Showing papers in "Psychological Assessment in 1999"
TL;DR: The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) as mentioned in this paper is a measure of trauma-related thoughts and beliefs, whose items were derived from clinical observations and current theories of post-trauma psychopathology.
Abstract: This article describes the development and validation of a new measure of trauma-related thoughts and beliefs, the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), whose items were derived from clinical observations and current theories of post-trauma psychopathology. The PTCI was administered to 601 volunteers, 392 of whom had experienced a traumatic event and 170 of whom had moderate to severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Principal-components analysis yielded 3 factors: Negative Cognitions About Self. Negative Cognitions About the World, and Self-Blame. The 3 factors showed excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability; correlated moderately to strongly with measures of PTSD severity, depression, and general anxiety: and discriminated well between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD. The PTCI compared favorably with other measures of trauma-related cognitions, especially in its superior ability to discriminate between traumatized individuals with and without PTSD.
1,444 citations
TL;DR: A child version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-C) was developed using students in Grades 4-8 (N = 707) as mentioned in this paper, and the resulting Negative Affect and Positive Affect scales demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity with existing self-report measures of childhood anxiety and depression.
Abstract: A child version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS: D. Watson, L. A. Clark, & A. Tellegen, 1988), the PANAS-C, was developed using students in Grades 4-8 (N = 707). Item selection was based on psychometric and theoretical grounds. The resulting Negative Affect (NA) and Positive Affect (PA) scales demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity with existing self-report measures of childhood anxiety and depression; the PANAS-C performed much like its adult namesake. Overall, the PANAS-C, like the adult PANAS, is a brief, useful measure that can be used to differentiate anxiety from depression in youngsters. As such, this instrument addresses the shortcomings of existing measures of childhood anxiety and depression.
1,009 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe and evaluate 9 scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and conclude that these rules demonstrated good to excellent reliability and good correspondence with a PTSD diagnosis based on the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; DSM-II1-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987).
Abstract: The use of structured interviews that yield continuous measures of symptom severity has become increasingly widespread in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, however, few scoring rules have been developed for converting continuous severity scores into dichotomous PTSD diagnoses. In this article, we describe and evaluate 9 such rules for the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Overall, these rules demonstrated good to excellent reliability and good correspondence with a PTSD diagnosis based on the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; DSM-II1—R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987). However, the rules yielded widely varying prevalence estimates in 2 samples of male Vietnam veterans. Also, the use of DSM-III-R versus DSM-IV criteria had negligible impact on PTSD diagnostic status. The selection of CAPS scoring rules for different assessment tasks is discussed.
657 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the assessment and treatment functions of self-monitoring are described and illustrated, and some suggestions are made for additional research that might be conducted regarding selfmonitoring accuracy, effects on clients, and utility within treatment.
Abstract: Although widely utilized within clinical assessment, self-monitoring has received little direct research attention since the early 1980s. The assessment and treatment functions of self-monitoring are described and illustrated in this article. As an assessment method, self-monitoring can provide valuable information for diagnosis, target behavior selection, functional assessment, and treatment monitoring. Research findings delineating variables known to influence the accuracy and reactivity associated with self-monitoring are reviewed. Some suggestions are made for additional research that might be conducted regarding self-monitoring accuracy, effects on clients, and utility within treatment.
254 citations
TL;DR: The Screening Version of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL:SV; S. Hart, D. N. Cox, and R. D. Hare, 1995) was developed to complement the PCL-R, and for use outside forensic settings as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Screening Version of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL:SV; S. D. Hart, D. N. Cox, & R. D. Hare, 1995) was developed to complement the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; R. D. Hare, 1991), and for use outside forensic settings. The PCL:SV takes less time to administer and requires less collateral information than the PCL-R. An item response theory approach was adopted to determine similarities in the structural properties of the 2 instruments and whether the PCL:SV could be regarded as a short form of the PCL-R. Eight of the 12 items in the PCL:SV were strongly parallel to their equivalent PCL-R items. Of the 4 items PCL:SV items which differed from their equivalent PCL-R items, all 4 were found to be equal or superior to their equivalent PCL-R items in terms of discrimination. The analyses confirmed previous results that the interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy have higher thresholds than do the impulsive and antisocial behavioral features; individuals have to be at a higher level of the psychopathic trait before the interpersonal and affective features become evident. The PCL:SV is an effective short form of the PCL-R.
229 citations
TL;DR: Convergent and discriminant validation of the GHQ-12 was demonstrated through comparison with other measures of mental and physical health, and a 3/4 threshold, higher than used in all but one previous study, gave the best conservative estimate of minor psychiatric morbidity.
Abstract: Psychiatric interviews were carried out to validate the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12; Goldberg, 1972) for use with staff of England's National Health Service (NHS), and to determine the appropriate threshold score to identify probable cases. In a sample of 551 NHS staff, the correlation between the GHQ-12 and the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) was found to be .70. The receiver operating characteristic showed that a 3/4 threshold, higher than used in all but one previous study, gave the best conservative estimate of minor psychiatric morbidity. This threshold gave an estimated sensitivity of the GHQ-12 of.69 and specificity of.88. It reduced case rates by between 8% and 17% as compared with lower possible thresholds. Convergent and discriminant validation of the GHQ-12 was demonstrated through comparison with other measures of mental and physical health.
191 citations
TL;DR: The Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI) as discussed by the authors is a brief measure of parenting behavior for use with the parents of preschool-age and young school-age children, which may be used as a parent self-report measure, a report measure for others familiar with the parent, or as an observational rating scale.
Abstract: The Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI) is a brief measure of parenting behavior for use with the parents of preschool-age and young school-age children. It may be used as a parent self-report measure, a report measure for others familiar with the parent, or as an observational rating scale. Its parallel forms offer clinicians and researchers a single measure capable of multimethod, multi-informant, and multisetting assessment. The PBI's two independent scales, Supportive/Engaged and Hostile/Coercive, have sufficient content validity, show adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and relate to measures of parental affect, parental stress, and child behavior problems. Evidence for its usefulness as a rating scale is presented. The results provide support for the reliability and construct validity of the PBI and demonstrate its versatility as a measure of parenting behavior.
175 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the utility of the Rorschach as a behavioral problem-solving test that illuminates the interaction among psychological, biological, and environmental factors is discussed.
Abstract: To address the utility of the Rorschach, the author synthesized a large sample (N = 138) of empirical, quantitative research published in the past 20 years. Longitudinal and behavioral criteria and ecological incremental validity beyond self-report and interview were emphasized because of their relationship with test applications. Methodological issues (temporal consistency, diversity, clinician judgment), applications (treatment outcome, schizophrenia, thought disorder, depression and suicide risk), and selected Rorschach variables are addressed. The evidence reveals that many Rorschach variables are efficient tools for clinical, forensic, and educational applications. The test is particularly useful in (a) individualizing case conceptualizations and interventions and (b) predicting and evaluating outcomes. These conclusions are consistent with using the Rorschach as a behavioral problem-solving test that illuminates the interaction among psychological, biological, and environmental factors.
168 citations
TL;DR: This article conducted a meta-analysis comparing criterion-related validity evidence for the Rorschach and the MMPI and found that the RMPI had larger validity coefficients for studies using psychiatric diagnoses and self-report measures as criterion variables.
Abstract: Two previous meta-analyses concluded that average validity coefficients for the Rorschach and the MMPI have similar magnitudes (L. Atkinson, 1986; K. C. H. Parker, R. K. Hanson, & J. Hunsley, 1988), but methodological problems in both meta-analyses may have impeded acceptance of these results (H. N. Garb, C. M. Florio, & W. M. Grove, 1998). We conducted a new meta-analysis comparing criterionrelated validity evidence for the Rorschach and the MMPI. The unweighted mean validity coefficients (rs) were .30 for MMPI and .29 for Rorschach, and they were not reliably different (p = .76 under fixed-effects model, p = .89 under random-effects model). The MMPI had larger validity coefficients than the Rorschach for studies using psychiatric diagnoses and self-report measures as criterion variables, whereas the Rorschach had larger validity coefficients than the MMPI for studies using objective criterion variables.
156 citations
TL;DR: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) as mentioned in this paper is a measure of the 5-factor model developed on volunteer samples in the United States and was used for assessment of personality among Chinese psychiatric patients.
Abstract: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) is a measure of the 5-factor model developed on volunteer samples in the United States. To examine its validity in a non-Western, psychiatric sample, an existing Chinese translation was modified for use in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The instrument was administered to 2,000 psychiatric in- and outpatients at 13 sites throughout the PRC. Internal consistency was low for some facet scales, but retest reliability was adequate and the hypothesized factor structure was clearly recovered. Correlations with age. California Psychological Inventory scales, and spouse ratings supported the validity of NEO-PI-R scales, and diagnostic subgroups showed meaningful personality profiles. The 5-factor model appears to be useful for the assessment of personality among Chinese psychiatric patients.
142 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the factor structure of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ) and the Linehan Reasons for Living Inventory (LRFL) in a sample of 205 adult psychiatric inpatients.
Abstract: This study investigated the factor structure of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ) and the Linehan Reasons for Living Inventory (LRFL) in a sample of 205 adult psychiatric inpatients. Confirmatory factor analyses provided moderate support for the construct validity of each instrument. Coefficient alphas for the ASIQ (.98) and LRFL (.93) were high. In addition, a range of different clinical cutoff points was derived for each instrument. Both instruments were also better than chance in differentiating between the suicide attempter and psychiartic control groups. High ASIQ and low LRFL scores were significantly associated with scores on selected Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Content scales. The analyses also indicated that only the ASIQ added to the symptoms of hopelessness and negative affect in differentiating between the suicide attempter and psychiatric control groups. Results suggest that both instruments may be useful screening tests for suicidal behavior in psychiatric long-term care inpatient samples.
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of published studies in which scores on objective (i.e., self-report) or projective measures of interpersonal dependency were used to predict some aspect of dependency-related behavior revealed that validity coefficients for projective tests (number of comparisons = 32) were generally larger than validity coefficient for objective tests.
Abstract: A meta-analysis of published studies in which scores on objective (i.e., self-report) or projective measures of interpersonal dependency were used to predict some aspect of dependency-related behavior revealed that validity coefficients for projective tests (number of comparisons = 32) were generally larger than validity coefficients for objective tests (number of comparisons = 54). The relationships of setting in which data were collected, source of behavioral ratings, and participant classification method on observed test score-behavior correlations were also assessed. Implications of these findings for use of objective and projective dependency measures in clinical, laboratory, and field settings are discussed.
TL;DR: There is currently no scientific basis for justifying the use of Rorschach scales in psychological assessments as they do not address the rational, scientific, and ethical requirements of professional standards for psychological measures.
Abstract: The empirical evidence on the Rorschach is reviewed using three definitions of clinical utility: (a) the nature of professional attitudes and extent of clinical usage, (b) the extent of evidence for reliability, validity, diagnostic efficiency, and incremental validity, and (c) the extent of evidence that Rorschach data improve clinical decision-making and/or treatment outcome Surveys demonstrate that the Rorschach is extensively used; however, these data are insufficient to demonstrate clinical utility as they do not address the rational, scientific, and ethical requirements of professional standards for psychological measures After reviewing conceptual issues in Rorschach research (especially those in the Comprehensive System) the authors conclude that there is little scientific evidence to support the clinical utility of the Rorschach Given the absence of data evaluating how the Rorschach is used in routine practice and whether its use is consistent with the manner in which it is used in research, there is currently no scientific basis for justifying the use of Rorschach scales in psychological assessments
TL;DR: This article explored the factor structure of a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; M. A. Straus, 1979) in a large multiethnic high school sample.
Abstract: This study explored the factor structure of a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; M. A. Straus, 1979) in a large multiethnic high school sample. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approaches were used. Results generally supported 2-factor models for males and females. A substantial proportion of residual variance remained after the 2 primary factors were extracted, and correlations among this residual variance suggested meaningful differences in the perpetration and experience of dating violence for males and females. Furthermore, the factor structure for males' self-reported victimization suggested that items representing psychological and mild physical aggression, which loaded on 1 factor, may be perceived similarly. Convergent validity analyses that examined the correlation among CTS traditional and factor scores with jealous actions, control tactics, and attitudes justifying males' and females' use of dating aggression provided initial support for the constructs identified. Results are discussed in terms of improving measurement of dating aggression. Adolescent dating violence has received increased research attention over the past decade. Physical aggression occurs with notable frequency in high school dating relationships. Estimates range from 9% to 41%; rates of self-reported victimization are similar, ranging from 12% to 41% (Avery-Leaf, Cascardi, O'Leary, & Cano, 1997; Bergman, 1992; Henton, Gate, Koval, Lloyd, & Christopher, 1983; O'Keefe, 1997; Roscoe & Callahan, 1983). Unfortunately, psychometric properties of the most frequently used measure of this phenomenon, the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979), have not been investigated in high school samples. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary examination of the factor structure and convergent validity of a modified version of the CTS in a multiethnic high school student sample. The CTS includes measures of both one's own use of physical aggression and one's experience of one's partner's physical aggression (i.e., victimization), so this article is divided into two separate analyses: one reporting on self-reported aggression, the other on self-reported victimization. The CTS's status as the most commonly used measure of partner aggression supports exploration of its factor structure in an adolescent sample before steps are taken to alter it in ways that might enhance its validity but also render comparisons to the large CTS-based literature impossible. Furthermore, our work and that
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR) for samples of youths in 3 out-of-home placements with varying levels of restrictiveness.
Abstract: This study compared scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR) for samples of youths in 3 out-of-home placements with varying levels of restrictiveness. Mean CBCL T scores were more than a standard deviation higher than mean YSR T scores on the broadband scales and about 2/3 of a standard deviation higher on the syndrome scales. The magnitude of the discrepancy varied between placements for several scales, with the least restrictive placements having the largest difference between CBCL and YSR ratings for the Externalizing scale. For the Internalizing scale, the discrepancy was larger for older youths (ages 15-18) than for younger youths (ages 11-14). These results support previous findings that in clinical samples, adults rate children's behavioral and emotional problems as more severe than do children themselves. This study extends prior research by demonstrating the occurrence of this discrepancy across a continuum of care.
TL;DR: In this article, a revision of the Dissociative Experiences Scale, including three new items and a more user-friendly item format, was administered to an adult community sample.
Abstract: A revision of the Dissociative Experiences Scale, including 3 new items and a more user-friendly item format, was administered to an adult community sample. Both orthogonal and oblique factor rotations of from 1 to 5 factors provide evidence of the hierarchical structure of self-reported dissociative experiences. Reliabilities are presented for a longer and a shorter Dissociation scale, and for subscales labeled Depersonalization, Absorption, and Amnesia. Also provided are the relations of the total scale and its 3 subscales to gender, age, and education, as well as to a broad and diverse set of personality attributes. The frequency of self-reported dissociative experiences was positively related to measures of Neuroticism (particularly Depression) and Imagination, and negatively related to Conscientiousness (particularly Dutifulness), Agreeableness, and to a lesser extent age. The Dissociation scales and subscales were not related to gender, educational level, or intelligence, nor to vocational interests or self-reported skills. Three subtle measures of dissociation are provided.
TL;DR: The authors performed a meta-analysis on 25 comparative Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2 studies of 1,428 male African Americans versus 2,837 male European Americans.
Abstract: Meta-analyses were performed on 25 comparative Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2 studies of 1,428 male African Americans versus 2,837 male European Americans, 12 studies of 1,053 female African Americans versus 1,470 female European Americans, and 13 studies of 500 male Latino Americans and 1,345 male European Americans. Aggregate effect sizes suggest higher scores for ethnic minority groups than for European Americans on some MMPI/MMPI-2 scales and lower scores on others. However, none of the aggregate effect sizes suggest substantive differences from either a statistical or clinical perspective. The MMPI and MMPI-2 apparently do not unfairly portray African Americans and Latinos as pathological. Effect sizes across studies generally did not vary as a function of sociodemographic variables, research setting, or use of the MMPI versus MMPI-2. It is recommended that additional between- and within-ethnic groups psychopathology research continue.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the factor structure of the anxiety sensitivity index (ASI) among African American college students and found that the ASI was moderately correlated with measures of anxiety and depression.
Abstract: This study examined the factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) among African American college students. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the 3-factor solution commonly found among other populations did not fit the data for African Americans. Although an exploratory factor analysis indicated the presence of a Mental Incapacitation factor, the Physical Concerns factor was divided into unsteady and cardiovascular concerns. Items typically comprising the Social factor were reflective of emotional controllability among African Americans. The ASI was also moderately correlated with measures of anxiety and depression providing only weak evidence of convergent and discriminate validity of the ASI for African Americans. Although support for the multidimensional nature of AS was found, the factor composition differs for African Americans.
TL;DR: In this article, the validity and reliability coefficients and standard errors of measurement for two 7-subtest short forms (SF) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III; D. Wechmler, 1997) are provided.
Abstract: Validity and reliability coefficients and standard errors of measurement for 2 7-subtest short forms (SF) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III; D. Wechsler, 1997) are provided. Data for the study were obtained from the WAIS-III-WMS-III Technical Manual and were based on the 2,450 adolescents and adults in the WAIS-III standardization sample. SF1 consists of Information, Digit Span, Arithmetic, Similarities, Picture Completion, Block Design, and Digit Symbol-Coding. SF2 uses the same subtest combination, except Matrix Reasoning is substituted for Block Design. For the 13 age groups in the standardization sample, the 2 short forms have impressively high validity and reliability, and small standard errors of measurement. Whenever a short form IQ is used, it is recommended that the examiner append the abbreviation Est next to the value.
TL;DR: In this article, confirmatory factor analysis was used to explore a 3-factor model of expressed emotion (Criticism, Emotional Overinvolvement, and Positivity) in a sample of 104 outpatients with agoraphobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder and 104 relatives of these patients.
Abstract: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to explore a 3-factor model of expressed emotion (Criticism, Emotional Overinvolvement, and Positivity) in a sample of 104 outpatients with agoraphobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder and 104 relatives of these patients. Multiple methods of measurement included the Camberwell Family Interview, observation of verbal and nonverbal behaviors during patient-relative problem-solving interactions, and ratings of relatives' behavior made by patients and by relatives. The convergent validity of the 3 individual constructs was demonstrated through single-factor models fitted to Criticism, Positivity, and Emotional Overinvolvement measures. A 3-factor model was then estimated and determined to provide adequate fit to the data, thus demonstrating the distinctiveness of the constructs. Criticism and Positivity were strongly and negatively correlated, whereas Emotional Overinvolvement bore little relationship to the other 2 factors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined defensive underreporting on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with a sample of parents involved in custody dispute litigation and found that 74% of litigants were identified as underreporting compared with 52% identified using traditional Lie (L) and Correction (K) scale criterion.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine defensive underreporting on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with a sample of parents involved in custody dispute litigation. With a composite score derived from 2 nontraditional validity indicators-the Wiggins Social Desirability scale (WSD) and the Superlative scale (S), which had previously been identified as the best predictors of fake-good responding, 74% of litigants were identified as underreporting compared with 52% identified using traditional Lie (L) and Correction (K) scale criterion. Litigants identified as underreporters, whether using either the WSD-S criterion or the L-K criterion, had clinical scale profiles that were similar to those identified as nonunderreporters. The outcome of this study suggests that the WSD and S scales are perhaps more useful in the identification of defensive underreporting than the L and K scales.
TL;DR: Investigation of the internal psychometric properties, convergent validity, and clinical research utility of the Family Environment Scale finds 6 FES scales that fit a confirmatory factor analysis model well and that demonstrated good convergence validity.
Abstract: Data from both mothers and fathers from 319 families were used to investigate the internal psychometric properties, convergent validity, and clinical research utility of the Family Environment Scale (FES). Scales were validated against 16 self-report variables and 7 observational variables. Clinical research utility was investigated by comparing antisocial alcoholic (AAL) families, non-anti-social alcoholic (NAAL) families, and nonalcoholic control families. Results identify 6 FES scales that fit a confirmatory factor analysis model well and that demonstrated good convergent validity. AAL families differed from NAAL families on 5 of these scales. Findings caution against the use of 4 FES scales, provide significant support for the internal psychometric properties and convergent validity of 6 FES scales, and demonstrate the research utility of these scales for addressing research on alcoholic families.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the factor structure and validity of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in 357 inpatient and outpatient alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependent individuals.
Abstract: The factor structure and validity of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI; Cloninger, Svrakic, Przybeck, & Wetzel, 1994) were evaluated in 357 inpatient and outpatient alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependent individuals. A Procrustes rotation of principal components did not fully replicate the TCI's original factor structure in either this clinical sample or in a community sample of 183 individuals who did not abuse substances. These analyses suggested 4 reliable factors that were associated with conceptually related personality dimensions in predictable ways. Higher Novelty Seeking (or low constraint) and Harm Avoidance (or low vigor) were associated with several substance use and psychopathology indicators. Self-Transcendence and a factor we labeled Sociability (Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness) were related to fewer indicators.
TL;DR: In this article, the dimensional structure, reliability, and validity of two new inventories for assessing different aspects of fear of flying: the Flight Anxiety Situations questionnaire (FAS), which assesses anxiety related to flying experienced in different situations, and the flight anxiety modality questionnaire (fAM), which measures symptom modalities in which anxiety in flight situations is expressed.
Abstract: This article presents the development of and data on the dimensional structure, reliability, and validity of 2 new inventories for assessing different aspects of fear of flying: the Flight Anxiety Situations questionnaire (FAS), which assesses anxiety related to flying experienced in different situations, and the Flight Anxiety Modality questionnaire (FAM), which measures symptom modalities in which anxiety in flight situations is expressed. Two initial questionnaires were constructed from multiple sources. Factor analytic studies were conducted to assess their internal structure, and the final versions were examined in a sample of 746 patients who experienced fear of flying. A principal-components analysis investigated the optimal dimensional structure in 2 randomly created subsamples. A 3-factor solution for the FAS and a 2-factor solution for the FAM Were revealed. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good to excellent. Moderately strong correlations between the subscales suggest sufficient factorial specificity and convergent validity. The subscales were sensitive to change.
TL;DR: In this paper, self-monitoring of binge eating and purging may provide a valid measure of treatment outcome for bulimia nervosa patients, but it does not yield precise estimates of amount of caloric intake.
Abstract: Self-monitoring is a key feature of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for eating disorders. It provides a detailed measure of eating problems and the circumstances under which they occur, but it does not yield precise estimates of amount of caloric intake. It indexes the progress of treatment and helps guide the focus of each therapy session. Adherence to self-monitoring is good provided that therapists implement it skillfully within a collaborative therapeutic alliance. Anorexia nervosa patients may pose a particular challenge in this respect. Self-monitoring may play an important role in the rapid effects of CBT for bulimia nervosa. Preliminary data indicate that self-monitoring of binge eating and purging may provide a valid measure of treatment outcome.
TL;DR: The authors applied multiple regression analyses to two data sets with reasonable criteria of pathology that were predicted by W. Perry and D. J. Goldberg's (1965) formula for predicting psychosis versus neurosis were entered before these Rorschach variables.
Abstract: The MMPI can be scored by a clerk. Also, both the number and form level of Rorschach responses can be easily assessed. Other Rorschach variables should be examined for their incremental validity beyond number of responses and form level, or from these variables plus simple MMPI variables. This study applied multiple regression analyses to 2 data sets with reasonable criteria of pathology that were predicted by W. Perry and D. J. Viglione's (1991) Ego Impairment Index considered alone. The index had only slight incremental validity over and above the number of responses and form quality, and even less when the average MMPI elevation and L. R. Goldberg's (1965) formula for predicting psychosis versus neurosis were entered before these Rorschach variables. Another way of assessing incremental validity is through the use of unit weights, that is, adding standardized variables weighted equally rather than optimally. The unit-weighted incremental validity analysis resulted in the same conclusions.
TL;DR: This paper applied psychometric meta-analysis to pool results from all available studies to examine the equivalence of the computer and booklet MMPI forms Means, standard deviations, and cross-form correlations were cumulated and concluded that the disparate findings can be explained in terms of sampling error across individual studies.
Abstract: Inconsistent findings have repeatedly been found by researchers attempting to determine whether the computer form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is psychometrically equivalent to the booklet form This article applied psychometric meta-analysis to pool results from all available studies to examine the equivalence of the computer and booklet MMPI forms Means, standard deviations, and crossform correlations were cumulated A comprehensive meta-analysis of the literature demonstrated that the disparate findings can be explained in terms of sampling error across individual studies Differences in means and standard deviations across studies were near 0, and crossform rank orderings were near perfect The results of this study suggest that the computer and booklet forms of the MMPI are psychometrically equivalent
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the Rorschach can and should be used best with a nomothetic foundation that adds an idiographic approach depending on the goal of the assessment.
Abstract: The authors argue that the Rorschach can and should be used best with a nomothetic foundation that adds an idiographic approach depending on the goal of the assessment The research supporting this position is reviewed as are conceptual models that are advantageous to this conceptual position The authors posit that method variance has a powerful impact on the measurement process Each method is of value in some areas and of limited relevance in others Self-report measures are most likely to be useful when interest is focused on consciously available and behavioral dimensions of functioning Depth-oriented, indirect measures such as the Rorschach are most likely to be useful when interest is focused on unconscious, longitudinal, and structural dimensions of functioning However, to have a full picture of human beings, heteromethod assessment is necessary to capture the full range of functioning and to implement the analytic model of assessment
TL;DR: Self-monitoring has become a popular assessment tool in treatment outcome research and descriptive psychopathology for panic and anxiety disorders as discussed by the authors, and it has been widely used in the literature.
Abstract: Self-monitoring has become a popular assessment tool in treatment outcome research and descriptive psychopathology for panic and anxiety disorders. Commonly used formats of self-monitoring for each anxiety disorder are described. Self-monitoring is compared with self-report estimation. On the one hand, self-monitoring may be influenced by reactivity, as well as by attentional and judgmental biases that underlie fear and anxiety. On the other hand, self-monitoring may minimize certain influences that tarnish estimation, such as response demand biases, memory deficits, inflation of aversive experiences, and availability heuristics. Issues for statistical analysis of self-monitored data for panic and the anxiety disorders are outlined. Finally, directions for future research and clinical use of self-monitoring are discussed.
TL;DR: The most prominent MMPI-2 scales are Infrequency, 4, 6, 9, MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised, and Antisocial Practices for both genders, and Scales 5 and Addiction Admission Scale among women.
Abstract: This study examined the base rates, patterns, and configurations of male and female prisoners on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) validity, basic, supplementary, and content scales and compares them with the MMPI-2 adult norms and with the performance of offenders on the original MMPI (S. R. Hathaway & J. C. McKinley, 1943). Expectations as to which scales would show significant and meaningful elevations and effect sizes were generally upheld. The most prominent MMPI-2 scales are Infrequency, 4, 6, 9, MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised, and Antisocial Practices for both genders, and Scales 5 and Addiction Admission Scale among women. Scales 0 and Responsibility scale appeared to be inhibitory scales. Men and women had similar profile configurations, but the female offenders' scores were more deviant than those of the men.