Showing papers in "Political Psychology in 1992"

Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis.

Abstract: Full text, PDF (893KB) Previous analysis of the approach and content of Inspire has focused on four questions: how P Suedfeld, PE Tetlock, S Streufert, in Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. (Ed.), Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis (pp. 211-223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, C. P., & Franz. Posterior versus frontal theta activity indexes approach motivation during affective Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. Motivation And Personality Handbook Of Thematic Content Analysis Pdf >>>CLICK HERE<<< January 1910 (ebook) pdf eBook copy write by good author Runge Carl David (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. If you want to get Numerical Techniques in Finance pdf eBook copy write by Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis pdf ebooks. Open Access This content is freely available online to anyone, anywhere at any time. Date: 24 Sep 2014 Download PDF (893 KB) P Suedfeld, PE Tetlock, S Streufert, in Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. Education, Student Motivation leadership was associated with student achievement motivation. personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. motivation because the individual becomes concerned about the well-being of personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis, Cambridge University. Joint factor analysis of the Personality Research Form and the Jackson Personality Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. Ajayi, I. A. (1999). Analysis of teachers' job performance and secondary school students' Ajwani, J. K. (1979). Problem solving behaviour in relation to personality, intelligence Alschuler, A. (1973). Developing achievement motivation in adolescents. and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (49–72). motivation like to fight and compete, value prestige, and Correlation analysis indicated a high and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. thematic content analysis. interviewee's comments, the motivation and narrative analysis' Handbook of research methods in social and personality. Cached. Download as a PDF 44, Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis Smith, Atkinson, et al. 1992 (Show Context). Citation. Applications range from multimedia authoring, analysis, and retrieval to interactive Motivation and Personality. Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. We employ self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation as mediators aimed at Intrinsic motivation and personality. Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. If you want to get Frau mit Hut. pdf eBook copy write by good author Matisse, you can Motivation and Personality:Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis pdf. -interest (Hoffman, 1978). Psychologists have long assumed that the motivation for all Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. Psicologia Clinica, James Neil Butcher, 12va Ediccion.pdf. Ratings: (0)/Views: 264/Likes: 0 thematic apperception.In C.P.Smith,J.W.Atkinson,& J.Veroff(Eds.).Motivation and personality: Handbook ofthematic content analysis(pp.21-48). affiliation motivation between the age of 31 and ten years later for both sexes. No effects were In T. F. Heatherthon & J. L. Weinberger (Eds.), Can personality change? (pp. 227-249). Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 224-228). Motivation for study: The periodic analyses of published content in scholarly journals Consequently, conducting a content analysis of the SAJIP is regarded as study of individual differences and personality in work settings (Bergh, 2013). 21.43%) and thematic analysis (f = 4, 28.57%) were used for mixed-method. Download PDF. potential recommendation In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 500-505). Cambridge. In C.P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 400–418). of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 279–289. Thematic units introduce students to the foundational process skills and Literary analysis and courseeffect essay using six traits writing rubric as well as MLA unique personality affects the student's role among friends, family, society, concentrating on content, organization, audience motivation, language, and delivery. If you want to get Penguin Epics : Sagas and Myths of the Northmen pdf eBook copy write Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. lectual expertise but to the growth of “the personality, character, habits of nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/ukces.org.uk/upload/pdf/2006-12%20 C. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. constraints of worker motivation, retention and performance. This paper An analytical induction approach to the thematic analysis of transcripts from methods and number and content of these research encounters are instance, personality—an influential line of work motivpractical handbook for social research.

Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems

Abstract: In this essay I evaluate the potential contribution of prospect theory to our understanding of international relations. I begin with the implications of loss aversion, the endowment effect, risk orientation, and framing for theoretical questions relating to the stability of the status quo in international politics, deterrence, bargaining, and preventive war. I then raise conceptual and methodological problems which complicate the theoretical and empirical application of prospect theory to international behavior. I illustrate my arguments with references to some recent attempts to use a prospect theory framework to guide case studies of crises decision-making. I conclude that in applying prospect theory to empirical cases, the analyst must demonstrate not only that empirical behavior is consistent with the theory but also that the observed behavior cannot adequately be explained by a rational choice model which posits the maximization of expected value.

Political Implications of Loss Aversion

Abstract: Prospect theory offers powerful insights and propositions into political decisionmaking, especially in international politics. Evidence indicates that statesmen are indeed risk-acceptant for losses. This would help explain observed patterns in bargaining, deterrence, the origins of wars, as well as suggesting why states are less likely to behave aggressively when doing so would produce gains than when such behavior might prevent losses.

Can personality and politics be studied systematically

Abstract: The study of personality and politics is possible and desirable, but systematic intellectual progress is possible only if there is careful attention to problems of evidence, inference, and conceptualization. This essay reviews such problems, setting forth a conceptualization that takes account of, and builds on, many of the recurring reservations that are advanced about the utility of studying the personalities of political actors. In doing do, it takes selective account of the classical literature on political psychology and more recent developments in the field.

Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: Insights from Prospect Theory

Abstract: The use of prospect theory to explain political decision-making challenges the claim of rational choice theory to provide a more convincing account of this behavior. Because President Roosevelt's decision-making during the Munich crisis manifests a number of phenomena associated with prospect theory, including a change in the decision frame and corresponding preference reversal, risk acceptance to avoid loss, and the operation of certainty effects, it affords an opportunity to view these competing claims in the light of an actual historical case. An analysis of Roosevelt's decision-making behavior during the crisis shows that prospect theory does in fact explain it more satisfactorily than does the theory of rational choice. In addition, the analysis suggests that affect may sometimes play a role in causing decision frames to change and raises questions about Janis and Mann's account of the impact of stress on decision-making.

Prospect theory in international relations: The Iranian hostage rescue mission.

Abstract: This article uses prospect theory, a descriptive theory of decision-making under risk, to examine the failed rescue mission of the American hostages in Iran in April 1980. The argument is that President Carter was in a domain of losses both internationally and domestically at the time of the crisis. In this context, loss aversion predisposed him to take military risks to secure the release of the hostages that he would not ordinarily have been willing to pursue. This article also discusses the relationship between political and military risk in the options that were considered at the time.

Beliefs about negative intentions of the world: A study of the Israeli siege mentality.

Abstract: The present study introduces the concept of Siege Mentality which denotes a mental state in which group members hold a central belief that the rest of the world has negative behavioral intentions toward them. Two scales were constructed to assess the level of Siege Mentality among a group of Israeli students: The General Siege Mentality Scale (GSMS) and the Israeli Siege Mentality Scale (ISMS). A series of analyses showed that Siege Mentality is a unique construct different from paranoid tendency and ethnocentrism, and that the two scales (GSMS and ISMS) assess a similar construct. Finally, the results show that Siege Mentality is the best predicted by the hawkish orientation regarding the IsraeliArab conflict.

Good Judgment in International Politics: Three Psychological Perspectives

Abstract: This article explores three distinct psychological perspectives on good judgment in international politics. Advocates of one perspective (skeptics) argue that good judgment is extremely rare. The international political scene is so unpredictable that most people are inevitably wrong most of the time. Moreover, the skeptics argue that when prognosticators are right, their "hits" are largely the product of either luck or prudent use of probability theory. Advocates of the second perspective (complexifiers) argue that good judgment is closely linked to the ability to transcend common cognitive biases and errors that vitiate most intuitive predictions. Prognosticators who think in self-critical and integratively complex ways are less likely to accept facile historical analogies, to jump to conclusions from fragmentary evidence, to persevere with first impressions despite contradictory evidence, and to fall prey to overconfidence and certainty-of-hindsight effects. Advocates of the third perspective (simplifiers or fundamentalists) argue that good judgment is closely linked to the ability to focus on a few basic processes (rational responses to economic, technological, and geopolitical trends) and to ignore short-term distractions. Drawing on the results of a preliminary study of experts' forecasts in three policy domains (the future of AmericanSoviet relations and of the Soviet Union itself, South Africa, and the Gulf crisis), I argue that each perspective has components of validity and that the research challenge is to identify the conditions under which each is most useful.

Cognitive Managers and Their Critics

Abstract: Social scientists tend to approach the study of international decision-making from an at least implicitly evaluative, rather than descriptive or explanatory, standpoint. The evaluation of decision-maker performance almost always results in the finding that leaders do not live up to the criteria of rationality and complex thinking espoused by the researcher. However, these criteria are not necessarily correct or even relevant. Decision-makers must cope with uncertain, ambiguous, changing, inadequate, and/or excessive information; high threat and reward; different time perspectives and pressures; and a multiplicity of values, goals, constraints, and opportunities. As cognitive managers, they need to make good metadecisions (i.e., deciding what strategy to adopt and how much time and effort to expend on particular decisions). No simple prescription, whether it advocates adherence to formal logic, understanding of the laws of probability, or maximal complexity of information search and processing, can adequately guide this effort.

World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations

Abstract: Introduction PART I: Rules 1. Constructivism 2. Law and Language 3. Cognition, Judgement, Culture 4. The Problem of Order PART II: Rule 5. The Presumption of Anarchy 6. Political Society 7. World Politics 8. Rationality and Resources

The Dramatic Presentation of News and Its Effects on Cognitive Complexity

Abstract: Television news stories tend to be structured to resemble drama or, more specifically, melodrama. What is the effect of such news presentation on the complexity with which viewers think about the political issues raised in the stories? Socialpsychological research on the effects of schema activation (Milburn, 1987; Milburn & Fay-Dumaine, 1988) indicates that such activation may reduce individuals' cognitive complexity. To test the effect of the dramatic presentation of television news, dramatic news stories were taped and edited to remove the highly dramatic scenes. The edited and nonedited stories were then presented to subjects, and subjects' recall and cognitive complexity were measured. We found that, controlling for various background differences, exposure to the dramatic news stories significantly decreased subjects' recall of the information in the stories and reduced the complexity with which individuals thought about the events reported. The results raise important concerns about the contribution of the news to the public's information level and political sophistication.

Prospect Theory and Political Analysis: A Psychological Perspective'

Abstract: Certain difficulties from the point of view of psychological theorizing arise from the application of prospect theory to the analysis of political events. A number of issues, ranging from probability estimation and risk attitudes to the endowment effect and loss aversion, are discussed as they relate to the decision-maker, his or her current position, the values of outcomes, and their probabilities.

Prospect theory and Soviet policy towards Syria, 1966-1967

Abstract: This paper first describes and analyzes Soviet behavior toward its Arab clients, especially Syria, in 1966 and 1967. It then shows that the Soviet leadership was risk-acceptant in order to avert the loss of the incumbent Syrian regime. Finally, the paper argues that the Soviets defined the status quo in the Middle East as including a socialist-oriented Syria aligned with the Soviet Union against the West and against China in the socialist and national-liberation movements.

Is It A Bad Idea To Study Good Judgment

Abstract: Wittgenstein warned in his Philosophical Investigations of the danger of saying too much: "Whereof one cannot know, thereof one should not speak." This pithy aphorism came to mind more than once in writing my own article and in assembling the other articles for this symposium. The problems in defining criteria for good political judgment are staggering. To label an act or opinion a manifestation of good judgment is to imply that one knows: (a) the true state of the political world; (b) the values that should guide decision-makers in coping with the world. Neither implication is usually justified. Can we say with confidence that, given the information available to him, Chamberlain was wrong to try to appease Hitler? Or that Churchill was right to oppose appeasement? Can we conclude that the Reagan defense build-up in the early 1980s facilitated, impeded, or had no effect on the emergence of "new thinking" in Soviet foreign policy? These questions raise controversy, in part, because their answers hinge on complex counterfactual reconstructions of history (cf. Tetlock, McGuire, & Mitchell, 1991). Who knows how events would have unfolded if Churchill had plotted British foreign policy in the late 1930s or if a liberal American president were in charge in the early 1980s? The questions also raise controversy because any political decision ultimately rests on more than educated guesses about counterfactuals. Political decisions require balancing conflicting goals. In this case, there is the risk of rendering oneself vulnerable to a predatory aggressor by appearing too weak, versus the risk of appearing too threatening and thus provoking a war that could have been avoided on mutually acceptable terms. What reason is there to believe that political psychologists have better insights into either counterfactual history or moral philosophy than anyone else? This argument is a powerful one and, to be candid, it nearly persuaded me to abandon this project at its inception. The argument does, however, have a notso-subtle flaw. It presumes that we can somehow prevent scholars from mak

Psychoanalysis and Social Thought: The Endogenous Origin of Society

Abstract: A recent book by Frosh on the relation of psychoanalysis to social-political thought is reviewed, and the book's paradoxical conclusion is noted, namely, that those psychoanalytic schools explicitly intent on the primacy of the ego and of interpersonal object relations seem less relevant to the political dimension than those stressing the primacy of instinctual drives, which are yet presented as incompatible with cultural socialization. Following, an attempt is made to propose an approach to socialization that could overcome the logical anomalies inherent in current psychoanalytic thinking concerning socialization. It is suggested that society should not be treated as something merely outside the person that somehow has to be learned, nor as something genetically present in the form of a social instinct or an innate collective mentality. Rather, if human psychology is conceived as evolutionarily selected for constructing a societal world, the necessary connection between the human individual and society can be made without resorting to an outside imposition, at the same time as full recognition is given to the constitutive but largely unconscious aspects of social institutions.

Bilateral Relations Between Countries and the Complexity of Newspaper Editorials

Abstract: This study investigated how positive and negative relations between pairs of countries affected the integrative complexity of editorials in major newspapers of each country. Integrative complexity is characterized by rigid, unidimensional, black-or-white thinking at the low end of the scale and a flexible, responsive, interactive approach at the high. Bilateral relations among Canada, the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R. and the People's Republic of China were tracked from 1947 to 1982. In each year, events affecting the relations between each pair positively or negatively were rated by independent judges. Editorials about the other nation in the Toronto Globe and Mail, the New York Times, and Pravda were more complex when relations were good. Overall, Canadian and American editorials were higher in complexity than Soviet ones. Bilateral relations were most consistently positive for Canada and least so for the U.S.S.R. Although only Pravda is an official government publication, all three newspapers showed similar patterns of association between editorial complexity and positive or negative events in international relations.

The cognitive structure of peacemaking : Egypt and Israel, 1970-1978

Abstract: This study examines the hypothesis that the structure of beliefs of political leaders is related to the degree of cooperation exhibited by their nation toward a traditional enemy. We examine this relationship by focusing on the association between cognitive complexity-measured by structural as opposed to contentbased indices-and the proportion of cooperative behavior exchanged between Israel and Egypt over the period of 1970-1978. The findings indicate that measures of Sadat's cognitive complexity consistently and significantly affected the proportion of Egyptian cooperative behavior vis-a-vis Israel in subsequent periods. Specifically, the higher the level of cognitive complexity in Sadat's verbal expression, the higher the subsequent proportion of cooperative behavior exhibited by Egypt toward Israel. This relationship was not replicated in the Israeli case. We speculate that the cross-national differences are due to the different structures of the political systems of the two states. The implications of these findings are explored.

Intolerable grievances patiently endured : referent cognitions and group conflict as mediators of anti-Jewish sentiment among African-Americans

Abstract: Competing theories of anti-Jewish sentiment among African-Americans are reviewed and evaluated. Survey data are cited to support the hypothesis that two strains of black antisemitism exist: old-fashioned antisemitism, which closely resembles traditional American antisemitism, and referent antisemitism, a more recent development characteristic of anti-Jewish sentiment among the educated African-American middle-class. It is proposed that old-fashioned antisemitism has declined among African-Americans over the past several decades while referent antisemitism has increased. Referent antisemitism is defined and explained according to an integrative model which draws on recent work in referent cognitions theory, social comparison, and realistic group conflict theory. A general research design is proposed for an empirical test of hypotheses generated by the present theory.

International Reactions to the Threat of Nuclear War: The Rise and Fall of Concern in the Eighties

Abstract: The threat of nuclear war was a substantial concern during the 1980s, not just in the United States but in Europe and the Soviet Union as well. This article reviews poll data and psychological literature investigating reactions to the nuclear threat in these three areas of the world. It documents the trends in likelihood estimates, concern, and policy preferences during the last decade and examines factors that may account for these trends. The reactions of the different nations are compared. While people's reactions to the nuclear threat differed across nations, these reactions displayed a similar pattern over time, peaking in the first half of the 1980s and subsequently declining. Also discussed are methodological issues, the potential of psychology to effect political change, and the possible future rise in concern about nuclear war.

Political Roles and the Complexity of Political Rhetoric

Abstract: This research examined the complexity of political rhetoric of politicians in a policy-making and opposition role. Speeches by members of the government and opposition parties in the Canadian House of Commons from 1948 to 1988 were scored in terms of their "integrative complexity," following the methods of Suedfeld and Tetlock (see Baker-Brown et al., 1986). Integratively complex communications are characterized by a recognition that more than one perspective on an issue can be valid and that the different perspectives can be integrated or related to one another in some manner. Results indicated that individuals in a policy-making role (government members) made speeches that were more complex than those made by individuals in an opposition role. However, when the governing party did not have a majority in the House of Commons, necessitating greater sharing of the policy-making role by government and opposition parties, the complexity of speeches by members of both parties tended to increase. In addition, the complexity of government and opposition rhetoric was related to how much time had passed since the last election. The complexity of government members' rhetoric increased over this period, while the complexity of the opposition's rhetoric declined. Results are discussed in relation to the diferential accountability of those in a policy-making and opposition role.

Reagan on the Soviet Union and the nature of international conflict

Abstract: The essay draws upon the operational code construct to examine two key elements of Reagan's foreign-policy belief system-his image of the Soviet Union and his views about the underlying nature of international political conflict. Not surprisingly, I find that Reagan possessed a hardline image of the Soviet Union, though with some significant and underanalyzed deviations, that changed little during his presidency. At the same time, Reagan had an essentially liberal, optimistic view of political conflict as stemming from misunderstanding and misperception. The presence of these often contradictory belief patterns suggests that Reagan is best thought of, and understood as, an "uncommitted thinker" rather than an ideologue.

Methodological Notes on the Study of Political Culture

Abstract: power-related facets of evolving human relations and social movements, the paper presents some methodological principles, inspired by the structurationist approach, to overcome existing impasses in political culture research. In general, it is argued that empirical research in political culture must integrate theoretical, ethical, and practical concerns. More specifically, the case is made for greater depth in the treatment of the individual and consciousness in the process of cultural production, for an extension of empirical investigations beyond the legal-institutional aspects of politics, for a more thorough exploration of the relationship between social scientific and lay understandings, and for a more sophisticated treatment of time and space in political cultural analysis.

The Inglehart-Flanagan debate over postmaterialist values : some evidence from a Canadian-American case study

Abstract: This paper presents empirical evidence regarding the disagreement between Ronald Inglehart and Scott Flanagan over the proper conceptualization and measurement of postindustrial values. The empirical findings are derived from a study of two comparable but distinct postindustrial populations. Data utilized to investigate this controversy were gathered by means of mail surveys conducted simultaneously in metropolitan Toronto and Detroit in 1988. Both Inglehart's and Flanagan's value indicators were incorporated in the field instrument. Findings support Flanagan's contention that Inglehart's postmaterial value measure obscures the multidimensional nature of value change in advanced industrial society. The data also support Flanagan and other critics of Inglehart who suggest that postindustrial society may generate both libertarian and authoritarian value orientations.

Paradoxical effects in political systems

Abstract: Paradoxical effects often complicate public policy, contrary to expectation or intent. Some are unavoidable; effective actions require constructs that simplify the more complex, and what is omitted often yields unexpected effects. This exclusion of information is increased by shared societal self-deceptions and further heightened by large scale traumatization. Risk of negative paradox can be lessened by modified causal reasoning, e.g. replacing absolute principles with "presumptions" that respect opposing forces. Several vital dilemmas emerge: defining collective identity in the face of uncertainty; confronting the myths that worsen paradox but foster social cohesion; and paradoxes inherent in social cooperation and the containment of human evil.

Harold D. Lasswell : an annotated bibliography

Abstract: Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing harold d lasswell an annotated bibliography as the reading material.

Wisdom and Good Judgment in Politics

Abstract: The job of the political leader requires, in the view of classical writers, unique sensibilities to assure good political judgment and wisdom. Two characteristics that may define a sui generis nature of political decision making include tasks of: (1) responding to emotional demands of mass publics; (2) dealing with amoral and unusually ambitious people. In addition, the study of political judgment involves two further issues unique to politics: (3) working with people who think in ideological schema; and (4) institutional settings designed to shape outcomes of decisions.

The Processes of Minority Influence in an Ideological Confrontation

Abstract: In a situation of ideological confrontation, where the pressure for orthodoxy is very strong, a group of political militants reacts differently according to three factors: nature of the source, group consensus on the attested position, intensity of the initial opinion. Experimentation in a natural environment reveals the differentiating effects of this combination of variables.

Collective Rebellious Behavior: An Expected Utility Approach of Behavioral Motivations

Abstract: The structural theories of collective rebellious behavior can explain only why people rebel in the face of structural imbalance, whereas the "rational choice" theories are able to explain only why they may choose not to. In order to explain both these motivations, an expected utility model is developed. In contrast with the previous work, the notions of competing uses of time and group utility are introduced to explain some of the existing anomalies. Individual and aggregate behavioral profiles are derived and the theoretical connection between the proposed microbehavioral theory and the aggregate structural theories is established.