Showing papers in "Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa in 2003"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and validated a work values' scale, which was validated to low educational level individuals in Brazil using Questionnaires in the literature as well as interview.
Abstract: The international literature presents some work values scales, although the majority has definitional problems or lacks integration with the personal values theoretical models. In Brazil we identified two scales, one was not validated to Brazilian population and the other was validated to low educational level individuals. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a Work Values' Scale. Questionnaires in the literature as well as interview were used to develop the scale. After peer analysis and semantic validation, 394 people answered the questionnaire. The factor analysis yielded four factors: Realization at work, Social relations, Prestige and Stability. 45 items composed the final questionnaire. The results corroborate the theory and we conclude that the scale developed was well validated and may be used to research and diagnostic purposes.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study aimed to know the validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) construct validity in a general, non-clinical population, with 306 volunteers from different districts in Joao Pessoa, with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 13.8), equally distributed with regards to gender (152 men, 154 woman), predominantly high school students (42.5%) participated in the study.
Abstract: This study aimed to know the GHQ-12's construct validity in a general, non clinical population. 306 volunteers from different districts in Joao Pessoa, with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 13.8; ranging from 18 to 84), equally distributed with regards to gender (152 men; 154 woman), predominantly high school students (42.5%) participated in the study. They answered a questionnaire in which three measures were incorporated: Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affects Scale, and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results indicated that this measure can be considered as bifactorial, with anxiety (a = .66) and depression (a = .81) as the two factors. As expected, both factors correlated with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Positive and Negative Affects Scale, indicating the construct validity of the GHQ-12. These results are discussed and compared with results of previous studies suggesting a multidimensional structure for understanding mental health in the general population.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present three approaches to the study of creativity: Sternberg's investment theory of creativity, Amabile's Componential model of creativity and Csikszentmihalyi's Systems Perspective of creativity.
Abstract: The paper presents three recent approaches to the study of creativity: Sternberg's Investment Theory of Creativity, Amabile's Componential Model of Creativity, and Csikszentmihalyi's Systems Perspective of Creativity. These authors state that the creative production is the result of a set of factors which interact in a complex way, referring to the person as to the social, cultural, and historical variables of the environment in which he/she is included. Such approaches contrast with previous theoretical contributions by emphasizing distinct elements of the social context which nurture and recognize, to different degrees, the creative expression.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors express a reconhecimento ao Dr. Robert J. Vallerand por fornecer o instrumento original and permitir a realizacao do estudo, and agradece a participacao ativa e o interesse real dos aprendizes envolvidos.
Abstract: 251 O autor registra o apoio institucional, agradece a participacao ativa e o interesse real dos aprendizes envolvidos e expressa seu reconhecimento ao Dr. Robert J. Vallerand por fornecer o instrumento original e permitir a realizacao do estudo.2 Enderecco: Faculdade de Medicina - C.P. 04569 - 70919-970 Brasilia – DF. E-mail: dtsobral@unb.br/ dtsobral@netscape.netPsicologia: Teoria e PesquisaJan-Abr 2003, Vol. 19 n. 1, pp. 025-031
57 citations
TL;DR: The objective of this work was to translate and to adapt to Portuguese an occupational coping scale and to investigate its psychometric characteristics through factor analysis and its relationships with measures of social support, work overload and emotional exhaustion.
Abstract: Coping represents the way people commonly react to stress. These reactions are related to personal factors, situational demands and available resources (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). However, measures of general coping rarely fully contemplate situational factors. Coping measures in occupational settings should take into account available resources, should be easy to answer and fulfil all psychometric criteria. The objective of this work was (1) to translate and to adapt to Portuguese an occupational coping scale and (2) to investigate its psychometric characteristics through factor analysis and its relationships with measures of social support, work overload and emotional exhaustion. Three hundred ninety seven office workers (x = 37.9; sd = 9.7) answered in their workplace the proposed occupational coping scale and measures of social support, work overload and emotional exhaustion. Factor analyses showed three factors that explained 29.6% of the total variance. The results gave support to the criterion validity and reliability of the translated occupational coping scale.
54 citations
TL;DR: A qualitative research was developed with two adopting families, based on focal group interview conducted by the Adoption Service of a Childhood and Adolescence Law Court as discussed by the authors, which indicated that the judiciary context can be an important catalyst of change, but it can also be the forerumer of arbitrary decisions, specially in Brazil, where inequality and lack of citizenship are still exist.
Abstract: A qualitative research was developed with two adopting families, based on focal group interview conducted by the Adoption Service of a Childhood and Adolescence Law Court. According to the participants, the main aspects of the psychosocial study are: the way that families are evaluated; the importance of telling the truth to the adopted child; undergoing the psychosocial study during the process of adoption; the necessity of informative campaigns; the role of chance and of the divine in correctly chosing the child; and the trust in the technical work. The data indicated that the judiciary context can be an important catalyst of change, but it can also be the forerumer of arbitrary decisions, specially in Brazil, where inequality and lack of citizenship are still exist. Essentially, it's fundamental to understand the judiciary context not as a context of limits, but as a context of possibilities.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated studies developed in the process of standardization and validation of interest assessment instrument, used in processes of professional guidance, and found that it was possible to find, in the consulted instruments, the lack of information about the author and the date of publication of the manual.
Abstract: The current work investigated studies developed in the process of standardization and validation of interest assessment instrument, used in processes of professional guidance. Eight instruments have been consulted, and the following aspects were verified: author, editor, date of publication, standardization, validity and precision. The analyzed information has been taken from the respective test manuals. The results have shown that it was possible to find, in the consulted instruments, the lack of information about the author and the date of publication of the manual, as well as lack of information concerned to the studies of standardization, validity and precision. It is suggested that new studies of this nature be carried out with other instruments and be used other criteria of analysis.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted an exploratory factorial analysis of Problems in School, a teachers' motivational styles evaluation instrument, constructed by Deci et al. Translated into portuguese, the instrument was applied to 582 elementary and junior high school teachers from several regions of Brazil.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory factorial analysis of Problems in School, a teachers' motivational styles evaluation instrument, constructed by Deci et al. The original instrument is in a Likert-scale format with the underlying assumption of the existence of a continuum of four different styles contributing to promote students' autonomy. Translated into portuguese, the instrument was applied to 582 elementary and junior high school teachers from several regions of Brazil. Factorial analyses revealed a solution with four orthogonal distinct factors, the authors' initial supposition (existence of a continuum) was not confirmed. In fact, only two opposite styles (both high promotion of autonomy and of control) corresponded to the Deci et al. original ideas. Problems regarding the validity of the other remaining styles emerged. Data was discussed and a revised version of the scale was developed. Directions for further research were also suggested.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the use of diazepam in conjunction with behavioral strategies to manage uncooperative behavior of child dental patients during 9 sessions of 9 sessions using a double-blind design.
Abstract: This research intended to investigate the use of diazepam in conjunction with behavioral strategies to manage uncooperative behavior of child dental patients. The 6 participants received dental treatment during 9 sessions. Using a double-blind design, children received placebo or diazepam and at the same time were submitted to behavior management produces (distraction, explanation, reinforcement and set rule and limits). All sessions were recorded in video-tapes biped in 15 seconds intervals, in which observers recorded child's (crying, body and/or head movements, escape and avoidance) and dentist's behavior. The results indicated that diazepam, considering the used dose, was only effective with one subject. The other participants didn't permit the treatment and showed an increase in their resistance. The behavioral preparation strategies for dental treatment should have been more precisely planned in order to help the child to face the real dental treatment conditions mainly in the first sessions avoiding to reinforce inappropriate behaviors.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present how this concept has been described in some psychoanalytic and constructionist approaches, thus favoring an understanding about their differences, once this perspective has promoted a critical view about the way we construct meanings about the world and the self.
Abstract: The concept of self had become central in clinical psychology, in such a way that it is hard to find a theory that doesn't make use of it. However, some theorists have criticized some traditional concepts of self, emphasizing their constructed and local nature. Our aim is to present how this concept has been described in some psychoanalytic and constructionist approaches, thus favoring an understanding about their differences. With this, we intend to favor an approach of therapists with social constructionism, once this perspective has promoted a critical view about the way we construct meanings about the world and the self.
20 citations
TL;DR: Human rights can be defined as normative social representations embedded in institutional juridical definitions as discussed by the authors, implying a degree of common understanding across cultures together with organized differences within and between cultures.
Abstract: Human rights are defined as normative social representations embedded in institutional juridical definitions. Research findings show that human rights can be studied as normative social representations implying a degree of common understanding across cultures together with organized differences within and between cultures. Important factors in modulating individual positioning in the realm of human rights are experiences of social conflict and injustice, beliefs about the efficiency of various social actors to have rights enforced and attitudes of liberalism or collectivism. On the other hand, an ethnocentric use of human rights is well documented and has been experimentally studied. Generally, concerns about these rights expressed by citizens of Western countries become much stronger when non-Western countries are involved, whereas violations of these rights in their own country are often not severely condemned.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors constructed and validated the Masculine Inventory of the Self-Concept's Gender Schemas (IMEGA) based on masculine and feminine scales that compose gender schemas of self-concept.
Abstract: The purpose of this article was the construction and validation of Masculine Inventory of the Self-Concept's Gender Schemas (IMEGA). Based on masculine and feminine scales that compose Gender Schemas of Self-Concept Inventory (IEGA), this instrument evaluates male self-concept's masculine and feminine schemas. The sample used was composed by male university students. For the construction validity, factors analysis were performed for both scales (Principal Axis Factoring - PAF) with oblique and orthogonal rotations) and the internal factors consistency analysis (coefficient alpha) were performed for all factors. The results showed that both IMEGA scales were composed by multifactorial structures that are alike IEGA's factorial structures. Properly validated, IMEGA could be used in the evaluation of male self-concept's masculine and feminine schemas.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed a series of interviews and observations in the classroom of seven teachers of regular primary school, in which a deaf student is present, with the objective of understanding the image that teachers make about deafness and deaf students, as well as the influence of this image in the teaching process.
Abstract: With the objective of understanding the image that teachers of regular (non-specialized) schools make about deafness and deaf students, as well as the influence of this image in the teaching process, it was performed a series of interviews and observations in the classroom of seven teachers of regular primary school, in which a deaf student is present The analysis of data was based on the Content Analysis, proposed by Bardin (1977), in which the following thematic categories have been established: intellectual, behavior, learning and language The analysis of the data indicated that the language difficult of the deaf child leads, in many cases, to the building by the teacher of an incorrect image of the deaf student, which is reflected in the teacher's behavior towards these students Even though the students are considered to have good learning skills, good behavior and, good potential for learning, all the teachers observed seem to treat the deaf student as having a lot of difficulties to follow the school curriculum
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined within and between group differences in relation to locus of control in the Northeast of Brazil (Paraiba), and compared these results with those found in Mexico (Sonara desert).
Abstract: The principal goal of this study was to examine within and between group differences in relation to locus of control in the Northeast of Brazil (Paraiba), and compare these results with those found in Mexico (Sonara desert). For this purpose an analysis of the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to evaluate the locus of control was carried out. The study is based on a sample of 600 subjects, distributed according to age and gender quotas, forming three age groups (each group containing 100 women and 100 men): 14-22; 23-35 and 36-70 years of age. Descriptive statistics for each item, Student t test to analyse the descriptive power of each item, factor analysis, and internal consistency indexes were calculated. Reyes scale (1995) was used; this instrument was validated for the Mexican population, and consists of 78 items with seven optional answers using a Likert pictorial scale. Factor analysis indicated the existence of four factors that accounted for 36.2% of the total variance. Afer the deletion of seven items the scale of the remaining 71 items showed a coefficient alpha of .93. From these results one derives the accuracy of the scale, whose utility is guaranteed in situations to which it has been validated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used matching to sample with prerequisites for the emergence of sequential classes and assessed whether sequential classes were also produced after a trial with consistent matching, without immediate differential consequences.
Abstract: Order relations can be documented by behavioral tests that evaluate whether such relations posses the properties of asymmetry, transitivity and connectedness. We used matching to sample with prerequisites for the emergence of sequential class. In the present study, we assess whether sequential classes were also produced after a trial with consistent matching, without immediate differential consequences. Five undergraduate students of both sexes were submitted to the training of conditional relations AB, AC and AD. The participants task were to choose abstract geometric figure from digits. After teaching the conditional relations, the participants were exposed to tests of ordering the stimuli in three sequences with five different stimuli, tests for ordering pairs of the stimuli that occupied adjacent and not adjacent positions in the sequence of five stimuli, and tests of multiple substitutions of stimuli, without additional training. Three participants reached the learning criterion in the training of the conditional relations and obtained high number of successes in the sequential tests. The consistency training without immediate differential consequences was effective to establish order relations among stimuli, without explicit training with normal adult participants. These results replicate data reported the literature on the establishment of sequential performance after matching to sample training.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on lay people's significations about causes and prevention of disease through adult life cycle, based on data from conducted investigation with 67 adults, representing the differing stages within the adult years (early adulthood, middle adulthood and old age).
Abstract: There has been little recognition within health psychology of the potential contribution of lifespan developmental psychology to inform our understanding of how adults conceptualise health and disease. This paper focuses on lay people's significations about causes and prevention of disease through adult life cycle. It is based on data from conducted investigation with 67 adults, representing the differing stages within the adult years (early adulthood, middle adulthood and old age). The data indicates that significations about causes and prevention of diseases differ according to the stage of life in which they are conceived. The consequences for health psychology, namely health education, are emphasized.
TL;DR: A presente pesquisa visou constatar as condicoes afetivo-emocionais em mulheres com sindrome premenstrual (SPM), comparadas with outras mulheres sem sintomas pre-menstruais.
Abstract: A presente pesquisa visou constatar as condicoes afetivo-emocionais em mulheres com sindrome pre-menstrual (SPM), comparadas com outras mulheres sem sintomas pre-menstruais. A amostra foi constituida de 43 universitarias, na faixa etaria de 18 e 35 anos, distribuidas em dois grupos: Grupo 1, constituido de 25 mulheres com SPM, e Grupo 2 (Controle), de 18 mulheres sem estas disfuncoes. Foram utilizados como instrumentos a tecnica de Zulliger (Z-Teste forma coletiva) e o Inventario de Ansiedade-Traco-Estado - IDATE (Spielberger), e para tratamento estatistico na analise comparativa dos dados o t-Teste para amostras independentes. O nivel de significância escolhido foi p < 0.05. Os resultados indicaram que as mulheres do grupo com sindrome pre-menstrual reagem emocionalmente de forma mais intensa e tem tendencia a perda de controle emocional em indice maior que as mulheres do grupo sem sintomas pre-menstruais.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of reinforcement magnitude of the risk alternative and different instructions on the subjective reinforcement value were investigated, and individual results were better described by a power function than by an hyperbola.
Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of reinforcement magnitude of the risk alternative and different instructions on the subjective reinforcement value. Eight undergraduate students made hypothetical choices between certain immediate amounts of money that were adjusted according to the subjects' behavior, and larger amounts (V = R$10,00 to R$100.000,00) with several delays (one week to 50 years) or probabilities (0,05 to 0,95) associated to V. The positive instruction described the odds or waiting time to gain each amount of money, while the negative instruction described the odds against or the waiting time for not loosing the money. The relative subjective value decreased with increase in the probable V, and increased with increase in the delayed V. Individual results were better described by a power function than by an hyperbola. There was no systematic effect related to different instructions. The present results are evidences for a different interpretation about the effects of the reinforcement magnitude on the discount of probable or delayed amounts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors indicate the occurrence, importance and evolution of the scientific investigation related to the process of psychiatric reform, which has been taking place in Brazil for the last two decades.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to indicate the occurrence, importance and evolution of the scientific investigation related to the process of the psychiatric reform, which has been taking place in Brazil for the last two decades Based on the sample from data found at LILACS (Latin-American Literature on Health Science), on traced the trends and characteristics of the published material from the periodon in which deep changes related to the practice and the discourse that permeate the field of mental health in Brazil occured
TL;DR: The first Psychology National Course Examination was carried in 2000 and since then it has being annually carried out for all Psychology senior students as discussed by the authors and the purpose of this form of evaluation is to discriminate the different courses of Psychology and to point out deficiencies in Psychology education.
Abstract: The Brazilian Federal Government, through the Ministry of Education, devised the National Course Examination in order to evaluate the several Brazilian undergraduate courses and point out possible academic education deficiencies. The first Psychology National Course Examination was carried in 2000 and since then it has being annually carried out for all Psychology senior students. The purpose of the present work is to argue whether the two main purposes of this form of evaluation - to discriminate the different courses of Psychology and to point out deficiencies in Psychology education - are being reached. Initially we present some problems found in the first Psychology National Course Examination and possible consequences of these problems. Finally, we put forward some suggestions that might improve the purposes of this type of Psychology academic evaluation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study used a systemic perspective, concepts of family therapy, an intergenerational approach and mythic instrumental reading to understand the family of a subject with hearing impairment.
Abstract: The present clinical case study used a systemic perspective, concepts of family therapy, an intergenerational approach and mythic instrumental reading to understand the family of a subject with hearing impairment. The objective was to recognize the family myths and to establish the relationships between these myths and the present day meaning assigned by him to his deficiency. A semi-structured interview was used to gather information. A qualitative analysis of the data allowed the identification of myths regarding the hearing impairment, family unity, and the struggle to survive. The presence of hearing impairment in other members of the family has generated rigidity in the rules regarding help and care. Such rigidity is related to the myth of family unity and to the frontiers that have been established with the external world. The identification of the intergenerational contents that cross over the family history generated the possibility to find new ways to deal with the impairment. It also provided an overview of the family context and confirmed the necessity of family participation in the rehabilitation process.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of Sniffy Pro's conception, content, structure, as well as ethical issues, allowing one to conclude that its use as a teaching tool is likely to impair the student's learning.
Abstract: Sniffy Pro - The Virtual Rat is a computer software program as well as a laboratory textbook developed to serve as an alternative teaching tool to be used in introductory courses on the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, especially the laboratory activities that usually employ rats as experimental subjects and Skinner boxes as apparatuses. The main goal of this paper was to analyze Sniffy Pro regarding its adequacy as a learning resource. According to the authors of Sniffy Pro, this software would be attractive because it applies technology to a teaching setting, by its low cost, by its ease of use and by the time it saves. However, the present analysis of Sniffy Pro's conception, content, structure, as well as ethical issues, allows one to conclude that its use as a teaching tool is likely to impair the student's learning.
TL;DR: It is found that depending on the chance-completion of the most frequently used word to complete a stem it is not possible to show memory effects; that is, completion with familiar stimuli is not distinguishable from baseline.
Abstract: Stem-completion tests are commonly used to assess memory. In Brazil, however, there are no publications that propose adequate stimuli for use in this type of task. Our objective was to select adequate word-stems to maximize memory assessment using this task in Brazil. We obtained chance-completion profiles of 137 word-stems that completed at least 10 common words in Portuguese from Brazil and manipulated factors that could influence memory estimates using these stems. We found that depending on the chance-completion of the most frequently used word to complete a stem it is not possible to show memory effects; that is, completion with familiar stimuli (seen before) is not distinguishable from baseline. Guidelines are proposed for the selection of adequate stems and stimuli to maximize the acquisition of memory estimates using indirect stem-completion tasks.
TL;DR: In Freud's work as discussed by the authors, the authors try to find out what his conception of consciousness is and how it relates to his general theory and to psychoanalytical practice, by analyzing various passages in Freud's works.
Abstract: From the analysis of various passages in Freud's works, we try to find out what his conception of consciousness is and how it relates to his general theory and to psychoanalytical practice. Consciousness is seen as perception of the outside world, of feelings and of processes in the preconscious. It results from the activity of a specific system (the system perception-consciousness). The overcoming of resistances allows an unconscious presentation to become preconscious, through linkage with word presentations. Attention may make certain preconscious presentations conscious. Consciousness is not an intrinsic property of certain feelings and thoughts. These are not necessarily what they seem to be to the subject. The process through which certain preconscious presentations, of longer duration, become transitorily conscious may open up the way to a lifting of repression.
TL;DR: O livro Psicologia escolar: Etica e competencias na formacao e atuacao profissional traz, em seu conjunto, contribuicoes indispensaveis para os profissionais respon-saveis pela graduacão, pos-graduacá, e formacáao continu-ada dos psicologos que atuam na area educacional as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: das possibilidades e desafios inerentes as diversas funcoes que o psicologo pode assumir na escola.A parte seguinte - Exercicio profissional em foco: O desafio da pratica - aprofunda a analise da atual realidade socio-cultural em seus desafios e demandas para a Educacao de um modo geral e para o fazer do psicologo em particular. O capitulo final deste bloco retoma a questao da identidade profissional a partir de dados empiricos coletados com psi-cologos escolares e de expectativas dos professores, com discussao de questoes pertinentes a congruencia entre tais representacoes.Na ultima parte - Para alem de curriculos e programas: O compromisso etico-politico do psicologo escolar - os dois capitulos fecham o livro com duas questoes candentes na atuacao de qualquer profissional, mas particularmente cri-ticas, no caso daqueles comprometidos com a melhoria da Educacao em nosso pais: o seu papel politico e o sentido etico de sua pratica. O papel politico do psicologo escolar e objeto de reflexoes que se embasam em tendencias internacionais. A questao etica tambem e abordada a partir de uma analise filosofica e epistemologica, permitindo extrair diretrizes es-senciais para a formacao e a atuacao do psicologo escolar.O livro Psicologia escolar: Etica e competencias na formacao e atuacao profissional traz, em seu conjunto, contribuicoes indispensaveis para os profissionais respon-saveis pela graduacao, pos-graduacao e formacao continu-ada dos psicologos que atuam na area educacional. A obra revela a produtividade de um grupo que vem regularmente atualizando a analise de questoes e apontando direcoes para uma Psicologia comprometida e competente no campo da Educacao.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose the notion of style-subjectivity, which will elucidate the pair language subjectivity in its performative nature, producing new senses, realities and subjective modalities.
Abstract: The paper analyzes the connection between language and subjectivity. Based on arguments derived from the pragmatic perspective in linguistic and philosophical studies, we propose the inclusion of a pragmatic approach in the domain of the psychology of language. We then emphasize the importance of considering a collective dimension of the pair language-subjectivity, in order to shed light upon the plan of constant generation of those processes. At last, we introduce the notion of style-subjectivity, which will elucidate the pair language-subjectivity in its performative nature, producing new senses, realities and subjective modalities.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assume that Freud developed an energetic perspective of psychism approximating cerebral operations from the meaning dimension that besides being near to the modern scientific theory of self-organization discuss the traditional dualistic mind-body definition.
Abstract: Is it possible to conceive the mind as a process that come from the body but not reduced to it? We assume that Freud developed an energetic perspective of psychism approximating cerebral operations from the meaning dimension that besides being near to the modern scientific theory of self-organization discuss the traditional dualistic mind-body definition. Freud´s body concept is a vivid and multidimensional category differing from the paradigmatic body concept and this conflict is the point that we want to go deeper here. There is, nowadays, a dominancy of biological knowledge in mind´s studies and we concluded that the Freudian contribution that stress the impossibility of transforming body experience to language entirely permit to acquire a new rationality about mind-body relationship.
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, a texto apresenta analises e reflexoes desenvolvidas no Laboratorio de Psicopatologia e Psicanalise da Universidade de Brasilia acerca da questao do(s) 'ele(s)' na obra O Processo, de Franz Kafka, and em um caseo de delirio de perseguicao.
Abstract: O texto apresenta analises e reflexoes desenvolvidas no Laboratorio de Psicopatologia e Psicanalise da Universidade de Brasilia acerca da questao do(s) 'ele(s)' na obra O Processo, de Franz Kafka, e em um caso de delirio de perseguicao. Investigou-se especialmente o estatuto do pronome 'ele' na paranoia. O trabalho mostra que o entendimento do que ''e (sao) ele(s)'' e elemento essencial para a elucidacao da questao da estranheza na psicose e da construcao da atividade delirante. O estudo da dimensao referencial da linguagem se revela entao particularmente importante. Ao longo do texto sao apontadas algumas questoes e articulacoes entre a analise procedida, a psicanalise, a fenomenologia e a comunicacao linguistica, tendo como hipotese essencial que a psicose consiste na perda e reconstrucao narcisica da funcao referencial da linguagem.
TL;DR: The main criteria that characterize researches in which philosophical principles are manifested through human psychological verbal reports are a new realm of knowledge as discussed by the authors, and the main criteria characterize the researches that characterize the way philosophical principles can be manifested in human psychology verbal reports.
Abstract: The main criteria that characterize researches in which philosophical principles are manifested through human psychological verbal reports are a new realm of knowledge. An example could be the present case, where some results from probabilistic skeptic doctrine were referred as positive or negative by human subjects. Forty-six people that listened to my 2001 Rio de Janeiro lecture were the psychological subjects. Two true-false items to philosophical questions were the only methodological process. The results about (1) the non existence of similarity between each subject's immediate consciousness and the consciousness of others and (2) the difference between the subject's immediate consciousness and his one minute consciousness prior to immediate consciousness confirmed my hypotheses. Further researches about similar but better done philosophical questions could be later undertaken. In the second place, I discuss better the fundamental probabilistic skepticism basic hypotheses than I did in other writings. I call basic hypotheses the initial hypotheses that mark a foundation for numerous later empirical scientific hypotheses.