Showing papers in "Progress in Neurobiology in 1999"

TL;DR: A global account of mechanisms involved in the induction of pain is provided, including neuronal pathways for the transmission of nociceptive information from peripheral nerve terminals to the dorsal horn, and therefrom to higher centres.

TL;DR: The neuronal basis underlying the mediation of the AsR, as well as the neuronal and neurochemical substrates of different phenomena of enhancement and attenuation of the ASR are described to elucidate the biological background of these forms of behavioral plasticity.

TL;DR: Cannabinoids share a final common neuronal action with other major drugs of abuse such as morphine, ethanol and nicotine in producing facilitation of the mesolimbic dopamine system.

TL;DR: There is increasing evidence that microglia play an active part in degenerative CNS diseases, in Alzheimer's disease activated microglian appear to be involved in plaque formation, and in experimental globoid cell dystrophy T-cell independent induction of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on microglio accelerates demyelination.

TL;DR: This work has focused the interest on octopamine receptors from molluscs and insects believed to be good targets for highly specific insecticides as they are not found in vertebrates and four of them could be distinguished using pharmacological tools.

TL;DR: Current knowledge on the distribution, biochemistry and function of striatal A2A receptors is summarized and new selective antibodies, antagonist radioligands and optimized in situ hybridization protocols are provided.

TL;DR: By the experimental observations summarized in this review, most clinical effects of Valproate can be explained, although much remains to be learned at a number of different levels of valproate's mechanisms of action.

TL;DR: Reflexes are shown to have important regulatory functions during human locomotion and have the potential to be clinically exploited in gait modification regimens after neurotrauma or in disease.

TL;DR: Experimental as well as clinical data show that lipophilic antioxidants, such as vitamin E and estrogens, are neuroprotective and may help patients suffering from AD and various antioxidants are already available for a further exploitation of their preventive and therapeutic potential.

TL;DR: Large quantities of purines, particularly guanosine and, to a lesser extent adenosine, are released extracellularly following ischemia or trauma, and are likely to exert trophic effects in vivo following trauma.

TL;DR: A partial but prolonged energy impairment induced by 3NP is sufficient to replicate most of the clinical and pathophysiological hallmarks of HD, including spontaneous choreiform and dystonic movements, frontal-type cognitive deficits, and progressive heterogeneous striatal degeneration at least partially by apoptosis.

TL;DR: Overall, as judged by experiments of nature, and in the laboratory, central chemoreceptors are critical for adequate breathing in sleep, but other aspects of the control system can maintain breathing in wakefulness.

TL;DR: In the clinical setting, NIRS offers useful information in patients with both systemic and local cerebral circulatory impairment, for example, during cranial trauma, surgery on the cerebral arteries, orthostasis and acute heart failure.

TL;DR: This review summarizes from a molecular perspective the recent advances in the understanding of the pharmacological properties of NMDA receptor channels with specific references to agonists binding sites, channel pore regions, allosteric modulation sites for protons, polyamines, redox agents, Zn2+ and protein kinases, phosphatases.

TL;DR: This class of receptor may provide important pharmacological therapeutic targets and elucidating its functions will be relevant to develop new treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders in which glutamatergic neurotransmission is abnormally regulated.

TL;DR: This review considers the rôle played by particular afferent pathways in the regulation of the activity of oxytocin and vasopressin cells.

TL;DR: Observations show that this in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation of newborn rats is also suited for analysis of clinically relevant disturbances of respiratory network function.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the functional properties of the cellular circadian clocks of non-mammalian vertebrates and how functions the clock?

TL;DR: Since select neurotrophins traffic anterogradely and retrogradely within the nervous system, these proteins could be used to treat neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

TL;DR: A hypothesis for the role of muscarinic receptors in learning and memory in terms of modulation between learning and recall states of brain areas at the postsynaptic level is proposed by way of immunocytochemistry employing the monoclonal antibody M35.

TL;DR: It is shown that pharmacological enhancement of this response with exogenous application of IGF-1 or TGF-beta reduces neuronal loss after brain injury, and the role that gene expression may play in memory formation, epileptogenesis and neuronal degeneration is examined.

TL;DR: In several studies it could be demonstrated that neuroprotective strategies which reduce ischemic neuronal damage also attenuate or even completely prevent the ischemia-induced behavioural deficits in the water maze.

TL;DR: The analysis of the literature in each sensory modality indicates that relationships between learning-induced sensory plasticity and behavioural performance can, or cannot, be found depending on the tasks that were used.

TL;DR: Detailed information is provided to support the previous notion that capsaicin-sensitive, unmyelinated C-fiber afferents innervating the urinary bladder change their properties after SCI and are responsible for inducing bladder hyperreflexia in both humans and animals.

TL;DR: It is concluded that significant brain damage does occur as a result of alcohol abuse per se, that the damage is regionally specific with the frontal lobes being particularly affected, and that both grey matter and white matter components are damaged.

TL;DR: A recent demonstration of high carnosine-like immunoreactivity in the subependymal layer of rodents, an area of the forebrain which shares with the olfactory neuroepithelium the occurrence of continuous neurogenesis during adulthood, supports the hypothesis that carnosin-related dipeptides could be implicated in some forms of structural plasticity.

TL;DR: It is speculated that the cellular mechanisms underlying this cell death may also operate in degenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease thereby imposing an additional level of selectivity on the pattern of degeneration.

TL;DR: The strategies followed to design these probes, and their use to study the anatomy of CCK pathways, the neurochemical and pharmacological properties of this peptide and the clinical perspectives offered by manipulation of the CCK system will be reported.

TL;DR: Evidence supporting a close link between basal forebrain neuronal activity and the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) is summarized, suggesting that the basal fore brain has an important role in regulating both the tonic and the phasic functioning of the cortex.

TL;DR: The available data indicate that this technique, applied to freely-moving animals and combined with behavioural tests, could be useful to get a better insight into the functional roles played by NO and cGMP in physiological and pathological situations such as learning, memory formation, epilepsy, cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases.