Showing papers in "Psychological Studies in 2012"
TL;DR: In the Indian tradition, psychology is the study of the person (jiva), a composite of consciousness, mind and body, a unique blend of thought, passion and action.
Abstract: In the Indian tradition, psychology is the study of the person (jiva). The person is a composite of consciousness, mind and body, a unique blend of thought, passion and action. Consciousness is perceived as changeless and the permanent base of all knowledge and awareness. Mind is the interfacing instrumentality, a necessary link between consciousness and the body. The body is the physical base, and the frame that constrains and moulds consciousness reflected in the mind of the person. The person, in the existential condition, is seen as conditioned, her consciousness is clouded and consequently unable to know the truth and realize her full potential. This is considered to be a state of ignorance and suffering that needs to be overcome. The goal of Indian Psychology is to understand the human condition and to explore ways to elevate it to higher levels of being, to clear the clouds of ignorance, and to enable the person to attain a state of bliss where the truth is known and the person becomes perfect. Three ways of achieving such a state are suggested: work (karma marga), worship (bhakti marga), and wisdom (jnana marga), which appear to cater to the three basic aspects of the mind: volition, emotion and cognition. In essence, each of these is a distinct way of deconstructing the ego, which is believed to be the main obstacle to transcending existential limitations. The applications of IP include (1) holistic understanding of human nature, (2) exploring the extended spectrum of the human condition, (3) exploiting the hidden potentials for the common good, and (4) cultivating altruism in the person and conflict-free conditions in society.
80 citations
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the role of social goals in academic motivation and concluded that social goals are important in understanding student motivation especially in collectivist cultures, and the need for more studies on social goals.
Abstract: Cultures shape the types of goals that students pursue in the classroom. However, research in achievement goal theory seems to have neglected this cultural aspect with its exclusive focus on individualistically-based goals such as mastery and performance goals. This emphasis on mastery and performance goals may reflect Western individualist psychological thinking. Thus, social goals, which may be more salient in collectivist cultures, are relatively neglected. There is a dearth of studies investigating the role of social goals in academic motivation, and the few studies that did explore them are somewhat problematic. This paper reviews research done within the achievement goal theory, considers the need for more studies on social goals, and concludes with the argument that social goals are important in understanding student motivation especially in collectivist cultures.
44 citations
43 citations
TL;DR: Gergen's influence in the communication discipline is discussed in this article, where Gergen challenged the taken for granted separation of theory and practice, scholar and practitioner, and challenged himself and all of us to stay on the edge, where new relational possibilities can be created.
Abstract: In this paper, I talk about Ken Gergen’s influence in the communication discipline. Beginning with his ground-breaking publications in the 1970’s (Gergen 1973, 1978), we see him challenging the taken for granted separation of theory and practice, scholar and practitioner. One of Ken’s many contributions–regardless of disciplinary domain–has been the nurturing of forms of practice being developed by creative and innovative practitioners and young scholars alike. There are several key resources that are woven throughout Ken’s work that have continued to inspire and influence practitioners working in mental health, healthcare, organizations, schools, communities, and peace building endeavors. The most central of these resources include (1) centering relational processes which, in turn, generate the expansion of (2) collaborative, participatory practices that embrace alternative worldviews through a (3) a reflexive stance. Ken has challenged himself and all of us to stay on the edge because it is on the edge that new relational possibilities can be created. He has invited us to embrace the edge as the place of great comfort; comfort in knowing that there will always be possibilities for forging new ways of making meaning together.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of employee's perception of psychological contract breach on their organizational citizenship behaviour and trust on employers was investigated. But, the authors did not consider the impact of the perceived psychological contract breaches on the organizational citizenship behavior and trust.
Abstract: The present research intends to understand the influence of employee’s perception of psychological contract breach on their organizational citizenship behaviour and trust on employers. The study was carried out in private banks of North Delhi. Data were gathered from 90 junior level executives using convenience sampling method. Result revealed that psychological contract breach significantly predicts organizational citizenship behaviour and trust. The findings imply that the organization needs to understand and manage employee’s psychological contract properly otherwise perception of its breach can jeopardize employee’s citizenship behaviour and also their trust in employer which in turn may affect their job performance.
24 citations
TL;DR: The assumptions of the social constructionist paradigm (with its deconstructionist and reconstructionist facets highlighted in the writings of Kenneth J. Gergen) serve as a suitable metatheoretical framework to understand human experiences of suffering and healing as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: To understand the experiences of suffering (overwhelming somatic pain or illness and its anticipation and other forms of severe distress arising in the socio-moral context) and facilitate healing (developing an enabling meaning and value for one’s experiences when faced with suffering) have been the focus of medicine as a social institution throughout human history. However, the goals of Western biomedicine in the last few centuries shifted from taking care of these experiential concerns of the sufferers to predominantly the diagnosis and treatment of the symptoms of a disease. This article attempts to illustrate how the assumptions of the social constructionist paradigm (with its deconstructionist and reconstructionist facets highlighted in the writings of Kenneth J. Gergen) serve as a suitable metatheoretical framework to understand human experiences of suffering and healing. A critical review of the writings of Eric J. Cassell and Arthur Kleinman on endorsing and researching such experiences resulted in four themes that reaffirmed the utility of this new paradigm. These themes help comprehend that biomedicine’s ontological claims may enhance human suffering, suffering and healing experiences are socio-historically contextualized, such experiences are performances within human interaction and dialogic partnership between the researcher and the participant becomes a meaningful medium to study such experiences.
23 citations
TL;DR: Gergen as discussed by the authors argued that there is no foundational description to be made about an "out there" as opposed to an "in here" about experience or material, and that all our activities occur within confluences of relating.
Abstract: In Gergen (1994), Ken Gergen made what has become an infamous claim with respect to social constructionism, that “… constructionism is ontologically mute. Whatever is simply is. There is no foundational description to be made about an ‘out there’ as opposed to an ‘in here’, about experience or material” (p.72); in other words, that there is simply no escape from the world of discourse. Yet from his first notable contribution to the radical literature in psychology (Gergen, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 309–320, 1973), he has argued for the fact that we live our lives embedded in the turbulent flow of a number of intermingling activities. Finally, in his latest work (Gergen 2009), he embraces fully a turbulent ontology in his claim that all our activities occur within confluences of relating.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the phenomenon of academic cheating while focusing on the unique and interactive effects of sociocultural variables on academic motivation, goal orientation and self-efficacy perception of 221 Muslim and Jewish female students.
Abstract: This study examined the phenomenon of academic cheating while focusing on the unique and interactive effects of sociocultural variables on academic motivation, goal orientation and self-efficacy perception of 221 Muslim and Jewish female students. A mixed quantitative and qualitative research design with Multivariate-Analysis of Covariance, Step-wise Discriminant Function Analysis, Path Analysis and semi-structured interviews have been used to clarify the data obtained in various scales. Path Analysis indicated that the main factor predicting the tendency to neutralize academic cheating was the performance goal of pleasing parents mediated by extrinsic motivation. Further analysis showed between-ethnic-groups differences with Muslim students being more extrinsically motivated by the performance goal of pleasing the parents. Content analysis of the interviews conducted with 22 students showed that, in contrast to the Jewish students’ individualistic perspective, Muslim students' collective perspective put them under tremendous pressure to succeed due to the rippling effect of success on all spheres of life e.g., family’s honor, community standing, and future marriage prospects.
22 citations
TL;DR: This article explored how a poetic or narrative perspective sheds light on the intimate links between memory, meaning, wisdom, and spirituality; moreover, how learning to "read our lives" can aid us in developing resilient, robust stories with which to meet the many challenges of later life.
Abstract: The same turn toward “narrative” that has been making its way across psychology, sociology, and related disciplines is influencing how gerontologists view the inner experience of aging—inside aging, as it were: subjective aging or biographical aging. In sympathy with Kenneth and Mary Gergen’s vision of “positive aging”, and in contrast to the biomedical paradigm that dominates societal perceptions of aging in general, a narrative gerontology appreciates that lives are in many ways “texts” that are socially constructed - and co-authored—amid our relationships with others within a wide range of narrative environments, larger stories, and master narratives—families, friendships, cultures, creeds, etc.. In this way, it opens up a theoretical space for appreciating the poetic complexity of later life and for seeing aging as a process, potentially, of growing old and not just getting old. This paper explores how a poetic or narrative perspective sheds light on the intimate links between memory, meaning, wisdom, and spirituality; moreover, how learning to “read our lives” can aid us in developing resilient, robust stories—of self, other, and world—with which to meet the many challenges of later life.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine three key assumptions about individuals and about knowledge that undergird mainstream educational research and practice: an emphasis on the individual as separate from the world, an account of knowledge as decontextualized and a tendency towards hierarchies which favor purified knowledge over lesser forms.
Abstract: This article sketches the implications of Gergen’s relational approach for educational research and practice. Gergen suggests that we envision education as a set of processes intended to enhance relationships. This is a radical departure from most mainstream educational research and practice, which is designed to enhance the individual’s mind. We first examine three key assumptions about individuals and about knowledge that undergird mainstream educational research and practice—an emphasis on the individual as separate from the world, an account of knowledge as decontextualized and a tendency towards hierarchies which favor purified knowledge over lesser forms. We then describe three alternative assumptions from Gergen’s relational account of education—an emphasis on individuals as woven into contexts and knowledge as produced in relations, a view of knowledge as contextualized, and a view of knowledge and action as heterogeneous, not pure. We provide examples from current educational research and practice that illustrate these three assumptions about relational education.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined perfectionism, interpersonal sensitivity and dysfunctional cognitions in patients with social phobia (SP) and found that interpersonal sensitivity emerged as a significant predictor of social anxiety.
Abstract: We examined perfectionism, interpersonal sensitivity and dysfunctional cognitions in patients with Social Phobia (SP). The sample consisted of a clinical group with a diagnosis of SP (n = 30) and a non clinical group (n = 30), matched for age and gender. Both groups were assessed on Frost’s Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (IPSM), and Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS). The clinical sample was also assessed on Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Beck’s Depression Inventory-II, Eysenck’s Personality Inventory-Neuroticism sub-scale (EPI- N). The two groups were compared on FMPS, IPSM and DAS using t-test. Associations between FMPS, IPSM, DAS and predictors of social anxiety and depression were examined. The clinical group scored higher on perfectionism, interpersonal sensitivity and dysfunctional cognitions. There was no significant association between total scores on FMPS and IPSM. However subscales of IPSM and FMPS were correlated. Doubt about Actions was associated with Separation Anxiety (r = 0.520) and Timidity (r = 0.407). Organization was related to Interpersonal Awareness (r = 0.371) and Separation Anxiety (r = 0.407). Parental criticism was negatively associated with fragile inner self. DAS was positively correlated with FMPS and IPSM. Interpersonal sensitivity emerged as a significant predictor of social anxiety. Discriminant Functional Analysis indicated that concern over mistakes, organization, fragile inner self, separation anxiety discriminated between the clinical and non-clinical groups.
TL;DR: Yang and Gergen as discussed by the authors discussed the development of social constructionist thought and practice and their relationship with qualitative research, education and other practices informed by constructionism, value loaded science, relativism and the Taos Institute.
Abstract: Nanjing University psychologist Liping Yang interviews Kenneth Gergen on the development of social constructionist thought and practice. The conversation treats a variety of issues, including the development of constructionism as a new paradigm, qualitative research, education and other practices informed by constructionism, value loaded science, relativism, and the Taos Institute.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the many deviations from traditional approaches to foundational counselling skills training that arise when educators are informed by constructionist philosophy, and present a dialogic exchange in recognition of Gergen's emphasis on the relational aspect of knowing.
Abstract: Kenneth Gergen’s seminal contributions to social constructionist thinking have substantial implications for the practice of counselling and psychotherapy, and thus for the training of practitioners as well. This article takes up the latter point, exploring the many deviations from traditional approaches to foundational counselling skills training that arise when educators are informed by constructionist philosophy. The article is written in the form of a dialogic exchange in recognition of Gergen’s emphasis on the relational aspect of knowing, with contributions from two educators accustomed to training graduate level practitioners in basic counselling and psychotherapy practice.
TL;DR: In another study as discussed by the authors, female confederates wearing blond, brown, black or red colored wigs were observed while sitting in a nightclub and asked women in the nightclub for a dance, whereas blond women were more frequently approached by men whereas blond males did not receive more acceptances to their requests.
Abstract: Previous research on the effect of hair color on people’s evaluation and behavior has revealed discrepant results and the real effect of both male and female hair color on their mating attractiveness has never been tested. In Study 1, female confederates wearing blond, brown, black or red colored wigs were observed while sitting in a nightclub. In Study 2, male confederates wearing different colored wigs asked women in a nightclub for a dance. It was found that blond women were more frequently approached by men whereas blond males did not receive more acceptances to their requests. However, in both conditions, red hair was associated with less attractiveness. Evolutionary theory and differences in mating preferences are used to explain the blond hair effect. Scarcity of red-haired individuals in the population and negative stereotypes associated with red hair are used to explain the negative effect of red hair.
TL;DR: In this article, the suitability of OCB conceptualization developed by Organ (1988) in Indian business context was explored and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to test the dimensionality of the 5-factor OCB concept.
Abstract: Knowledge about dimensionality of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is essential for conducting any future research on the construct. The present study explores the suitability of OCB conceptualization developed by Organ (1988) in Indian business context. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to test the dimensionality of the 5-factor OCB conceptualization. Based on the results of CFA alternate conceptualizations were explored. A three factor conceptualization consisting of ‘organization-orientation’, ‘punctuality’ and ‘individual-orientation’ factors showed excellent fit with data. Concurrent validity of factors was tested with organizational justice, organizational identification and job tenure. ‘Organization-orientation’ and ‘individual-orientation’ emerged as significant dimensions of OCB. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: Social constructionism as mentioned in this paper has revolutionized the social sciences and organization science alike, and it has an array of social constructionist inquiry methodologies to fuel generative possibilities for organization research; compare and contrast modernist and Social constructionist organization theories, research methodologies and assumptive metaphors to accentuate the textual and dialogic potential social constructionism brings to organization science.
Abstract: Modernist approaches to research in the social sciences dominate academia, including much of organization science. Discovery through reason, observation, and analysis are the quintessential modernist quests. However, this reductionist approach to essentialize the social through the usage of language, a product of culture with its inevitable entanglement with cultural ideology, values, sensibility, intelligibility, and history, is akin to capturing a moving target on shifting grounds. Positing social constructionism as an alternative, we explain it has revolutionalized the social sciences and organization science alike; offer an array of social constructionist inquiry methodologies to fuel generative possibilities for organization research; compare and contrast modernist and social constructionist organization theories, research methodologies and assumptive metaphors to accentuate the textual and dialogic potential social constructionism brings to organization science; and conclude with creative ways social constructionism can realize actionable knowledge through co-creation among communities.
TL;DR: A modified version of the Sinhala MBI-HSS without item 4 seems to be a highly suitable instrument to assess burnout among Sri Lankan nursing officers.
Abstract: This study assessed the validity and reliability of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among Sri Lankan nursing officers. Although the factorial structure and reliability of the MBI-HSS is established across different countries and cultures there is minimal research on burnout or its measurement instruments in South Asian settings. The pre-tested Sinhala version of MBI-HSS was administered to a simple random sample of 191 nursing officers employed in a tertiary care hospital in Colombo. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of the hypothesized three-factor (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment) structure. A three-factor model fitted the data better than a one-factor or a two-factor model. Two items (4 and 13) were identified as having poor psychometric properties. Deletion of Item 4 resulted in the best fitting model. A modified version of the Sinhala MBI-HSS without item 4 seems to be a highly suitable instrument to assess burnout among Sri Lankan nursing officers.
TL;DR: In this article, a preliminary exploratory study assessed SRT factors and quality of life in persons with anxiety disorders and found higher scores on rajas and tamas factors in the clinical sample and scores on sattva factor were found to be higher in the community sample.
Abstract: The most common approach to define personality has been in terms of characteristics or qualities within a person. A three-dimensional personality theory based on the Sankhya school of Hindu philosophy postulates human personality in terms of three gunas or factors namely sattva, rajas and tamas (SRT). Disequilibrium in any one of these factors has an adverse effect on one’s health and psychological well-being. This preliminary exploratory study assessed SRT factors and quality of life in persons with anxiety disorders. Thirty persons with anxiety disorders were compared with a community sample of 30 participants on measures of anxiety, SRT and quality of life. Results indicated higher scores on rajas and tamas factors in the clinical sample and scores on sattva factor were found to be higher in the community sample. Quality of life was found to be significantly better in the community sample in comparison to clinical sample. Rajasic and tamasic factors were associated with impaired quality of life in the persons with anxiety disorder.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the potential implications of living with disfigurement for identity through the application of identity process theory, a socio-psychological theory of identity threat, to the topic of disfiguration.
Abstract: Living with disfigurement can constitute a psychologically challenging position for both adults and young people alike. The present paper explores the potential implications of living with disfigurement for identity through the novel application of identity process theory, a socio-psychological theory of identity threat, to the topic of disfigurement. The theory argues that individuals need to perceive appropriate levels of self-esteem, distinctiveness, continuity, self-efficacy, meaning, belonging and coherence, and that insufficient levels of these principles will induce identity threat. Firstly, the paper outlines those principles most susceptible to threat among individuals living with disfigurement. Secondly, it considers strategies which may be implemented by the threatened individual as a means of coping with identity threat associated with disfigurement, as well as the efficacy of these strategies. The primary focus of the paper lies within the identification of what threatens identity and how health care institutions can facilitate and encourage effective coping strategies among individuals living with disfigurement.
TL;DR: The authors investigated how children would weigh moral acts against intent, across different moral domains and found that intent has a differential effect on the evaluation of acts; it was more pronounced for good acts, but less so for bad acts.
Abstract: The present research investigated how children would weigh moral acts pitted against intent, across different moral domains. Twenty primary school children were recruited from an existing database and evaluated a set of acts (good-bad) on the basis of intent (good-bad) across three domains (harm, fairness, and social convention) on a 7-point Likert scale. The study found that children took into account the intention of an agent. Interestingly, intent has a differential effect on the evaluation of acts; it was more pronounced for good acts, but less so for bad acts. For the evaluation of bad acts, children placed greater weight on the intrinsic nature of the act rather than the protagonist’s intent. Conversely, whether the intent is good or bad influenced the evaluation of good acts to a greater extent. These findings not only lend support to the domain-specific view of moral reasoning but also show that children do not attribute intent in a unitary manner within theory of mind.
TL;DR: The Psychology of Relational Buddhism is a cutting-edge practical understanding of life rooted in two trailblazing paradigms: (1) mind is not gridlocked in the skull but spaced outside the body in-between people's interactions and (2) all that is observed in science (and noted in mindfulness) are conceptualizations which boil down to social constructions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Psychology of Relational Buddhism is a cutting-edge practical understanding of life rooted in two trailblazing paradigms: (1) mind is not gridlocked in the skull but spaced outside the body in-between people’s interactions and (2) all that is observed in science (and noted in mindfulness) are conceptualizations which boil down to social constructions. In Dependent Origination, through parental lustful intercourse (kamadathu), sensing-emoting/thinking-talking capability is embodied. Speech gets form by the syllable during meaning-making exchange (rupadathu). As “languaging” progresses formless thoughts transform into fickle mind (arupadathu) and self-organize illusory “independent self” that fails to see inseparable “selves” spaced-in-between-people-embedded-in-culture. Thus, at bottom, to act is to inter-act and to be is to inter-be: “I am linked, therefore I am” (K.J. Gergen). Usually unbeknownst, intentional or premeditated action (karma) arises non-independently, moves Body/Speech/Mind, and could result in psychological malaise. In search for awakened mind (absolute bodhicitta), we encounter the smallest unit of experience (dharma). Relational Buddhism invites the co-creation of inter-being-in-between-selvesand of a “non-foundational morality of coordinated action” to render “team spirit for humanity” with congenial bonds as lifeline. Imbibed in-depth, this mentality (in line with the Gandavyuha Sutra) will likely enable us, whenever mind blowing AHA and HAHA transform karma. In synergy with the UN-adage “think globally, act locally”, we might want we need grass root collaborative practice toward bottom-up societal harmony by realizing awakened mind of loving-kindness (relative bodhicitta) via on-going front-burning mindfulness of speech including self-talk.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide therapists with a conceptual outline to help them utilize theoretical and methodological perspectives from different psychotherapy models, particularly from the social constructionist paradigm, particularly effective in bringing together different perspectives in therapy and providing therapists with useful criteria for selecting among them.
Abstract: The aim of this work is to provide therapists with a conceptual outline to help them utilize theoretical and methodological perspectives from different psychotherapy models. More specifically, we will start with three basic assumptions from the social constructionist paradigm, particularly effective in bringing together different perspectives in therapy and providing therapists with useful criteria for selecting among them. The assumptions are as follows: (1) the psychological world of the individual is constructed within relational processes, mainly through dialogue; (2) in general, discourse can be classified as either generative or degenerative; and (3) individuals construct their life narratives based also on a common-sense that can derive from psychological theories developed within specific cultural traditions. These assumptions derive mainly from Gergen’s relational perspective (2009) and lead us to foresee a set of implications for clinical practice, where therapist and client are seen as “multi-beings”, consequently endowed with multiple views, not one.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the discourses among intellectuals, practitioners and young people about psychopathology among the Ladakhi youth in relation to socio-cultural changes, and argued that development is causing a greater diversity in the youth, and that the combination of greater pressure and less cultural support may be causing an increase in psychopathology.
Abstract: It seems likely that an increasing number of young people in the isolated region of Ladakh are experiencing mental problems in relation to the process of acculturation. Ladakh, a Himalayan region situated in the northeast of India, has undergone rapid development. It has been influenced by the opening of the area for tourists in 1974 and from the massive presence of the Indian military. This work explores the discourses among intellectuals, practitioners and young people about psychopathology among the Ladakhi youth in relation to socio-cultural changes. Based on the discourse analysis and a review of relevant theoretical perspectives, it is argued that development is causing a greater diversity in the youth, and that the combination of greater pressure and less cultural support may be causing an increase in psychopathology.
TL;DR: Gergen as mentioned in this paper presented the concept of therapy as a dialogically-structured activity in which transformation whether in meaning, understanding, thought or action is inevitable, inherent and unpredictable.
Abstract: Kenneth Gergen has made significant contributions to family therapy. This article highlights selected contributions and specifically discusses his idea of therapy as relational recovery, including the importance he places on a client’s developing relational skills that they can put into action in their everyday lives outside the therapy room. In response to this idea of therapy as relational recovery, the article presents the concept of therapy as a dialogically-structured activity in which transformation whether in meaning, understanding, thought or action is inevitable, inherent and unpredictable. Client feedback on after therapy session transformation partially illustrates this concept.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that self-affi rmation without positive feedback, and positive feedback without self-affeirmation were effective in making subjects less vulnerable to misinformation and negative feedback was also used.
Abstract: The main aim of the studies was to verify whether increasing subjects’ self-esteem would make them more resistant to misinformation. Participants were asked to self-affi rm and then they were given positive feedback about their memory. This procedure, so-called reinforced self-affi rmation, was effective across two studies – it made subjects less vulnerable to misinformation. What is interesting, neither self-affi rmation without positive feedback, nor positive feedback without self-affi rmation were effective. In experiment 2 negative feedback was also used. It caused decreased resistance to misinformation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the multilingual education discourse and practices in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh and critically examine the social constructionist perspective of MLE.
Abstract: Using social constructionist perspective this paper critically examines the multilingual education (MLE) discourse and practices in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The choice of MLE model is influenced by the construction of the problem of tribal children’s learning as ‘poor’ or ‘inadequate’ bridging between the language and concepts used in everyday life and school. ‘Bridging’ and ‘exit’, therefore, became key metaphors of MLE programmes. The discursive embedding of these metaphors in the policy documents indicates that they are political and serve to fulfill the mandates of the constitution of India and policy frameworks for early education in mother tongue without subverting the language hierarchy or the majority-centric school education. The current MLE programmes lack pedagogy of critique and limit the scope for reflexive deliberations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the use of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and ascertain the status of DBT education in treating difficulties in handling interpersonal relationships among clients seeking counseling and psychotherapy.
Abstract: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a treatment designed for individuals having borderline personality disorder (BPD), patients having binge eating disorder, co-morbid substance dependence and BPD, and depressed older adults. This paper aims to explore the use of DBT and to ascertain the status of DBT education in treating difficulties in handling interpersonal relationships among clients seeking counseling and psychotherapy. The skills training mode can be employed for teaching skills to solve relationship problems. Validation and acceptance strategies can lessen rejection sensitivity and negative feelings that make interpersonal situations chaotic. Black and white thinking can be resolved by finding a middle path through acceptance and change. This paper suggests the possible utility of DBT for enhancing psychological well-being in clients.
TL;DR: The authors investigated Filipino adolescents' conceptualization of social support and found that social support among Filipino adolescents is conceptualized mainly as hands-on support Advice, personal assistance, and being challenged, rather than as intrusive acts.
Abstract: This study investigated Filipino adolescents’ conceptualization of social support While Western literature suggests that adolescents, in their developmental task of growing towards independence and individuality, prefer emotional support and acceptance in achieving these goals, it is worthwhile to discover what Filipino adolescents define as supportive in their lives, given a collectivist and interdependent cultural background In-depth interviews were done with 89 male adolescents Results reveal that social support among Filipino adolescents is conceptualized mainly as hands-on support Advice, personal assistance, and being challenged are conceptualized as expressions of care and concern, rather than as intrusive acts Furthermore, Filipino adolescents have a wide source of social support, with different social support providers perceived as having a particular niche in terms of the kind of social support they provide Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed