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Showing papers in "Psychological Bulletin in 1959"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This transmutability of the validation matrix argues for the comparisons within the heteromethod block as the most generally relevant validation data, and illustrates the potential interchangeability of trait and method components.
Abstract: Content Memory (Learning Ability) As Comprehension 82 Vocabulary Cs .30 ( ) .23 .31 ( ) .31 .31 .35 ( ) .29 .48 .35 .38 ( ) .30 .40 .47 .58 .48 ( ) As judged against these latter values, comprehension (.48) and vocabulary (.47), but not memory (.31), show some specific validity. This transmutability of the validation matrix argues for the comparisons within the heteromethod block as the most generally relevant validation data, and illustrates the potential interchangeability of trait and method components. Some of the correlations in Chi's (1937) prodigious study of halo effect in ratings are appropriate to a multitrait-multimethod matrix in which each rater might be regarded as representing a different method. While the published report does not make these available in detail because it employs averaged values, it is apparent from a comparison of his Tables IV and VIII that the ratings generally failed to meet the requirement that ratings of the same trait by different raters should correlate higher than ratings of different traits by the same rater. Validity is shown to the extent that of the correlations in the heteromethod block, those in the validity diagonal are higher than the average heteromethod-heterotrait values. A conspicuously unsuccessful multitrait-multimethod matrix is provided by Campbell (1953, 1956) for rating of the leadership behavior of officers by themselves and by their subordinates. Only one of 11 variables (Recognition Behavior) met the requirement of providing a validity diagonal value higher than any of the heterotrait-heteromethod values, that validity being .29. For none of the variables were the validities higher than heterotrait-monomethod values. A study of attitudes toward authority and nonauthority figures by Burwen and Campbell (1957) contains a complex multitrait-multimethod matrix, one symmetrical excerpt from which is shown in Table 6. Method variance was strong for most of the procedures in this study. Where validity was found, it was primarily at the level of validity diagonal values higher than heterotrait-heteromethod values. As illustrated in Table 6, attitude toward father showed this kind of validity, as did attitude toward peers to a lesser degree. Attitude toward boss showed no validity. There was no evidence of a generalized attitude toward authority which would include father and boss, although such values as the VALIDATION BY THE MULTITRAIT-MULTIMETHOD MATRIX

15,795 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relationship between the personality characteristics of the individual and his performance in the group has remained a central concern in the study of small groups for more than 50 years as mentioned in this paper, and there have been at least three conceptual approaches to this problem, one approach considers the individual as having various needs and as being motivated to satisfy some of these needs through interaction with others.
Abstract: A wide range of practical and theoretical interests have found expression in the study of small groups. As the major bibliographic sources (Hare, Borgatta, & Bales, 1955; McGrath, 1957; Strodtbeck & Hare, 1957) amply attest, small group research has proceeded along numerous independent lines. One interest, however, has been dominant for more than 50 years. While phrased in various ways, the relationship between the personality characteristics of the individual and his performance in the group has remained a central concern. There have been at least three conceptual approaches to this problem. One approach considers the individual as having various needs and as being motivated to satisfy some of these needs through interaction with others; the point of interest is the relation between the individual's personality and his goal-directed behavior in groups. In another view, the individual is conceived of as a stimulus, or set of stimuli, for the other members of the group, and the

965 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper is concerned with the neurological correlates of the total response to a nociceptive stimulus and how this total response or some components of this response can be mitigated or eliminated by prefrontal leucotomy, opiates, placebos, and hypnosis.
Abstract: The response to a nociceptive stimulus normally includes at least four components: \"the sensation of pain\"; discomfort; withdrawal movements; and some measurable physiological alteration, e.g., a transient or prolonged increase or decrease in blood pressure (Nafe & Wagoner, 1938; Goetzl, Bien, & Lu, 1951). This paper is concerned with the neurological correlates of this total response—hereafter termed the pain response—and how this total response or some components of this response can be mitigated or eliminated by prefrontal leucotomy, opiates, placebos, and hypnosis.

144 citations


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113 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

67 citations