colonies was observed.
Abstract: A protocol was developed for the isolation and culture of protoplasts from the cotyledons of seedlings of Pinus coulteri D. Don. Incubation of cotyledon pieces in a mixture consisting of cellulase Onozuka R10 2%, Pectolyase Y-23 0.1%, mannitol 10%, CaCl2 500 mg/l and other macro and micro-nutrients yielded viable protoplasts. After 24 hours of culture in a complex nutrient medium, the protoplasts regenerated new cell walls and the first divisions were observed within 7–10 days. Small cell colonies were formed within 15–20 days, but these started to accumulate phenolics and no further growth of the colonies was observed.
TL;DR: Cotyledonary tissue from immature embryos of Glycine canescens was induced to callus and then form embryo-like structures that could be cultured into whole plants and grown in soil.
Abstract: Cotyledonary tissue from immature embryos of Glycine canescens was induced to callus and then form embryo-like structures. These structures could be cultured into whole plants and grown in soil.
TL;DR: A sucrose supply of 2% in conjunction with the combination of all three hormones, however, was needed to achieve maximal thylakoid formation including stacking in individual chloroplasts and for the very extensive chloroplast multiplication in explants growing with high cell division activity.
Abstract: Chromoplasts, which exist in the cells of freshly isolated carrot root explants, seemed to be transformed in thylakoid containing plastids, and chlorophyll formation was initiated if the explants were cultured in a liquid medium containing inositol and IAA as a hormonal supplement. This process was intensified when kinetin was also added, but no dependence on a sucrose supply could be found.
TL;DR: Cell suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Gardenia jasminoides and Nicotiana tabacum were capable of glucosylating esculetin to esculin (7-hydroxycoumarin-6-O-β-D-glucoside) and this ability was dependent on the growth stage and the medium composition especially growth hormones and sugar.
Abstract: Cell suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Gardenia jasminoides and Nicotiana tabacum were capable of glucosylating esculetin to esculin (7-hydroxycoumarin-6-O-β-D-glucoside). Especially, a culture strain of Lithospermum erythrorhizon was superior in the esculetin glucosylating capability; 40 to 50% of esculetin administered to the culture medium at early stationary growth stage was converted into esculin within 24 h. The rate of glucosylation was also dependent on the growth stage and the medium composition especially growth hormones and sugar.
TL;DR: Roots could be subcultured indefinitely on agar solidified medium, but shoot regeneration did not occur after two subcultures, and Regeneration in both ‘Jewel’ and ‘Caromex’ explants was enhanced by light.
Abstract: Explants from stem, leaf, and storage root tissue of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cv. Jewel, were placed on media conaining 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/1NAA with 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mg/1BA in a factorial experiment. Some callus formed in every treatment, but the best callus growth was on media containing 1.0 mg/1NAA and 10 mg/1BA. Roots formed over a range of treatments but were most prolific on the medium containing 1.0 mg/1NAA and 0.1 mg/1BA. Some de novo formed roots subsequently produced shoot buds in culture. Shoot formation increased the longer the original explants remained in culture without subculture. Roots could be subcultured indefinitely on agar solidified medium, but shoot regeneration did not occur after two subcultures. Shoot formation was greatest when the roots were subcultured on medium containing 1.0 mg/NAA and 0.1 mg/1BA. The cultivar ‘Caromex’ followed the same regeneration pathway, but the number of shoots formed was considerably less. Regeneration in both ‘Jewel’ and ‘Caromex’ explants was enhanced by light.
TL;DR: The propagation of Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore in vitro, was most efficiently achieved by initially culturing corm explants on a basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).
Abstract: The propagation of Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore in vitro, was most efficiently achieved by initially culturing corm explants on a basal medium (BM) supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Explants which developed shoots only on this medium, could be rooted when transferred onto a hormone-free BM. Utilizing this technique, an average of 39 plants could be obtained from a mature corm, 90% of which could be established in a sandy soil.
TL;DR: Agrobacterium has been used to transform zero to six-day-old cell wall nonregenerating and cell wall regenerating leaf protoplasts of tobacco, suggesting that a plant cell wall is not required for the process of crown gall tumorigenesis.
Abstract: Agrobacterium has been used to transform zero to six-day-old cell wall nonregenerating (CWNR) and cell wall regenerating (CWR) leaf protoplasts of tobacco. Transformed cells were selected by phoytohormone autotrophic growth and were verified by detection of the presence of lysopine dehydrogenase. Transformation frequencies in CWNR protoplasts were at least as high as those in CWR protoplasts, indicating that a plant cell wall is not required for the process of crown gall tumorigenesis. Transformation frequencies were highest in two-day-old protoplasts. This age coincides with the onset of DNA synthesis and the first mitosis within the cell populations. We suggest that the initiation of cell cycle activity may be important for the transformation process.
TL;DR: No plants could be regenerated from calli of wheat and backcross derivatives except those of CS x A. intermedium and A. trachycaulm x CS hybrid regenerants, one had anthers and stigma as opposed to neutral flowers of the original hybrid.
Abstract: Segments of young inflorescences of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS), its F1 hybrids with Agropyron trachycaulum and A. scirpeum and backcross derivatives with A. yezoense, A. intermedium and A. junceum, and of a A. yezoense x T. aestivum cv. Wichita hybrid were cultured. Different parts of young spikelets of A. trachycaulum x CS F1 and A. yezoense x Wichita F1 's were also cultured. Percent callus induction was lower in wheat than in the wheat-Agropyron hybrids or backcross derivatives. Percent callus induction from different organs in both hybrids was in the descending order of whole spikelet, spikelet without glumes, rachis, and glumes. No plants could be regenerated from calli of wheat and backcross derivatives except those of CS x A. intermedium combination. Callus induction in hybrids varied from 54 to 84% and plant regeneration from 14 to 31%. The regenerants required no vernalization. Variants including one with top-dense spikes and another with elongated spikelets were recovered. Out of eight A. trachycaulm x CS hybrid regenerants, one had anthers and stigma as opposed to neutral flowers of the original hybrid.
TL;DR: Callus tissues derived from chilling-tolerant herbaceous plant, Atractylodes lancea, Atropa belladonna, Bupleurum falcatum, Dioscorea tokoro, Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Phytolacca americana could be cold-stored at 4°C for three months or more, whereas those from chill-sensitive herbaceous plants could not survive after cold storage for two to three months.
Abstract: Callus tissues derived from chilling-tolerant herbaceous plant, Atractylodes lancea, Atropa belladonna, Bupleurum falcatum, Dioscorea tokoro, Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Phytolacca americana could be cold-stored at 4°C for three months or more, whereas those from chilling-sensitive herbaceous plants such as Datura innoxia and Perilla frutescens var. crispa and a deciduous tree, Mallotus japonicus, could not survive after cold storage for two to three months. Tobacco callus cultures could be stored at 4°C for two or four months depending on a callus strain. The effect of cold storage on secondary metabolite production varied. Nicotine and betalain production suffered from cold storage of tobacco and Phytolacca americana callus cultures, respectively. However, production of anthocyanin in cultures of Mallotus japonicus and Bupleurum falcatum and shikonin derivatives in Lithospermum erythrorhizon callus was affected very little. Root-forming ability was retained for more than one year in cold-stored callus tissues of Bupleurum falcatum, while the control callus tissues maintained at 25°C completely lost the organogenetic ability six months after the first subculture.
TL;DR: Light consistently increased the pyrethrin content of pyrethrum shoot organ cultures under the experimental conditions used, and the increase was not dependent upon a constant light supply.
Abstract: Light consistently increased the pyrethrin content of pyrethrum shoot organ cultures. Under the experimental conditions used, the pyrethrin increase was not dependent upon a constant light supply.
TL;DR: A comparison of several genotypic sources revealed a 10-fold range in response to the multiplication medium with no differences observed among agronomic type or ploidy level.
Abstract: A procedure is described for the routine establishment and multiplication of red clover, Trifolium pratense L., shoot tips which should be applicable to a wide genotypic background. The addition of CO2 to the culture vial or use of polypropylene closures enhanced shoot multiplication at high levels of benzyladenine (BA). Horizontal orientation of crown buds resulted in more efficient multiplication. Culture of nodes from flowering stems was unsuccessful. The cytokinin BA was most effective for shoot multiplication at 2.0 mg/l with maximum shoot production by four weeks. A comparison of several genotypic sources revealed a 10-fold range in response to the multiplication medium with no differences observed among agronomic type or ploidy level. An additional study revealed that multiplication ability of a genotype can be determined after the second subculture since multiplication ability does not change during repeated subculture.
TL;DR: Cell cultures of Valeriana wallichii were treated with 0.05%, 0.2% and 0.5% of colchicine and the chromosome numbers shifted to polyploidy under the treatment but had a strong tendency to the initial pattern.
Abstract: Cell cultures of Valeriana wallichii were treated with 0.05%, 0.2% and 0.5% of colchicine. The treatment with 0.05% and 0.2% colchicine resulted in well growing cultures. At the highest dose the cells died. The colchicine treatment could be repeated after six alkaloid free passages. The chromosome numbers shifted to polyploidy (n>96) under the treatment but had a strong tendency to the initial pattern.