Showing papers in "Preventive Medicine in 2015"

TL;DR: Effects of increased PA contributed the most to estimated health benefits, which strongly outweighed detrimental effects of traffic incidents and air pollution exposure on health, irrespective of geographical context.

TL;DR: The role of ultra-processed foods in the obesity epidemic in Brazil is supported, with those in the highest quintile of consumption having significantly higher body-mass-index and higher odds of being obese and excess weight.

TL;DR: Firearm injuries are an important public health problem in the United States, contributing substantially each year to premature death, illness, and disability and a science-driven approach to understand risk and protective factors and identify effective solutions is key to achieving measurable reductions in firearm violence.

TL;DR: Implementation evaluation supports scale-up of effective school-based PA interventions and thus population-level change and serves as a call to action to address the link between implementation and outcome within the school- based PA literature and improve and standardize definitions and measurement of implementation.

TL;DR: Clustering patterns reported here reinforce the need for health promotion interventions to target multiple behaviours, and for such efforts to be specifically designed and accessible for males and those who are socially disadvantaged.

TL;DR: Screen time may represent a risk factor or marker of anxiety and depression in adolescents and future research is needed to determine if reducing screen time aids the prevention and treatment of these psychiatric disorders in youth.

TL;DR: There was strong evidence that high levels of screen time were associated with more hyperactivity/inattention problems and internalizing problems as well as with less psychological well-being and perceived quality of life.

TL;DR: Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviors and help reduce health inequalities, however, their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal.

TL;DR: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials that examined the effect of walking on risk factors for cardiovascular disease underscores the central role of walking in physical activity for health promotion.

TL;DR: Total sedentary time was consistently shown to be associated with poorer insulin sensitivity, even after adjusting for time spent in physical activity, which supports the proposed association between sedentaryTime and the development of Type 2 diabetes and reinforces the need to identify interventions to reduce time spent sedentary.

TL;DR: TPB variables were found to have medium to large associations with both intention and behaviour that were robust to the influence of key moderators, and studies recording participants' perceptions of behaviour reported significantly higher intention-behaviour associations than did those using less subjective measures.

TL;DR: Encouraging evidence of improved physical activity and educational outcomes following physically active lessons is provided, however, too few studies exist to draw firm conclusions.

TL;DR: The factors that have led to overprescription of opioids by clinicians are considered, recent evidence casting doubt on the efficacy of opioids for treating chronic pain is discussed, and the ongoing efforts by federal and community stakeholders to address this epidemic are described.

TL;DR: The type of sedentary behavior, such as TV versus reading, may have different impacts on cognitive development in early childhood, and future research with reliable and valid tools and adequate sample sizes that examine multiple cognitive domains are needed.

TL;DR: There exist substantial evidence gaps to comprehensively evaluate the utility of each type of desk to enhance health benefits by reducing sedentary time, and standing and treadmill desks show some utility for breaking up sitting time and potentially improving select components of health.

TL;DR: Implementing classroom physical activity breaks can improve student physical activity during school and behavior in the classroom and comprehensive schoolPhysical activity programs that include classroom-based activity are likely needed to meet the 30 min/day school physical activity guideline.

TL;DR: It would be advisable for bullying interventions to include a focus on substance use and mental health problems, and a reduction in these chronic and detrimental problems among adolescents could potentially lead to a concomitant reduction in bullying involvement.

TL;DR: PET should be taken into account as a way to improve quality of life in the elderly, due to the imparted benefits of fall prevention, physical fitness, and mood states.

TL;DR: Women with opioid and other substance use disorders have an unmet need for contraception, especially for the most effective methods, and offering contraception services in conjunction with substance use treatment and promoting use of more effective methods could help meet this need and reduce unintended pregnancy.

TL;DR: This essay reviews the current state of relevant knowledge, and points in a few directions that those interested in human health may wish to consider.

TL;DR: Lower energy-adjusted diet costs were associated with lower-quality diets and future efforts to improve the nutritional status of the US public should take food prices and diet costs into account.

TL;DR: Although several high-quality reviews provided clear evidence of small but positive effects of PA intervention in PC settings, evidence of specific strategies and sample characteristics associated with greater effectiveness is still needed to enhance the implementation of interventions under routine clinical conditions.

TL;DR: Providing informal personal care may negatively influence the caregiver's mental and physical health and more awareness of the beneficial and detrimental effects of caregiving among policy makers is needed to make well-informed decisions concerning the growth of care demands in the ageing population.

TL;DR: This study confirms and reinforces evidence of inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening adherence according to educational level and shows that women with the highest level of education were more likely to have both screenings.

TL;DR: A pervasive association of gender with vulnerability to tobacco use that acts additively with other vulnerabilities should be considered whenever formulating tobacco control and regulatory policies.

TL;DR: It is suggested that primary care physicians perceived HPV vaccine discussions to be burdensome, requiring more time and engendering less parental support than other adolescent vaccines, and often chose to discuss it last.

TL;DR: PA and ST are independently associated with health perceptions among Canadian adolescents and interventions should consider health perceptions in addition to biomedical outcomes.

TL;DR: Engaging in MVPA even below the minimum recommendation was associated with survival benefits, and the greatest survival effects occurred at a dose of approximately 5 times the minimumRecommendation.

TL;DR: There is a modest but mixed initial evidence in associations of neighborhood environmental attributes with adults' sedentary behaviors and a research agenda required should include the development of more relevant conceptual models, measuring domain-specific sedentary behavior objectively, examining environments in close vicinity of and a larger area around home, and the use of prospective designs.

TL;DR: Controlling for age, race, socioeconomic status and geographic region, identifying as a female bisexual was associated with fewer past quit attempts, lower age at first cigarette, and higher nicotine dependence when compared to heterosexual women.