Showing papers in "Quarterly Journal of Speech in 1988"
TL;DR: The comic frame could not be maintained, because these writers were unable to foster identification between females and males, and failed to provide a world view that could accommodate social change.
Abstract: Kenneth Burke's concept of literary reference “frames” has become important in the study of rhetoric and social change. The tragic frame has been thoroughly examined, but other metaphors for rhetorical movements remain relatively unexplored. The rhetoric of selected woman humorists from 1820 to 1880 exemplifies the operation of various frames related to the comic. The prevailing form of women's humor became less and less truly comic, eventually sliding to the satiric and finally into burlesque. The comic frame could not be maintained, because these writers were unable to foster identification between females and males, and failed to provide a world view that could accommodate social change.
74 citations
TL;DR: Rhetorical criticism developed as the consummation of the revival of the old paradigm of rhetoric, a renaissance begun during the late 1800s as mentioned in this paper, and criticism has approached the new persuasions and propagandas of twentieth century America only with great difficulty.
Abstract: Rhetorical criticism developed as the consummation of the revival of the old paradigm of rhetoric, a renaissance begun during the late 1800s. Sharing the assumptions of the old rhetoric that individual speakers are the engine of social influence, that ideas and reasons are the staples of persuasion, and that society is moved through a diffusion of political ideas from elites to the general public, criticism has approached the new persuasions and propagandas of twentieth century America only with great difficulty. Greater understanding of the relationships between the new managerial rhetoric and the old criticism will facilitate a rapprochement that has been underway since the 1940s, and will both ease a persistent source of critical ferment and help resolve discrepant critical perspectives on modern social influence.
71 citations
TL;DR: D Duffy and Halford R. Ryan as discussed by the authors discuss the need to develop a body of critical literature explicating the rhetorical artistry of classic texts from the heritage of American oratory.
Abstract: The study of American public address is in the midst of a remarkable renaissance. One aspect of that renaissance is a resurgence of interest in the American oratorical tradition; another is a growing occupation with the close analysis of rhetorical texts. These developments are particularly important given the need to develop a body of critical literature explicating the rhetorical artistry of classic texts from the heritage of American oratory. Like other aspects of study in public address, creating such a body of literature should be regarded as important in its own right, rather than for its potential to fill in the historical record or to enhance the development of rhetorical theory. AMERICAN ORATORS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Edited by Bernard K. Duffy and Halford R. Ryan. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987; pp. 468. $65.00.
68 citations
TL;DR: The contemporary response of Neo-Darwinists to the heretical challenges of scientific creationism is an instance of this heresy-orthodoxy dialectic as mentioned in this paper, as well as the reaction of the mainstream to the crisis of heresy as a ritual for collective anxiety.
Abstract: Heresy and orthodoxy are two sides of an interactive process by which institutional identities are formed. Heresy plays a central part in the emergence of orthodoxy by means of the rhetoric it evokes from institutional elites. The orthodox response provoked by the crisis of heresy solidifies authority, defines institutional boundaries, enhances group solidarity, and, as a ritual, becomes an outlet for collective anxiety. The contemporary response of Neo‐Darwinists to the heretical challenges of scientific creationism is an instance of this heresy‐orthodoxy dialectic.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, attitudes toward secrecy and disclosure are expressed as rhetorical forms, especially in the archetypal role of translator and in commonplaces, and they are expressed in the commonplaces.
Abstract: Attitudes toward secrecy and disclosure are expressed as rhetorical forms, especially in the archetypal role of translator and in commonplaces.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of the rhetoric of Emma Goldman explores the relationship between ideology and rhetorical strategies and argues that these strategies are inherent in anarchist ideology and that, consequently, anarchism could not be rhetorically effective as a social movement within American society.
Abstract: This case study of the rhetoric of Emma Goldman explores the relationship between ideology and rhetorical strategies. After tracing Goldman's use of argument by incongruity and embodiment, the essay explains why these strategies were ineffective for an American audience. Finally, the essay argues that these strategies are inherent in anarchist ideology and that, consequently, anarchism could not be rhetorically effective as a social movement within American society.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a less unidimensional and more sympathetic view of Debs's relationship to his time and of his legacy is achieved by looking at him against the fudeo-Christian tradition of Old Testament prophecy.
Abstract: Eugene Debs, widely acknowledged as one of America's foremost radical figures, spoke at a time when the agrarian “ethos of responsibility” was eroding under the pressures of industrialization. In response, Debs fostered a legend that was heavily ethical and called for a renewal of American virtue. Though his radicalism, viewed from the Graeco‐Roman tradition of Quintilian's “good man speaking well,” seems perversely calculated to ensure defeat and to alienate, a less unidimensional and more sympathetic view of Debs's relationship to his time and of his legacy is achieved by looking at him against the fudeo‐Christian tradition of Old Testament prophecy. Such a perspective at least partially reconciles our modern positive evaluation of Debs with his apparent rhetorical failings in his day.
27 citations
TL;DR: In the seventeenth century, Descartes founded, and Newton revolutionized, modern optics as mentioned in this paper, and this story, often told by historians and philosophers of science, can be profitably reconceived in terms of...
Abstract: In the seventeenth century, Descartes founded, and Newton revolutionized, modern optics. This story, often told by historians and philosophers of science, can be profitably reconceived in terms of ...
23 citations
TL;DR: Rhetorical theory has for some decades exhibited an increasing tendency toward exploring the relationship between philosophy and rhetoric as mentioned in this paper, and the result has been to view a wide range of activities including science and philosophy, as inherently rhetorical.
Abstract: Rhetorical theory has for some decades exhibited an increasing tendency toward exploring the relationship between philosophy and rhetoric. The result has been to view a wide range of activities, including science and philosophy, as inherently rhetorical. This essay examines recent attempts by a number of theorists to develop a “rhetoric of the human sciences,” or more generally, a “rhetoric of inquiry.” It is argued that contemporary tendencies to elevate rhetoric at the expense of such traditional notions as scientific objectivity, ontology, and epistemological foundationalism are mistaken. The authors conclude that the new rhetoric of inquiry must be significantly attenuated. The resulting reformulation preserves the roles of traditional philosophy and science, while establishing for rhetoric an important function of discovery in both theoretical inquiry and the realm of communicative praxis.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of three issues across oral, literate, and video media to suggest how literate biases may hinder our mastery of oral and visual media.
Abstract: The advent of electronic media has fostered recognition of a deterministic relationship among media and communicative behavior: what we communicate about, how we communicate about it, and why we do are all bound up in the nature of the media we use to do so. This essay surveys these three issues across oral, literate, and video media to suggest how literate biases may hinder our mastery of oral and video media. Two critical examples of contemporary rhetoric are presented to illustrate the case. Much of the current difficulty can be eased, it is argued, through distinguishing oral literacy, video literacy, and video orality. Of special interest are the ways in which literacy inhibits the contemporary use, teaching, and study of rhetoric in speech and video.
20 citations
TL;DR: The movement for women's ordination in the Roman Catholic Church sharpened and intensified perceptions of the paradoxical situation facing Catholic women as mentioned in this paper and women who are unhappy with the Church's po...
Abstract: The movement for women's ordination in the Roman Catholic Church sharpened and intensified perceptions of the paradoxical situation facing Catholic women. Women who are unhappy with the Church's po...
TL;DR: The authors argued that fiction can stand as a form of scholarly writing and blurs the genres of scholarship and fiction to demonstrate the argument that fiction stands as a more natural form of writing than scholarly writing.
Abstract: This article, ostensibly on academic practices of reading, writing, and conventioneering, blurs the genres of scholarship and fiction to demonstrate the argument that fiction can stand as a form of scholarly writing.
TL;DR: Our usual reading of "topos" is shaped by an ontological "place" metaphor capable of two different readings: an objective 'place' where ideas may be found,'stored', 'discovered' or'retrieved'.
Abstract: Our usual reading of “topos” is shaped by an ontological “place” metaphor capable of two different readings: an objective “place” where ideas may be “found,” “stored,” “discovered,” and “retrieved” or an existential “place” where one may be situated within a horizon, affording a unique but limited point of view The latter interpretation has received less attention by theorists and is less familiar to us, although it is recognizable in some instances of criticism Elaboration of this second interpretation can provide new critical possibilities, demonstrating how rhetors publicly perform their intellectual and communicative individuality
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the failure of the Truman Doctrine on the subject of Soviet-American relations from the inception of his presidency on April 12, 1945 until the enunciation of the "Truman Doctrine" on March 12, 1947.
Abstract: Harry S. Truman's speaking on the subject of Soviet‐American relations from the inception of his presidency on April 12, 1945 until the enunciation of the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947, failed ...
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of the 1983 Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shooting by the Soviet Union is presented, highlighting the interactive nature of context, public knowledge, and rhetorical situation.
Abstract: In September 1983, Soviet planes shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, provoking an exercise in crisis rhetoric by President Reagan and members of his administration. A case study of the incident illuminates the interactive nature of context, public knowledge, and rhetorical situation. Errors in argumentation strategy undermined the American position, raising doubts about U.S. complicity in the tragedy and enabling the Soviet Union to present a plausible explanation for its action.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the state of the art in the field of broadcast media, focusing on the following: watching TV, critical approaches, and critical analysis.
Abstract: AMUSING OURSELVES TO DEATH: PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN THE AGE OF SHOW BUSINESS. By Neil Postman. New York: Viking Penguin, 1986; pp. 184. $15.95; paper $6.95. REGARDING TELEVISION: CRITICAL APPROACHES—AN ANTHOLOGY. Edited by E. Ann Kaplan. American Film Institute Monograph Series, Vol. 2. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1983; pp. 147. $25.00; paper $10.00. INTERPRETING TELEVISION: CURRENT RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES. Edited by Willard D. Rowland, Jr. and Bruce Watkins. Sage Annual Reviews of Communication Research, Vol. 12. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1984; pp. 293. $28.00; paper $14.00. CHANNELS OF DISCOURSE: TELEVISION AND CONTEMPORARY CRITICISM. Edited by Robert C. Allen. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987; pp. 310. $25.00; paper $7.95. READING THE NEWS. Edited by Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986; pp. 246. Paper $9.95. WATCHING TELEVISION. Edited by Todd Gitlin. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986; pp. 248. Paper $9.95. MEDIA, CULTURE AN...
TL;DR: The Handbook of CommunicATION SCIENCE as mentioned in this paper was published by Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee, 1987; pp. 946-10] and as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: HANDBOOK OF COMMUNICATION SCIENCE. Edited by Charles R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee. Newbury Park, Beverly Hills, London, and New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1987; pp. 946. $59.95.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply Burke's five levels of meaning (primal, lexical, jingle, entelechial, and tautological) for speeches in which key terms carry special significance.
Abstract: Mother Teresa's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech presents special difficulties for the rhetorical critic. Its form is disjointed, rambling, and seemingly unfocused; at the same time, the speaker and the occasion are important, and the speech is moving. However, Kenneth Burke's “Five Dogs” segment in Language as Symbolic Action can be applied usefully in analyzing Mother Teresa's address. Burke's five levels of meaning—primal, lexical, jingle, entelechial, and tautological—provide a flexible, heuristic critical tool for speeches in which key terms carry special significance. This essay analyzes Burke's construct and applies it critically to Mother Teresa's speech.
TL;DR: The first lecture given by George Campbell to the Philosophical Society of Aberdeen in 1758 is described in this paper, where it is shown that Campbell's epoch-making differentiation on the “ends” of speaking was clearly formulated and publicly pronounced almost twenty years before his published work on rhetoric.
Abstract: Until recently a limited amount of information was available concerning the famous Philosophical Society of Aberdeen, Scotland. In 1982, however, eighteenth‐century manuscripts were discovered in King's College which included copies‐ of many of the Society's actual discourses. This essay reproduces portions of the first lecture given to the Society—George Campbell's discussion of eloquence of 1758. This manuscript demonstrates that Campbell's epoch‐making differentiation on the “ends” of speaking was clearly formulated and publicly pronounced almost twenty years before his published work on rhetoric. The manuscript also clearly reveals the “belletristic” roots of Campbell's theory. Finally, this early document illustrates how Campbell revised and enlarged his original lectures to the Wise Club for publication in his Philosophy of Rhetoric.
TL;DR: The alienation value of Brecht's early play Drums in the night has been ignored, dismissed, and co-opted as discussed by the authors by reciprocally engaging with Bakhtin's theory of the novel, however, we can see its radically dialogic structure, appreciate its alienation value, and reappropriate its prerevolutionary dimensions for contemporary use.
Abstract: The alienation value of Brecht's early play Drums in the Night has been ignored, dismissed, and co‐opted. By reciprocally engaging Drums in the Night and Bakhtin's theory of the novel, however, we can see its radically dialogic structure, appreciate its alienation value, and reappropriate its prerevolutionary dimensions for contemporary use. We can, moreover, project directions for developing a rhetoric of performed narrative consistent with both Brecht's and Bakhtin's dialogic ideal.
TL;DR: In 1909, Sigmund Freud delivered five lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University as discussed by the authors, which constituted the new knowledge of psychoanalysis, while simultaneously forging relationships between the scientific and medical communities that endowed the psychoanalyst with power.
Abstract: In 1909, Sigmund Freud delivered five lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University. This rhetorical event, Freud's only public appearance in the United States, offers a case in point of the intersection among knowledge, power, and discourse. Freud's rhetorical action constituted the “new” knowledge of psychoanalysis, while simultaneously forging relationships between the scientific and medical communities that endowed the psychoanalyst with power.
TL;DR: In response to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill proposed in 1854, Salmon P. Chase broadcast the "Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress, to the People of the United States" as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In response to the Kansas‐Nebraska Bill proposed in 1854, Salmon P. Chase broadcast the “Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress, to the People of the United States.” Examining the symbolic oppositions that structure the “Appeal,” together with its strategy of crisis taken from Puritan jeremiads, this paper accounts for Chase's success in pulling together disparate forces of the free North. By renewing the Puritan “errand into the wilderness,” the “Appeal” incited antislavery factions, antagonized Southern apologists, and thus laid the ground for the Republican Party and civil war.
TL;DR: The principles of Rhetoric as discussed by the authors were as different as early morning and high noon, revealing significant differences in what they perceived to be the most salient environmental conditions facing their students, and each turned to appropriate sources: Adams to the classics, especially Cicero, and Hill to contemporaries, especially Campbell.
Abstract: John Quincy Adams's Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory, published in 1810, and Adams Sherman Hill's The Principles of Rhetoric, published in 1878, were as different as early morning and high noon, revealing significant differences in what they perceived to be the most salient environmental conditions facing their students. Adams saw a vacuum that needed filling; Hill saw a “loaded” society to which adjustment must be made. Adams felt that modifying a barren environment requires creative people able to build a broader public community; Hill believed adapting to bustling surroundings demands critical understanding and evaluation. They proceeded on these different premises to develop rhetorics for the orator‐statesman and for the reporter‐critic respectively. Each turned to appropriate sources: Adams to the classics, especially Cicero, and Hill to contemporaries, especially Campbell.