Showing papers in "Psychological Inquiry in 1990"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a conceptualization of rapport that has utility for identifying the nonverbal correlates associated with rapport, and describe the nature of rapport in terms of nonverbal relations.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to offer a conceptualization of rapport that has utility for identifying the nonverbal correlates associated with rapport. We describe the nature of rapport in terms ...
806 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that stress is mainly a subjective rather than objective phenomenon and that it is best measured as seemingly minor annoyances rather than major cataclysms, and that confounding does not account for the relationship between stress and adaptational outcomes, and any stress measure should assess the contents or sources of stress rather than merely its degree.
Abstract: Although arguments about how to measure psychological stress are typically based on implicit epistemological and theoretical assumptions, stress measurement has almost never been truly theory driven. The objective of this article is to address several measurement and research issues that derive from my particular metatheoretical concepts of systems thinking, transaction, and process and from my substantive theoretical concepts, which center on appraisal and coping. These issues are illustrated with research on the Hassles Scale. I address four controversial issues with reasoned arguments, and, as might be anticipated, I take the view (a) that stress is mainly a subjective rather than objective phenomenon, (b) that it is best measured as seemingly minor annoyances rather than major cataclysms, (c) that confounding-although a problem-does not accountfor the relationship between stress and adaptational outcomes, and (d) that any stress measure should assess the contents or sources of stress rather than merely its degree. In addition, I argue for increased emphasis on psychological content in stress scales andfor greater attention to the individual's larger adaptational context, to a systems theory perspective, and to the time periods during which stress is sampled. Finally, I argue that we should abandon the measurement of stress, which tends to be too unidimensional, in favor of measuring the degree and quality of the emotions of daily living. Information derived from such measures could greatly expand our understanding of how individuals handle both positive and negative experiences.
802 citations
TL;DR: The Strategy of Lakatosian Defense and Two Principles that Warrant It as discussed by the authors is a strategy of defense that is based on the concept of the defender-theoretic theory of the Lakatosians.
Abstract: (1990). Appraising and Amending Theories: The Strategy of Lakatosian Defense and Two Principles that Warrant It. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 108-141.
551 citations
271 citations
TL;DR: In this article, another hidden factor is stress research, and the hidden factor can be found in personality, personality type, and personality type of individuals. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 22-24
Abstract: (1990). Personality: Another 'Hidden Factor' is Stress Research. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 22-24.
149 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, goal and intent: Goal-directed thought and behavior are often unintentional, and the goal-directed thinking and behaviour are often unaware of the intention of the person.
Abstract: (1990). Goal and Intent: Goal-Directed Thought and Behavior Are Often Unintentional. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 248-251.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the social foundations of thought and action, focusing on the relationship between cognition, behavioral, and environmental factors in the form of cognitive, affective, and biological events.
Abstract: Having ceded many late nights to this portly volume, it took forceful self-persuasion to put pen to paper again to prepare this invited commentary on the commentaries about it. I am grateful to the editor for including extensive reviews of Social Foundations of Thought and Action (Bandura, 1986) in the inaugural issue of this significant forum for theoretical contributions. The thoughtful reviews by Kihlstrom and Harackiewicz and by Lerner address themselves to the nature of the causal structure of social cognitive theory. This is a well-selected focus because the model of causality serves as the central integrating principle throughout the book. The social cognitive approach posits a system of triadic reciprocal causation in which (a) action, (b) inner personal factors in the form of cognitive, affective, and biological events, and (c) environmental influences all operate as interacting determinants. The analytic decomposition of triadic causality presents formidable empirical challenges. However, the temporal dynamics of triadic reciprocality ease some of the technical difficulties of verification. The mutual influences and their reciprocal effects do not all spring forth simultaneously. It takes time for a causal factor to exert its influence. The interacting factors, therefore, work their mutual effects sequentially over variable time courses. Due to the time lags in the operation of the triadic factors, it is possible to gain some understanding of how different segments of reciprocal causation operate without having to mount a Herculean effort to assess every possible interactant at the same time. Different subspecialties of psychology center their inquiry on selected segments of reciprocality. Cognitive psychologists select the interactive relation between thought and action as their major sector of interest. They examine how conceptions, beliefs, self-percepts, and intentions shape and direct behavior. What people think, believe, and feel affects how they behave. The natural and extrinsic effects of their actions, in turn, partly determine their thought patterns and affective reactions. Social psychologists examine the segment of reciprocality between the person and the environment in the triadic system. This line of inquiry adds to our understanding of how environmental influences in the form of modeling, tuition, and social persuasion alter cognitions and affective proclivities. The reciprocal element in this segment of causation has been of central concern to the subspecialty of person perception. People evoke different reactions from their social environment by their physical characteristics, such as their age, size, race, sex, and physical attractiveness. They similarly activate different reactions depending on their socially conferred roles and status. Of all the different segments in the triadic causal structure, the reciprocal relationship between behavior and environmental events has received the greatest attention. Indeed, ethological, transactional, and behavioristic theories focus almost exclusively on this portion of reciprocity in the explanation of behavior. In the transactions of everyday life, behavior alters environmental conditions, and it is, in turn, altered by the very conditions it creates. Clarifying how the various subsystems function interactively can advance understanding of important aspects of the superordinate causal system. What has been lacking is research on how the multiple reciprocal links of influences operate together and how the patterning and relative strength of the constituent factors in the causal structure change over time. Since the publication of the Social Foundations volume, Wood and I have been conducting microanalyses of triadic reciprocal causation using a dynamic computerized environment (Wood & Bandura, 1989b). The interactional causal structure is examined within the context of managing an organization. In this series of experiments, each of the major interactants in the triadic causal structure-cognitive, behavioral, and environmental-functions as an important constituent in the transactional system (Bandura & Jourden, 1989; Bandura & Wood, 1989; Wood & Bandura, 1989a; Wood, Bandura, & Bailey, in press). The cognitive determinant is indexed by self-beliefs of efficacy, cognized goals, and quality of analytic thinking. The options that are actually executed constitute the behavioral determinant. The properties of the environment, the level of challenge it prescribes, and its responsiveness to behavioral interventions represent the environmental determinant. The constituent factors in the ongoing transactional system are measured repeatedly. The findings of this program of research have helped to clarify how composite causal structures operate and how the relative contribution of the constituent factors changes over time. As Lerner notes in his commentary, most developmental psychologists subscribe to a causal model emphasizing person-context interactions. However, almost all the research conducted within the framework of developmental contextualism examines selected segments of triadic reciprocal causation rather than the full causal structure. Our analytic tools are not as yet well equipped to encompass triadic reciprocality as it operates in the transactions of everyday life. However, microanalytic laboratory studies of triadic reciprocal causation advance knowledge on how such a causal
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, pessimistic speculation predicted defeat of presidential candidates from 1900 to 1984, and the results showed that pessimistic speculation was predictive of the defeat of candidates. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1.
Abstract: (1990). Pessimistic Rumination Predicts Defeat of Presidential Candidates, 1900 to 1984. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 52-61.
70 citations
TL;DR: The authors defined Conversational Coordination and Rapport (CCR) as "defining conversational coordination and rapport" and proposed a formal approach to define the relationship between participants and their facilitators.
Abstract: (1990). On Defining Conversational Coordination and Rapport. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 303-305.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the stressor-appraisal-counseling process in the context of person-environment transactions and stressors, and the stressors themselves.
Abstract: (1990). Person-Environment Transactions and the Stressor-Appraisal-Coping Process. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 30-32.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the development of intentionality and the role of consciousness are discussed, and a discussion of the relationship between intentional and non-intentional states is presented, with a focus on the human brain.
Abstract: (1990). The Development of Intentionality and the Role of Consciousness. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 230-247.
TL;DR: A Place for Traits in Stress Research as mentioned in this paper is a seminal work in the field of stress research, focusing on the role of personality traits in stress research and its application in mental health.
Abstract: (1990). A Place for Traits in Stress Research. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14-17.
TL;DR: In this article, a personality as a mediator between objective events and their subjective representation is discussed, and personality is used to distinguish between objective and subjective representations of events and events.
Abstract: (1990). Personality as a Mediator Between Objective Events and Their Subjective Representation. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 26-29.
TL;DR: In this article, Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Emotional disorders: A Lay Epistemic Reconstruction? Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 198-200.
Abstract: (1990). Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Emotional Disorders: A Lay Epistemic Reconstruction? Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 198-200.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe bringing the person back into stress and coping with stress and cope with stress. But they do not discuss the effects of stress on mental health.
Abstract: (1990). Bringing the Person Back Into Stress and Coping Measurement. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 37-40.
TL;DR: The Biological Basis of Rapport as mentioned in this paper is a seminal work in the field of bioethics, and it has been used extensively in many works. But it has not yet been published in English.
Abstract: (1990). The Biological Basis of Rapport. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 297-300.
TL;DR: Duncan, S. D. as mentioned in this paper and Mokros, H. B. G. (1985). Interaction structure and strategy (pp. 233-293). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Abstract: Duncan, S. D., Jr., & Farley, A. M. (1990). Achieving parent-child coordination through convention: Fixedand variable-sequence conventions. Child Development, 61, 742-753. Duncan, S. D., Jr., Fiske, D. W., Denny, R., Kanki, B. G., & Mokros, H. B. (1985). Interaction structure and strategy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ervin-Tripp, S. (1972). On sociolinguistic rules: Alternation and cooccurrence. In J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics (pp. 213-258). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Kanki, B. G. (1985). Participant differences and interactive strategies. In S. D. Duncan, Jr., D. W. Fiske, R. Denny, B. G. Kanki, & H. B. Mokros, Interaction structure and strategy (pp. 233-293). New York: Cambridge University Press. Mokros, H. B. (1985). Patterns of persistence and change in action sequences. In S. D. Duncan, Jr., D. W. Fiske, R. Denny, B. G. Kanki, & H. B. Mokros, Interaction structure and strategy (pp. 175-232). New York: Cambridge University Press. Silverstein, M. (1976). Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In K. A. Basso & H. A. Selby (Eds.), Meaning in anthropology (pp. 11-55). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theory-based stress measure for the first time, which is not yet a theory based stress measurement for the general population, but not yet.
Abstract: (1990). Theory-Based Stress Measurement? Not Yet. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 17-19.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the evidence for and implications of the important (but frequently ignored) dispositional component of self-report stress scales and comment on unidimensional versus multidimensional assessment of stress and emotion.
Abstract: Lazarus raises several important issues regarding the assessment of stress and emotion. I focus on two related topics that are especially relevant to my own research in this area. First, I explore the evidence for and implications of the important (but frequently ignored) dispositional component of self-report stress scales. Second, I comment on unidimensional versus multidimensional assessment of stress and emotion.
TL;DR: This paper examined and compared the approaches of five of these recent books: The Emotions (Frijda, 1986), Biology and Emotion (McNaughton, 1989), Mood: The Frame of Mind (Morris, 1989); The Cognitive Structure of Emotions(Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988); and The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal (Thayer, 1989).
Abstract: The vigor and vitality of the recently emergent interest in emotion on the part of biological, behavioral, and social scientists have been manifested in a number of excellent books that have attempted to bring some degree of order to the conceptual and definitional chaos that characterizes this area of research. The purpose of this essay is to examine and compare the approaches of five of these recent books: The Emotions (Frijda, 1986), Biology and Emotion (McNaughton, 1989), Mood: The Frame of Mind (Morris, 1989), The Cognitive Structure of Emotions (Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988), and The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal (Thayer, 1989). The titles of these books suggest the diversity of the approaches used by their authors. This essay will not attempt to review extensively each of these books, for such a review would clearly go beyond the allotted space. Instead, I briefly summarize the approach used in each book, with emphasis on its unique features. The following question is asked of each book: How is emotion
TL;DR: In this paper, an Evolutionary Milestone in the Psychology of Personality has been identified as a major milestone in the development of human personality, which is referred to as the EMI milestone.
Abstract: (1990). An Evolutionary Milestone in the Psychology of Personality. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 86-92.
TL;DR: In this paper, stress, States, and Person Schemas are used to describe states, states, and persons in the context of stress, states and person schemes, respectively.
Abstract: (1990). Stress, States, and Person Schemas. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 25-26.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss Rapport, Emotional Education, and Emotional Competence, and propose a framework for developing emotional competency in children, which is based on the concept of emotional competence.
Abstract: (1990). Rapport, Emotional Education, and Emotional Competence. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 301-302.
TL;DR: The authors argue that rapport is a particular kind of interpersonal dynamic that occupies a particular place in interpersonal transactions and argue that it is a positive and desirable state in interpersonal relationships, not necessarily a bad state.
Abstract: At the outset of their article, Tickle-Degnen and Rosenthal note that clinicians try to develop it, sales personnel try to use it, and new acquaintances try to predict from it. They could easily have also added to this list that hypnotists work to invoke it, that teachers and trainers strive to maintain it, that some politicians and public speakers have the knack for creating it, that physicians are frequently chastised for not being concerned with it. The it in all cases is rapport and the list represents just a sampling of the contexts in which rapport has been studied by psychologists. The guiding assumption of that literature, and the one shared by TickleDegnen and Rosenthal, is that rapport is a positive and desirable state. Although it seems strange to take issue with that assessment, I take the stance that rapport is actually more complicated. Argument and data are presented in support of the view that rapport is a particular kind of interpersonal dynamic that occupies a particular place in interpersonal transactions. The following represents a discussion of what this is and what role rapport plays in social relationships.
TL;DR: In this paper, the significance of Bandura's social foundation of thought and action is discussed. But the authors focus on the development of personality and social psychology, and do not discuss the relationship between the two domains.
Abstract: (1990). Weaving Development Into the Fabric of Personality and Social Psychology--On the Significance of Bandura's Social Foundation of Thought and Action. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 92-96.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss personality, emotion expressions, and Rapport in the context of personality, emotions, and relationships, and discuss the role of personality in personality and emotion expression.
Abstract: (1990). Personality, Emotion Expressions, and Rapport. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 315-317.
TL;DR: The discourse around rapport may not be the dominant dynamic described by TickleDegnen and Rosenthal as mentioned in this paper, and the implication is that there might be some other kind of rapport.
Abstract: may not be the dominant dynamic described by TickleDegnen and Rosenthal. The discourse around rapport may be once again illuminating here. Several studies in the clinical literature make reference to something called, "positive rapport." The implication is that there might be some other kind. In addition, the quote from Joyce Carol Oates (1965) with which I began this commentary alludes to the fact that there can be such a thing as too much involvement. Before we can rest easy that we have gotten to the heart of what is notable about the nature of rapport, it behooves us to explore these possibilities. Rapport is a unique interpersonal dynamic and one that deserves the attention that it is finally getting.