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Showing papers in "Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa in 2013"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the main stressors in graduate programs, according to Masters and PhD students in Brazil, and to determine the stress index and variables associated with it.
Abstract: This research aimed to identify the main stressors in graduate programs, according to Masters and PhD students in Brazil, and to determine the stress index and variables associated with it. The participants were 2,157 graduate students from all five geographic regions of Brazil. Data regarding sociodemographic profile and professional training were collected. The Perceived Stress Scale and a list of 28 possible stressors in graduate programs were administered. The results revealed that the average stress of the sample was above of scale midpoint range. Women from the North region in Brazil, students who have never worked in their graduation area, who did not work during their graduate program and those who didn't wish to pursue careers in academic showed greater stress.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a pesquisa sobre aprendizagem indicates that as capacidades de planejamento, monitoramento e controle sao centrais ao processo de aprender, and that falhas ou atraso no seu desenvolvimento estao presentes nas dificuldades de aprendíagem.
Abstract: Resumo A pesquisa sobre aprendizagem indica que as capacidades de planejamento, monitoramento e controle sao centrais ao processo de aprender, e que falhas ou atraso no seu desenvolvimento estao presentes nas dificuldades de aprendizagem. Tais capacidades sao definidas como “metacognicao” em uma abordagem psicologica, e como “funcoes executivas” em uma abordagem neuropsicologica. Assim, deparamo-nos com dois conceitos distintos que remetem a capacidades mentais semelhantes. Este trabalho examina o conceito psicologico de metacognicao e o conceito neuropsicologico de funcoes executivas, relacionando-os entre si e com o aprender. Evidenciou-se que os conceitos aproximam-se em alguns aspectos e divergem em outros, e que ha dados empiricos iniciais confirmando a relacao entre as habilidades descritas pelos dois conceitos.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between prejudice, support of discriminating policies against homosexuals and people's social representations about the nature of homosexuality was analyzed, and it was found that the representations about homosexuality based on religious, moralist, and psychological beliefs are positively related to the support of discrimination against homosexuals, specifically the opposition to civil union and to children's adoption by homosexuals.
Abstract: In this study the relationship between prejudice, support of discriminating policies against homosexuals and people's social representations about the nature of homosexuality was analyzed. Participants were 297 final year psychology, social work, and law students. Results showed that the representations about homosexuality based on religious, moralist, and psychological beliefs are positively related to the support of discriminating policies against homosexuals, specifically the opposition to civil union and to children's adoption by homosexuals. Beliefs about the cultural nature of homosexuality predicted lower support of these policies. These relations were mediated by blatant prejudice against homosexuals. These results show the role played by social representations about the nature of social groups in the maintenance of prejudices and discriminatory practices against minority groups.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a literature review was conducted involving published books and papers on the topic, as well as an electronic database survey, with the objective of identifying and organizing current scientific knowledge on long term effects on bullying and the development of PTSD.
Abstract: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been identified as the main psychiatric disorder associated with violence. This paper had the objective of identifying and organizing current scientific knowledge on long term effects on bullying and the development of PTSD. Thus, a literature review was conducted involving published books and papers on the topic, as well as an electronic database survey. Although studies indicate a relation between PTSD and bullying during childhood and later, there is a lack of research clarifying how this relationship occurs. There is evidence showing that some individuals who are victimized by bullying may present greater vulnerability to develop PTSD.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the poder preditivo de dimensoes da qualidade de vida and bem-estar no trabalho sobre seus indicadores was investigated.
Abstract: Investigou-se o poder preditivo de dimensoes da qualidade de vida e bem-estar no trabalho sobre seus indicadores. 284 empregados do setor eletrico estatal responderam a escalas de auto-relato. A s oportunidades de uso e desenvolvimento das proprias competencias predisseram a satisfacao no trabalho, os afetos positivos dirigidos ao trabalho e o comprometimento organizacional afetivo; o relacionamento e a comunicacao entre supervisores e empregados predisseram a satisfacao no trabalho e os afetos positivos dirigidos ao trabalho; os salarios e beneficios predisseram os afetos positivos dirigidos ao trabalho e o comprometimento organizacional afetivo; as condicoes fisicas e de seguranca do ambiente de trabalho predisseram a satisfacao no trabalho. Teorias sobre qualidade de vida e bem-estar no trabalho sao usadas na interpretacao dos resultados.

22 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Normas associativas for 69 categorias semânticas were presented in this paper, and the results indicated that as normas apresentam a significativo graude confiabilidade, sendo os indices de consistencia similares a normas coletadas in outros paises.
Abstract: Normas associativas para 69 categorias semânticas sao apresentadas. Sujeitos foram solicitados a produzir o primeiro exemplo de cada categoria natural que lhes viessem a mente. As seguintes informacoes sao oferecidas sobre cada categoria: o tamanho da categoria, o numero de acertos, a correlacao entre grupos, erros e respostas em branco, e os exemplos produzidos e suas respectivas frequencias absolutas. Os resultados indicaram que as normas apresentam um significativo graude confiabilidade, sendo os indices de consistencia similares a normas coletadas em outros paises. Discute-se, ainda, a validade destas informacoes como instrumento na pesquisa basica sobre processos cognitivos.

22 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, an amostra consisting of 123 alunos, 49 professores, and 36 pais advindos of seis escolas publicas in Brazil was used to investigate o fracasso escolar.
Abstract: Este estudo visou investigar o fracasso escolar na 5a serie, na perspectiva de alunos, professores e pais. Utilizou-se,como recurso metodologico, a teoria da atribuicao de causalidade com o objetivo de identificar as causas atribuidas, identificar as semelhancas e diferencas entre os tres grupos, comparar as causas atribuidas, neste estudo, com as citadas na literatura e correlacionar valores atribuidos, pelos grupos, a situacoes da vida diaria relacionadas a escolaridade. A amostra consistiu de 123 alunos, 49 professores e 36 pais advindos de seis escolas publicas. Utilizou-se um questionario sobre as causas da reprovacao, que evidenciou atribuicoes ja citadas na literatura, atribuicoes presentes apenas em amostras brasileiras aparecendo, ainda, uma causa especifica desta amostra. As respostas dos alunos foram mais semelhantes as de seus pais, entretanto, os tres grupos foram semelhantes em nao atribuir a capacidade a causalidade pelo insucesso escolar.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Figure Rating Scales developed by Kakeshita (2008) applied to Brazilian adolescents to assess body image in this age group, and found that the scales were able to discriminate the different groups of nutritional status in both sexes; showed significant correlation between current BMI, desired BMI and dissatisfaction; and coefficients of elevated intraclass correlation.
Abstract: This study aimed to obtain evidence of the construct validity and the reliability of the Figure Rating Scales developed by Kakeshita (2008) applied to Brazilian adolescents. After conducting the test-retest in 112 participants with an interval of one month, the results showed that the scales were able to discriminate the different groups of nutritional status in both sexes; showed significant correlation between current BMI, desired BMI and dissatisfaction; and coefficients of elevated intraclass correlation, indicating that the instrument is suitable for assessing body image in this age group.

20 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, professoras e alunos of uma escola publica da pe-riferia da Zona Leste de Sao Paulo in Brazil have been queried, atraves de entrevis-tas individuais, a explicar as razoes do mau desempenho escolar dos aluns.
Abstract: RESUMO - Este e um estudo de tipo exploratorio fundamentado em con-ceitos atribucionais. Professoras e alunos de uma escola publica da pe-riferia da Zona Leste de Sao Paulo foram solicitados, atraves de entrevis-tas individuais, a explicar as razoes do mau desempenho escolar dos alunos. Foi feita uma analise do conteudo das respostas, a partir da qual quinze categorias tematicas foram construidas. Os resultados mostraram que algumas categorias de resposta sao comuns a professores e alunos, enquanto que outras sao exclusivas de um dos dois grupos. As professo-ras atribuem o mau desempenho dos alunos sobretudo a causas familiares e a problemas de saude fisica. Os alunos se referem basicamente a falta de motivacao e esforco e a dificuldade de compreender os conteudos propostos em sala de aula.

18 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a troca de experiencias entre pesquisadores that use registro em video no estudo do desenvolvimento de criancas is discussed.
Abstract: Este trabalho sintetiza uma troca de experiencias entre pesquisadores que tem utilizado registro em video no estudo do desenvolvimento de criancas. Focaliza especialmente a relacao entre os objetivos de cada trabalho - aqui recortado sem termos de perguntas que visam a analise de "processos" versus perguntas que visam a analise de "produtos" - e os procedimentos de registro, transcricao e analise a que essas diferentes perguntas conduzem. Sao apontadas algumas vantagens e perspectivas introduzidas pelo uso de registros em video para a pesquisa em psicologia, com foco em questoes ontogeneticas.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the play context in the promotion of children's social competence was reviewed by searching evidences about what sort of play context tend to promote peer interaction and examining the methodological issues that surround this debate.
Abstract: There is a substantial effort of researchers in designing and assessing interventions aiming to promote the social interaction between children with autism and their peers, in the context of inclusion. Among the results that are controversial are the issues related to the role of the play context (free or directed) in the promotion of children's social competence. The aim of this study was to critically review the literature about this topic by searching evidences about what sort of play context tend to promote peer interaction and by examining the methodological issues that surround this debate. The conclusion is that both contexts promote the development of social competence, but the free one tends to be more permanent and spontaneous.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that men showed significantly higher prevalence of yearly alcohol use, problematic use, and binge drinking compared to women. But, this relationship was significant only for men.
Abstract: Alcohol use and drinking expectations of men and women were compared, verifying the relationship between variables. A sample of 238 college students responded to the AUDIT and AEQ-A. Men showed significantly higher prevalence of yearly alcohol use, problematic use and binge drinking. Expectations of global positive changes and sexual enhancement were greater among men. A positive correlation was found between expectations and severity of problems associated with alcohol consumption for both sexes, however, this relationship was significant only for men. Results indicated that differences of drinking expectations between the sexes may have an important role in more precise and effective preventive actions on alcohol use of men and women.

Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: This study investigated the transmission between generations of childrearing practices of 30 mothers and 22 fathers, whose first child was 3 years old. Participants were interviewed about childrearing practices they had themselves received from their parents and those they used with their children. Quantitative and content analyses were realized with childrearing practices categorized as inductive, coercive and non-interfering. Results showed continuity of received practices, whether they were inductive, coercive or non-interfering, as well as changes in the used practices due to characteristics of the couple or the child. Childrearing practices seem to comprise a dynamic process between parents and children, with a nonlinear transmission between generations, and affected by factors other than reproduction of learned patterns.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors investigate the process of construcao da intersubjetividade nas situacoes de trabalho, a partir da analise da relacao dinâmica entre a organizacao do trabalhador and o prazer-sofrimento do trabhador qualificado.
Abstract: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar o processo de construcao da intersubjetividade nas situacoes de trabalho a partir da analise da relacao dinâmica entre a organizacao do trabalho e o prazer-sofrimento do trabalhador qualificado. Para tal foram realizadas entrevistas coletivas, analisadas qualitativamente com base na interpretacao da fala dos trabalhadores. Aanalise das verbalizacoes aponta para uma relacao entre o sofrimento e a situacao em que o trabalhador percebe seu trabalho. dividido e a falta de conteudo significativo de suas tarefas. O sofrimento tambem relaciona-se com o surgimento de dificuldadesnas relacoes com pares e hierarquia no nivel afetivo, politico e social. Esta situacao leva a utilizacao de estrategias defensivase a uma imobilizacao para se engajarem processos de transformacao do trabalho. As vivencias de prazer sao observadas quando o discurso reflete o contexto em que a organizacao do trabalho e flexivel, e os participantes podem utilizar sua criatividade ese sentirem uteis, produtivos e valorizados.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between organizational climate, perceptions of change and customer satisfaction in 170 units of a public service organization with operations throughout Brazil, using the technique of structural equation modeling.
Abstract: This study examines the relationships between organizational climate, perceptions of change and customer satisfaction in 170 units of a public service organization with operations throughout Brazil. Primary and secondary data were aggregated at the unit level using the technique of structural equation modeling. Models were tested with mediational and direct relationship between the variables. The results indicate that the perception of change mediates the relationship between organizational climate and customer satisfaction, the organizational climate has a direct relationship to customer satisfaction and employees perceive changes related to the organizational climate management.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the meanings assigned to the surgery by four transsexual women, seeking to highlight the conceptions about the changes that reassignment creates in the personal life of the transsexual, and found that the meanings attributed to sex reassignment surgery have multiple meanings and are changeable during the process of development and that desire of an operation should not be included as a criterion in the definition of transsexuality.
Abstract: Some definitions of transsexuality include the issue of sex reassignment surgery as an inherent desire of all transsexual people. This paper aims to investigate the meanings assigned to the surgery by four transsexual women, seeking to highlight the conceptions about the changes that reassignment creates in the personal life of the transsexual. The data were collected by individual application of open-ended interviews using life history technique. The transcripts were organized into collective case studies and analyzed on basis of the Queer Theory. The results suggest that the meanings attributed to sex reassignment surgery have multiple meanings and are changeable during the process of development and that the desire of an operation should not be included as a criterion in the definition of transsexuality.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In another study, this paper investigated preocupacoes de adolescentes, envolvendo dois estudias, and found that 50% ou mais of the adolescentes foram concerned with: (1) notas baixas na escola; (2) provas at escolas; (3) morte na familia; (4) o problema da fome no mundo; (5) perder ttm(a) amigo(a), proximo(a); (6) AIDS; (7)
Abstract: O presente trabalho investigou preocupacoes de adolescentes, envolvendo dois estudos. No primeiro, 1421 jovens(731 mocas e 690 rapazes), entre 11 e 18 anos, assinalaram fatores de ordem biologica, social, relacional e de sentimentos sobresi mesmos que os preocupavam. No segundo estudo, 865 adultos (5)6 Fe 349 M), entre 20 e 73 anos, opinaram quais aspreocupacoes experienciadas pelos adolescentes. Os resultados indicaram que as preocupacoes assinaladas por 50%, ou mais,dos adolescentes foram; (1) notas baixas na escola; (2) provas na escola; (3) morte na familia; (4) o problema da fome no mundo; (5) perder ttm(a) amigo(a) proximo(a); (6) AIDS; (7) nao ter amigos; (8) possibilidade de guerra nuclear. Entre os adultos, 50% ou mais indicaram como sendo preocupacoes dos adolescentes: (1) separacao dos pais; (2) briga entre os pais;(3) AIDS; (4) nao ter dinheiro suficiente; (5) ficar gravida; (6) uso de drogas. A comparacao entre os dois estudos apontou uma unica correspondencia: AIDS, indicada por 59% dos adolescentes e 60% dos adultos.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate how Brazilian mothers describe their children and the presence of autonomy and relatedness in their descriptions, finding that mothers valued children being intelligent, active, loving and caring.
Abstract: Development of the self is oriented according to cultural models, such as: interdependent, independent, and autonomous-related. This study aimed to investigate how Brazilian mothers describe their children and the presence of autonomy and relatedness in their descriptions. Ninety-four mothers with children with ages ranging from 17 to 22 months were interviewed. The results indicate that mothers valued children being intelligent, active, loving and caring. Children were described with more positive than negative temperament characteristics. No significant difference was observed between the proportion of descriptors in the Independence and Relatedness category. This indicates a tendency towards an autonomous-related model, corroborating evidence of previous Brazilian studies. The present study brings evidence to socialization trajectories of Brazilian mothers and contributes to the literature on parental beliefs.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin) to collect arousal and valence for 908 Portuguese words from 4359 undergraduates from four universities.
Abstract: Norms of arousal and valence for 908 Portuguese words were collected using SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin). In this study 4359 undergraduates from four universities participated. Words from each of the affective space quadrant were identified suggesting that they can be categorized along the arousal (from relaxing to more arousing words) and valence (from unpleasant to pleasant words) emotional dimensions. The reliability of the norms for valence (r = 0,97) and arousal (r = 0,94) was high and significant. Results showed that arousal and valence were not associated with sex, age or printed word frequency indicating that the factors can be considered orthogonal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated whether the formation of equivalence classes among four types of addition problems increases the percentage of correct responses in problems with different forms of presentation, unknown positions, and semantic structures.
Abstract: This study investigated whether the formation of equivalence classes among four types of addition problems increases the percentage of correct responses in problems with different forms of presentation, unknown positions and semantic structures. Eight 2nd to 5th grade Elementary School students with low percentages of correct responses in solving addition and subtraction problems participated in this study. After the formation of equivalence classes, an increase of correct responses in all problem types was observed. Then, the effect of teaching algorithms on solving addition and subtraction problems was investigated. No homogeneous pattern of improvement was observed after teaching these algorithms. Participants committed no errors on the generalization test. The results indicate that the adopted procedures contributed to improve the effectiveness of problem solving behavior.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors define the notion of epistemologia as a reflexao transdisciphnar, which is fundamental for the elaboracao of a metodo epistemologicico hermeneutico.
Abstract: Defende-se neste ensaio o conceito de epistemologia como reflexao transdisciphnar. Das relacoes entre a epistemologia e outras disciplinas, a reflexao hermeneutica e fundamental para a elaboracao de um metodo epistemologico hermeneutico.Esse metodo pode contribuir para a investigacao do metaconhecimento dos textos das tradicoes de pensamento psicologico.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pesquisadora implantou um servico de atencao psicologica aos funcionarios de um hospital geral e n os atendimentos de plantao mostrou-se diferenciado, o que ocasionou uma desconstrucao da forma tradicional de se fazer clinica, principalmente, quanto as dimensoes temporais e relacionais.
Abstract: Este artigo e fruto de uma pesquisa de Doutorado que objetiva evidenciar o processo de mudanca psicologica significativa desencadeado no cliente a partir do atendimento de plantao psicologico sob a perspectiva da ACP (Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa), fundada por Carl Rogers. Para tanto, a pesquisadora implantou um servico de atencao psicologica aos funcionarios de um hospital geral e n os atendimentos de plantao o fazer clinico mostrou-se diferenciado, o que ocasionou uma desconstrucao da forma tradicional de se fazer clinica, principalmente, quanto as dimensoes temporais e relacionais. O metodo de pesquisa foi o fenomenologico husserliano e fez-se uso de narrativas. Evidenciou-se um processo de mudanca psicologica significativa no contexto de atendimento de plantao psicologico, o qual levou a uma simbolizacao adequada das experiencias vividas pelos clientes e o s elementos que facilitaram esse processo de simbolizacao puderam ser apreendidos.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the routine related to academic life of children who participate in the Bolsa Familia Program in an Amazon riverside community in Brazil, using a Sociodemographic and a Routine Inventory.
Abstract: This article aims to describe the routine related to academic life of children who participate in the Bolsa Familia Program in an Amazon riverside community. A Sociodemographic and a Routine Inventory were administered to 30 children: 16 girls and 14 boys. The main results indicate attending school occupies 16% of their weekday, homework 3% and no reading activities take place outside the school. In the weekend, children do not make homework or develop reading activities. Parental participation in the routine of their sons and daughters is restricted. Actions to stimulate involvement and qualification of those riverside community families are necessary so they can participate and organize academic activities in the routine of their children.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relation between emotional regulation of the preadolescent and conversation regarding emotions in family setting is investigated, finding significant differences in the occurrence of cognitive re-evaluation to deal with rage, found only in the group that regularly had conversations.
Abstract: In this study the relation between emotional regulation of the preadolescent and conversation regarding emotions in family setting is investigated. Seventy-four preadolescents (10 - 13 years old) of middle class families participated in this study; they composed two groups: one that always conversed at home and one that did not have that habit. To access emotional regulation two open-ended stories were used to compare groups considering: the estimated duration of the emotion, the strategies used to regulate them, and the occurrence of cognitive re-evaluation. There are significant differences in the occurrence of cognitive re-evaluation to deal with rage, found only in the group that regularly had conversations. Results suggest that family conversation concerning emotions can enhance the development of differentiated abilities to regulate emotions.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the relationship between subjective well-being and friendship and found that friendship satisfaction correlated positively with life satisfaction and positive affect, but did not predict life satisfaction.
Abstract: Friendship contributes to subjective well-being, and this study analyzed the relationship between these variables. 116 university students from Belo Horizonte and 116 from Porto Alegre, both cities in Brazil, responded to the McGill Friendship Questionnaires, the PANAS scales and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Women showed more satisfaction and positive feelings towards their best friend; students from Belo Horizonte reported more negative feelings; friendship satisfaction correlated positively with life satisfaction and positive affect, but did not predict life satisfaction. There was a close, yet not causal, relation between subjective well-being and friendship. Joint satisfaction with friends, family, and romance is necessary for subjective well-being, as suggested by scientific literature. Research in Brazil could direct efforts to joint analyzes of these relationships.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Keil (1989) as mentioned in this paper investigated the desenvolvimento conceituai como uma mudanca de enfase das propriedades caracteristicas (nao necessarias, mas costumeiramente associadas aos exemplos do conceito) for as definidoras (necessarias e suficientes for definir o conceito).
Abstract: Keil (1989) concebe o desenvolvimento conceituai como uma mudanca de enfase das propriedades caracteristicas(nao necessarias, mas costumeiramente associadas aos exemplos do conceito) para as definidoras (necessarias e suficientes para definir o conceito). O objetivo deste trabalho foi replicar um dos estudos de Keil para investigar as seguintes questoes:(1) Ocorrem mudancas de propriedades caracteristicas para definidoras?; (2) Tal mudanca e global ou ocorre em momentos diferentes para diferentes dominios conceituais? Participaram deste estudo 48 criancas, divididas em tres grupos por faixa etaria.Dois tipos de historias lhes foram narradas. Um incluia atributos caracteristicos dos conceitos, mas nenhum atributo definidor,e o outro continha atributos nao caracteristicos e um conjunto de atributos definidores. Em seguida, perguntava-se ao sujeito:"... poderia serX"?, sendoX o conceito investigado. Os resultados confirmam a mudanca de enfase dos atributos caracteristicos para os definidores, que parece estar relacionada com o avanco da idade e nao ocorre ao mesmo tempo para os diferentes conceitos estudados.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed the comprehension and analysis of the psychological demands of three boys with ages between one and two years sheltered in an institution at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Abstract: This article proposes the comprehension and analysis of the psychological demands of three boys with ages between one and two years sheltered in an institution at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In order to collect the data, an interview was conducted with the caretakers to evaluate an attachment disorder. Afterwards, the boys were observed through an adaptation of the Bick's Method of Observation. It was concluded that, the active pursuit of those children towards their caretakers indicated the need of a constant emotional support to them in order to establish sensitive and privileged interaction with caretakers. This way the results point out to the urgency of specific support work for the caretakers in order to provide a proper care of the children sheltered prematurely.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper conducted a literature review by comparing IGT versions, different performance assessment measures, and changes to procedures including feedback, spatial randomization of decks, number of trials, the number of cards per deck, instructions, payment, and rewards and punishments.
Abstract: The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used task in the assessment of the decision-making ability. In this article, we conduct a literature review by comparing IGT versions, different performance assessment measures, and changes to procedures including feedback, spatial randomization of decks, number of trials, number of cards per deck, instructions, payment, and rewards and punishments. On basis of this analysis, we conclude that different versions of the task, changes in application procedures and different measures used to assess the task have an impact on performance, thereby affecting comparison among studies and generalization of results. Finally, we offer suggestions to define adequate procedures.