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Showing papers in "Psychological Bulletin in 1965"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, 50 articles dealing with stages of group development over time are separated by group setting: therapy-group studies, T-Group studies, and natural and laboratory group studies.
Abstract: 50 articles dealing with stages of group development over time are separated by group setting: therapy-group studies, T-group studies, and natural- and laboratory-group studies. The stages identified in these articles are separated into those descriptive of social or interpersonal group activities a

4,052 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The major intent of this paper is to document relationships which have been clearly established and to identify those which are still equivocal or unexplored.
Abstract: The cohesiveness of small groups is defined in terms of intermember attraction and the rationale for such an approach is discussed. The empirical literature, restricted primarily to investigations published between 1950 and 1962, is reviewed with the aim of evaluating the status of variables hypothesized as having antecedent or consequent relationships with interpersonal attraction. To this end, studies from diverse fields, for example, group dynamics, personality, and learning, are brought together and categorized. Theoretical positions concerned with the development of liking between persons and the effects which liking has upon subsequent behavior are also examined by specifying predictions from systematic formulations and comparing them with the research data. The major intent of this paper is to document relationships which have been clearly established and to identify those which are still equivocal or unexplored.

822 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigations of the effect of attention on the amount learned about different cues have been interpreted as disproving noncontinuity theory (according to which animals attend to only 1 cue at a time).
Abstract: 2 classes of experiment on the role of attention in discrimination learning are reviewed: (a) Investigations of the effect of attention on the amount learned about different cues have been interpreted as disproving noncontinuity theory (according to which animals attend to only 1 cue at a time). The

466 citations



Journal ArticleDOI

420 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

281 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Breger and McGaugh as discussed by the authors pointed out that the explanations given by behavioral therapy advocates are quite inadequate and proposed a theoretical structure that can more adequately explain what goes on in both behavioral therapies and dynamic psychotherapies.
Abstract: This classic paper by Breger and McGaugh was the first within the field of clinical psychology to critically review and elegantly dissect the overly simplistic theoretical explanations of the process of behavioral therapy. Without denying the clinical usefulness of certain behavioral therapies, the authors cogently demonstrate that the explanations given by their proponents of how they work are quite inadequate. Particularly open to criticism are (a) the emphasis on the peripheral response, (b) the assumption that concepts taken from Pavlovian and operant conditioning can be utilized as explanatory principles, and (c) the use of the concept of reinforcement. Breger and McGaugh, in addition, demonstrate the inadequacy of a conception of neurosis that is couched only in terms of discrete symptoms. Finally, they offer a reformulation of the learning process in which it is seen as the acquisition and storage of information, with emphasis on the role of central processes. Thus they construct a theoretical structure that can more adequately explain what goes on in both behavioral therapies and dynamic psychotherapies.

212 citations








Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three-mode factor analysis is an extension of classical factor analysis for treatment of threeway classification data that performs a simultaneous factor analysis of all three ways.
Abstract: : Three-mode factor analysis is an extension of classical factor analysis for treatment of threeway classification data. It performs a simultaneous factor analysis of all three ways. There are several logical-intuitive interpretations of three-mode factor analysis. The most obvious is in terms of idealized factors. It can be illustrated with sematic differential data. Given a three-way classification set of data like subjects by scales by concepts, arranged in the form of a box, it is possible to reduce this box to a box of idealized subjects by idealized scales by idealized concepts. Each idealized subject is a matrix of scores of the idealized concepts on the idealized scales. Each idealized scale is a matrix of score of the idealized concepts by the idealized subjects and so on. These idealized matrices are sections of the reduced box called the ''inner core matrix.'' Corresponding to the idealized entities we obtain factor-weight-matrices. The factor weights for subjects give a column of weights for each subject, and the score matrix of each subject (scales by concepts) is obtained as a weighted summation of the idealizedsubject matrices; similarly, for concepts and scales. The original scores are reproduced by a triple operation applying consecutively the three sets of weights. Two empirical applications of three-mode factor analysis are reported. (Author)


Journal ArticleDOI

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that extraverts are poorer in eyeblink conditioning when conditions favor the development of inhibition, as by the use of partial reinforcement; they do not differ from introverts when conditions are such as to preclude theDevelopment of inhibition.
Abstract: A summary is given of studies relating eyeblink and GSR conditioning to the personality dimension of extraversion (E). It is found that extraverts are poorer in eyeblink conditioning when conditions favor the development of inhibition, as by the use of partial reinforcement; they do not differ from introverts when conditions are such as to preclude the development of inhibition. Extraverts are poorer in GSR conditioning when relatively mild stimuli are used, but do not differ from introverts when very strong stimuli are used, making impossible the development of cortical inhibition. They are also poorer than introverts when discrimination learning is involved, facilitating the growth of inhibition. Correlations between conditioning and personality appear to be dependent on the suitability of experimental conditions to evoke cortical inhibition; correlations are process and not status functions. These findings have implications for the problem of the generality of the hypothetical factor of \"conditionability.\





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The techniques of matched groups, analysis of covariance, and partial correlation represent various approaches to the prevention of a spurious association between Xi and X2 due to a confounding variable, Xa, which leads to a systematic bias of undercorrection.
Abstract: The techniques of matched groups, analysis of covariance, and partial correlation represent various approaches to the prevention of a spurious association between Xi and X2 due to a confounding variable, Xa. In all these techniques the use of an unreliable measure for Xa leads to a systematic bias of undercorrection. Adequate corrections are possible for the case of known reliability of XB. Groups should be matched on true scores rather than observed scores, but no correction is possible for the factorial design in which groups are formed on the basis of unreliable correlated measures. Partial correlations should be corrected for the effects of unreliability of the controlled variable. Spuriously high partials are usually obtained when this correction is not applied.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In his article “Abnormalities of Behavior,” White (1959) introduces a group of references oh schizophrenia with this comment: “It is reassuring to find that several workers are using the concept of interaction patterns in families rather than the questionable cause-effect model of parent influencing child [p. 279].
Abstract: In his article “Abnormalities of Behavior,” White (1959) introduces a group of references oh schizophrenia with this comment: “It is reassuring to find that several workers are using the concept of interaction patterns in families rather than the questionable cause-effect model of parent influencing child [p. 279].” The implied rarity of this concept in the psychological literature is indicated by the fact that four of the five publications White mentions are of psychiatric origin, while only one is psychological; the rarity is underscored by the fact that Hoffman and Lippitt’s ( 1960) entire presentation of family research methods in child psychology is cast explicitly within the cause-effect framework of. parent influencing child.