Showing papers in "Preprints-American Chemical Society Division of Petroleum Chemistry in 2001"

Deep hydrodesulfurization of diesel and jet fuels using mesoporous molecular sieve-supported Co-Mo/MCM-41 catalysts

Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has mandated that diesel have no more than 15 parts per million by weight (wppm) of sulfur by 2006 (1). Similarly the permissible sulfur content of U.S. jet fuel might be reduced to 1000 wppm (2). Some researchers estimate the need for new hydrotreating catalysts at least four times more active than those presently used (3).

On the synthesis of SSZ-48, SSZ-43 and their variations : The synthesis and characterization of microporous an mesoporous materials

Abstract: Abstract SSZ-43 and SSZ-48 are new high-silica molecular sieves prepared with organic structure-directing agents (SDAs) derived from the decahydroquinolinium cation. SSZ-48 has a related theoretical 14 member-ring (MR) net, and computer modeling with energy minimization has been used to predict SDAs suitable for stablilizing this theoretical 14MR structure. Three SDAs derived from decahydroquinolinium cation were indicated as plausible candidates for the synthesis of the 14MR material. These SDAs are investigated here using several reaction chemistries. The results show that in addition to SSZ-43 and SSZ-48, other materials including known, large-pore, high-silica molecular sieves such as SSZ-31, CIT-6 and zeolite beta can be synthesized with these SDAs. 29 Si NMR data show that some of the newly synthesized materials contain a significant amount of Q3 sites. The removal of the SDAs through calcination converts these Q3 sites to Q4 silicons, and generates microporosity.

Isomerization of n-butane : Conversion as a function of sulfate loading on sulfated zirconia catalysts

Abstract: Sulfated zirconia has attracted much interest as a potential replacement for liquid catalysts in such processes as isomerization, hydrocracking, alkylation and oligomerization (1-5). As a solid acid catalyst, sulfated zirconia is a much more environmentally friendly catalyst than the highly corrosive and toxic liquid acids which are currently being used in refineries. Also, heterogeneous catalysis has the advantage of eliminating the need for product separation at the end of the process.

Characterization of vacuum residua and their substitution by using FT-IR technique

Abstract: In the research of chemical structure of petroleum and its productions, the ratio of methylene and methyl is a very important parameter, it shows the average length of the chains of hydrocarbons and could figure the structure and constitute of oil products (1, 2,4). Some researchers studied the IR spectrum of C 5 ∼C 16 and C 13 ∼C 16 , and find that there exists a liner relation between the ratio of the absorptivity of IR bands at 1460 cm -1 and 1380 cm -1 and the ratio of methylene and methyl groups in the molecule. And the relevant equations is deduced, it is widely applied in the mensuration of the structure and the institute of oil products (5-8). And because these equations are deduced only by using the mixture of straight hydrocarbons, the obsorbtivity of methyl joined with aromatic rings is different to the obsorbtivity of the methyl in the alkyl hydrocarbons, there must exist some errors in investigating vacuum residua which contains many aromatic hydrocarbons using these equations. So in this paper, through the infrared spectrum of the mixture of alkyl hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons, we attain a new liner equation between n CH2 /n CH3 and A 1460 /A 1380 , and investigating the average length of the chains of hydrocarbons of residua by using this equation.

New technology for emission reduction at petrol stations : Membrane technology in petrolum, petrochemical and gas processing

Abstract: The emissions generated by car refueling are caught and returned to the gasoline storage tanks by a vacuum assisted vapor return. Emissions vented via breather pipe of the storage tanks have been treated by hydrocarbon vapor selective membranes. A pilot plant, based on this principle, has been evaluated by the TÜV Rheinland. An overall emission reduction of higher than 93 % has been proven and certified.

Effect of hydrogen sulfide on hydrodesulfurization of straight-run light gas oil

Abstract: Hydrotreating process is one of the important technologies in petroleum refining industry. The main objective of hydrotreating process is to remove contaminant materials, such as sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, and aromatics, by converting their structure in order to separate them from feedstock. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is the most common reaction of hydrotreating process.

Hydrodemetallation of nickel and vanadium porphyrins

Abstract: Metals in petroleum, mainly nickel and vanadium, seriously poison hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and cracking catalysts. Nickel and vanadium are found to be coordinated with porphyrinic and nonporphyrinic ligands, and they are often removed from petroleum through catalytic hydrodemetallation (HDM).

Catalytic isomerization and dechlorination of nonenes

Abstract: The alkylation of diphenylamine (DIPHAM) with olefins uses an AlCl 3 catalyst to produce alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants. The recovered olefin contains a higher concentration of unreactive isomers and more halogen than the raw material used as feed. Catalytic processes for olefin dechlorination (1-3) and isomerization (4-11) are well known, but these processes report production of a mixture closer to the less-reactive thermodynamic equilibrium distribution (7-10). This paper describes a catalytic gas phase nonenes isomerization process, which simultaneously reduces chlorine and rejuvenates alkylation activity (12).

The synthesis and characterization of heteroatomic substituted aluminophosphates by Zr atom

Abstract: The aluminophosphate (APO 4 -n) molecular sieves, invented in 1980's by Union carbide (UOP at present) (1), were known for the 3rd decedent molecular sieves. The framework of the serials of zeolites were comprised of tetrahedrons of AlO 4 - and PO 4 - by turns, as a result, such zeolites shows the neutral electricity and weak acidity. The introduction of the heteroatom in the skeleton of APO 4 -n zeolite, such as (Si, Mo, Co, etc.) (2), broken down the electronic balance of the framework of aluminophosphates, leading to them. abstaining more water absorption and acidity, consequentially, more and more chemists have focused on such field.

Synergism between hydrogen donors and dispersed catalysts in residue hydrocracking

Abstract: Dispersed catalysts hydrogenation processes offer the potential of high conversion with minimal coke yield for the upgrading of heavy oil, however, the severity is limited by excessive coke formation with the activation-lost dispersed catalysts. Some resolutions, for example higher hydrogen pressure, addition of catalysts, have been suggested to deal with coke formation. However, these resolutions have limitations (1).

Preprints, Division of Petroleum Chemistry : Recording 80 years of research in petroleum and chemicals

Abstract: Development and utilization of petroleum in the past century may arguably be the single most important development in the course of modern civilization. The story of this development is the subject of many writings (1). The role of the Division of Petroleum Chemistry [PETR] in this development and its practice of preprinting meeting papers was central to early progress and has been significant to our understanding of petroleum chemistry in recent years.

Coking properties of slurry-bed hydrocracked residue

Abstract: Heavy oil is characterized with high viscosity, density, metals, acidity, carbon residue, etc. And the yield of light oil is quite low if just distilled. Thus heavy oil is troublesome to process. Slurry bed hydrocracking process is regarded as one of the most promising technologies to process residue of heavy oil, and the conversion of it is up to 92%. But slurry bed hydrocracked residue is not fit for catalytic cracking or fixed bed hydrotreating process. How to use the hydrocracked residue is more important. One way is coking, the other way is as admixtures of asphalt production.

Enhancing the production of light olefins and high-octane gasoline in a novel FCC process

Abstract: The features of a novel high-severity FCC process in enhancing light olefins and gasoline production at high conversion are high lighted. The performance of a downer-type reactor system has been studied in a modified DCR pilot plant with a capacity of 0.2 b/d. A conventional riser pilot plant operated at 600° C was used for comparison purposes. At 80 wt% conversion, the downer system showed 22% increase in the production of gasoline compared to the riser system. The production of light olefins in the downer was relatively high at 23 wt%. Yields of dry gas, coke, and 1,3 butadiene were much lower compared to the riser reactor. The results confirmed reduced effects of thermal cracking and back-mixing in the downer system configuration.

A brief historical overview of petroleum conversion by thermal and catalytic cracking

Abstract: The first one hundred years of the petroleum industry was divided by Williamson into two periods: the age of illumination (1859-1899) and the age of energy (1889-1959). The change to the energy period led to the desire to obtain more of the lighter products from each barrel of crude. To accomplish this, cracking processes became essential components of the refinery.

Compositional analysis of petroleum fractions

Abstract: Quality and properties of petroleum fractions and products depend on their compositions and types of compounds present in the mixture. Hydrocarbons of various types such as paraffins, olefines, naphthenes and aromatics may exist in a petroleum mixture. Moreover, aromatics are in different forms of monocyclic di- or poly-cyclic types. Asphaltenes and resins may also exist in heavy crude oils or reservoir fluids and their precipitation under certain conditions can cause major problems in petroleum production, processing and transportation. As more resins are present in a petroleum mixtures there is less chance of asphaltene precipitation in the mixture. The most important hetroatoms in petroleum mixtures is sulfur which is attached to certain compounds in petroleum fractions. Sulfur in various fuels and petroleum products promote corrosion of engine parts and contribute to the formation of engine deposits. It has also a major effect on particulate emissions from the engine. A reduction of sulfur from 500 ppm (0.05 wt%) to 50 ppm (0.005 wt%) can reduce emission of pollutants such as NO x , CO and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) from 10 to 15% (1). As discussed in detail by Speight (2), most sulfur compounds in a petroleum mixture are in asphaltenes and heavy aromatics. Heavy fractions (low API or high specific gravity) contain more sulfur than light fractions.

Hydrogen-transfer between hydrogen donors and model compounds with steady isotope

Abstract: Hydrogen donors were used in coal liquefaction (1) and residue conversion (2), in which hydrogen donors were important in inhibiting the coke formation. Because coal and petroleum residue structures have been unclear, a study of the reactions of coal- or petroleum residue-related model compounds is a powerful approach in hydrogen-transfer between hydrogen donors and complex macromolecule.

Coke formation in thermal and catalytic cracking of Shengli and Gudao vacuum residue in view of colloidal stability

Abstract: It is well recognized that the tendency of coke formation in thermal or catalytic cracking of vacuum residua depends heavily on their compositions, structures and properties. Models for coke formation developed in previous experimental studies were almost exclusively derived by traditional chemical kinetics approach. The most widely adopted way is correlating coke yields and rates of coke formation with chemical compositions and average structural parameters of vacuum residua. Recent experimental studies showed that coke formation is not totally controlled by the chemical processes involved, the physical process, the commonly accepted notion of phase separation of condensed asphaltenes, is also of unique significance in dominating coke formation (1, 2).

Characterizing coke on spent FCC catalysts by temperature programmed oxidation

Abstract: Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) is a very important tool to study coke combustion on spent catalysts. TPO can determine the total amount of coke, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio in the coke, and can provide information on the location of deposited coke. Several groups have used the TPO method to characterize the coke on FCC catalysts (1-5). The effect of metal contaminants (e.g., vanadium and nickel) on regeneration of spent FCC catalysts has been observed by some of these groups (1, 2, 4). TPO has been used outside of the FCC area to study the regeneration of other coke-deactivated catalyst systems (6-8).

In the beginning, The Standard Oil Company

Abstract: In the beginning, John D. Rockefeller shipped oil in barrels to Cleveland, Ohio to be fractionated in a distillation tower constructed to provide a uniform quality of lamp oil. The company was called The Standard Oil Company, and provided oil for lamps that minimized the smoky characteristics of other oils in use at that time. Since 1870, this refinery has grown with the petroleum industry until 1945 when it was torn down and the site became a truck terminal. Highlights in technical achievements that followed included; high octane fuel for aircraft during the First and Second World War, ammonia production for plant nutrients, Red Crown Gasoline at $0.165/gallon in 1913, ammoxidation of propylene, non-leaded gasoline, underground caverns for gas storage, plastics for many applications including food packaging, oil production above the arctic circle, etc. An entirely new quality of life in America evolved from this continuing stream of new technology from the petroleum industry, including The Standard Oil Company. This paper will provide pictures of some of these early Petroleum Industry achievements, and illustrate how cooperation between the Petroleum Chemistry Division of ACS and the Chemical Heritage Foundation has preserved historic documents and records for future generations.