Showing papers in "Radiology in 1946"
TL;DR: The object of this paper is to acquaint medical and biological workers with some of the physical properties and possibilities of high-energy protons, and to be as simple as possible, let us consider only high- energy protons.
Abstract: Except for electrons, the particles which have been accelerated to high energies by machines such as cyclotrons or Van de Graaff generators have not been directly used therapeutically Rather, the neutrons, gamma rays, or artificial radioactivities produced in various reactions of the primary particles have been applied to medical problems This has, in large part, been due to the very short penetration in tissue of protons, deuterons, and alpha particles from present accelerators Higher-energy machines are now under construction, however, and the ions from them will in general be energetic enough to have a range in tissue comparable to body dimensions It must have occurred to many people that the particles themselves now become of considerable therapeutic interest The object of this paper is to acquaint medical and biological workers with some of the physical properties and possibilities of such rays To be as simple as possible, let us consider only high-energy protons: later we can generalize to oth
1,244 citations
TL;DR: The moment seems opportune for the presentation of the experience with over 50 patients who have manifested the changes of pancreatic fibrosis, with a decided paucity of description of the roentgenologic aspects.
Abstract: Pancreatic fibrosis is being recognized with increasing frequency and it is now known to be one of the important causes of death in infants and young children. In 1938, Blackfan and May (3) found 35 cases in 2,800 autopsies done in a period of fifteen years. In the same year Andersen (1) reported 49 cases, an incidence of 3 per cent, in her necropsy records. In the year 1942 the records of the Children's Hospital (Boston) showed that 12 per cent of the autopsied cases exhibited pancreatic fibrosis of a significant degree. Although there have been several excellent reviews (1, 5, 6) and numerous papers devoted to certain aspects of pancreatic insufficiency, the literature shows a decided paucity of description of the roentgenologic aspects. The moment seems opportune, therefore, for the presentation of our experience with over 50 patients who have manifested the changes of pancreatic fibrosis. A brief review of the clinical and pathological findings is necessary for a proper understanding of the roentgenol...
81 citations
TL;DR: A case of “iliac horns” (symmetrical bilateral central posterior iliac processes) is reported here because of the extremely unusual nature of the condition.
Abstract: A case of “iliac horns” (symmetrical bilateral central posterior iliac processes) is reported here because of the extremely unusual nature of the condition. The patient presenting this anomaly was a 27-year-old woman with a mild hypertension developing during her first pregnancy. She failed to respond to pre-eclampsia treatment, and labor was induced on Sept. 17, 1944 A low forceps delivery was made after full dilatation of the cervix and an episiotomy. On Oct. 31, 1944, the vascular tension remained slightly elevated, but the urine had become free of albumin. The patient first came under the observation of the writer in January 1945, at which time intravenous pyelography was performed. Nothing unusual was demonstrated in the upper urinary tract, but bilateral smooth-surfaced bony protrusions were observed on the central portions of the ilia, and the patient was asked to return for further examination. On this subsequent examination (Figs. 1 and 2), the bilateral symmetrical iliac processes were found to ...
78 citations
TL;DR: A peculiar destructive granulomatous lesion of bone was first recognized and described independently in 1940 by Otani and Ehrlich (18) and Lichtenstein and Jaffe (14) and has been widely accepted.
Abstract: A peculiar destructive granulomatous lesion of bone was first recognized and described independently in 1940 by Otani and Ehrlich (18) and Lichtenstein and Jaffe (14). Lesions of similar type had previously been described by Finzi (6) in 1929, Mignon (16) in 1930, and Schairer (21) in 1938. They did not, however, consider the lesion to be a distinct entity and referred to it as myeloma with prevalence of eosinophils, granulation tumor of bone, and osteomyelitis with eosinophilic reaction, respectively. Lichtenstein and Jaffe's denomination, “eosinophilic granuloma of bone,” has been widely accepted. Up to July 1, 1945, 48 acceptable cases were recorded in the literature. To these are added the 5 reported in this paper, making a total of 53 published cases. Etiology The cause of eosinophilic granuloma of bone is as yet unknown. Trauma has been considered significant, but proof of a causative relationship is lacking in most instances. Ziehl-Neelsen stains and guinea-pig inoculation of material from the lesi...
55 citations
TL;DR: Radioactive phosphorus administered orally or intravenously in the form of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution is assimilated by different tissues in varying degrees, and the concentration in tissues at any given time after administration depends on the metabolic activity of constituent cells.
Abstract: Radioactive phosphorus administered orally or intravenously in the form of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution is assimilated by different tissues in varying degrees. The concentration in tissues at any given time after administration depends on the metabolic activity of constituent cells. In general, malignant growths have a higher metabolic rate than the tissues from which they originate, and regenerating tissues also show greater metabolic activity than normal tissues. In both types of growth, therefore, a greater amount of phosphorus is taken up for the new cells that are forming. The differential distribution can be determined quantitatively by measuring the radioactivity of ashed samples of the tissues by means of a beta-ray electroscope, an electrometer, or by a Geiger-Muller counter. Such a determination necessitates the removal of the tissues in part or in whole. If a lesion is located in the skin or close beneath the skin, the beta rays emanating from the disintegrating phosphorus atoms localiz...
48 citations
TL;DR: The marrow of all the bones is hyperactive in childhood, but only that of the sternum, ribs, and vertebrae at a later age, so that there is numerically more opportunity for leukemic infiltration of the bones and periosteum in children.
Abstract: Leukemic bone changes are for many reasons more common, more extensive, and more varied in children than in adults. In children leukemia is usually of the acute lymphatic type, while in adults the chronic types are more common (3). The marrow of all the bones is hyperactive in childhood, but only that of the sternum, ribs, and vertebrae at a later age, so that there is numerically more opportunity for leukemic infiltration of the bones and periosteum in children. The periosteum is less firmly attached to the shafts of long bones in early life so that it is more easily elevated and stimulated to new bone production. Bone metabolism is more active and more readily disturbed in the growing bones of children. The reserve blood-forming capacity, beyond normal demands on the bone marrow, is comparatively less in children than in adults. This reduced “margin of safety” is said by Poynton and Lightwood (15) to account for some of the skeletal changes seen in children with leukemia. In attempting to meet the overl...
45 citations
TL;DR: In the mid-line of the brain are situated two anatomical structures that may be involved by rare developmental anomalies, the septum pellucidum and the corpus callosum, which are revealed in 15 cases and 18 of the latter that were diagnosed by encephalography.
Abstract: In the mid-line of the brain are situated two anatomical structures that may be involved by rare developmental anomalies. They are the septum pellucidum and the corpus callosum. From August 1942 to August 1944, pneumoencephalograms or ventriculograms were made on 96 patients of the Indiana University Medical Center. In 6 cases congenital cysts of the septum pellucidum were demonstrated and in 2 cases agenesis of the corpus callosum was found. A review of the available literature has revealed 15 cases of the former anomaly and 18 of the latter that were diagnosed by encephalography. Rarity as a quality of any abnormal condition has and always will incite the interest of the physician. It is such a stimulus that has prompted our presentation of this paper. The anomalies described will be presented separately for clarity. Cysts of the Septum Pellucidum Practically all anatomy books describe the cavum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae. The former is better known as the fifth ventricle and the cavum vergae has ...
39 citations
TL;DR: The development of methods for transplantation of tumors in animals led to the investigations by Contamin in 1909, Wedd and Russ in 1912, Wood and Prime in 1915, and more recently by Crabtree and Cramer in 1934.
Abstract: The importance of x-rays in the therapy of cancer and other diseases has stimulated a considerable number of investigations on the effect of this agent on cells in vitro, in order to obtain a biologic test of dosage and to determine the mechanism of the action of the rays. Much of this work has been done with cells from plants and invertebrate animals, such as yeast and eggs of Drosophila. Most investigators realized, however, that it would be desirable to use cells from mammalian sources and preferably from man. Accordingly, every new in vitro method for the study of living cells was soon utilized to determine the effect of x-rays. The development of methods for transplantation of tumors in animals led to the investigations by Contamin in 1909 (1), Wedd and Russ in 1912 (2), Wood and Prime in 1915 (3), and more recently by Crabtree and Cramer in 1934 (4). These men subjected pieces of a transplantable tumor to x-rays or radium and tested the effectiveness of the radiation by inoculation of the irradiated...
38 citations
TL;DR: The relatively meager roentgenologic literature on the subject of congenital esophageal atresia has dealt almost exclusively with isolated case reports, but through various improvements in surgical technic and postoperative care it has been brought into the realm of surgically correctable abnormalities, and greater interest is being taken in the establishment of its diagnosis.
Abstract: The relatively meager roentgenologic literature on the subject of congenital esophageal atresia has dealt almost exclusively with isolated case reports. The apparent reason why more comprehensive analyses of the subject have not appeared is that, until very recently, this interesting anomaly has been universally fatal and generally regarded as a distinct medical oddity. The condition is relatively uncommon, but through various improvements in surgical technic and postoperative care it has been brought into the realm of surgically correctable abnormalities, and greater interest is being taken in the establishment of its diagnosis. Many of the diagnostic and therapeutic problems which have arisen confront the roentgenologist directly, because it is largely by his methods that the diagnosis of esophageal atresia, the recognition of its complications, and the results of surgical management are graphically recorded. It may be stated justifiably that roentgen examination is essential in the proper management of...
38 citations
TL;DR: Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the spine is sufficiently rare to justify the reporting of an additional case, and the roentgenographic changes in that location obviously are not those typical of similar involvement of the long bones.
Abstract: Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the spine is sufficiently rare to justify the reporting of an additional case. The roentgenographic changes in that location obviously are not those typical of similar involvement of the long bones. A survey of the pertinent literature reveals 10 cases of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the spine. In a review of the material in the Bone Sarcoma Registry (1927) and a comprehensive discussion of sarcoma of the bone, Kolodny (1) states that Ewing's sarcoma constitutes 7.5 per cent of bone sarcomas. In his opinion, a Ewing's sarcoma usually affects more than one vertebra, but he believes that this represents multiple primary involvement and not metastatic growth. He reports a series of 650 cases of bone tumor with 40 instances of Ewing's sarcoma and 10 others of more or less doubtful nature. The spine is mentioned as being a favorite site of the tumor, but the incidence of such involvement is not given. Rix and Geschickter (2) report a series of 291 tumors of the spine, of which 21 were ...
34 citations
TL;DR: The existence of a lesion in bone which histologically appears granulomatous, non-specific, and is infiltrated with histiocytes and eosinophilic leukocytes was first reported in 1940 and the relationship of this lesion to the older entities of Hand-Schuller-Christian's disease and Letterer-Siwe's disease is discussed.
Abstract: The existence of a lesion in bone which histologically appears granulomatous, non-specific, and is infiltrated with histiocytes and eosinophilic leukocytes was first reported, simultaneously, in 1940, by Otani and Ehrlich (13) and by Lichtenstein and Jaffe (10). Undoubtedly the lesion had been seen previously, but its exact nature and course were not described. Since 1940, a number of authors have reported single examples or small groups of cases, leading to considerable discussion of the relationship of this lesion to the older entities of Hand-Schuller-Christian's disease, or lipogranulomatosis, and Letterer-Siwe's disease, also called reticulosis or non-lipoid histiocytosis (Jaffe and Lichtenstein, 8; Green and Farber, 5; Mallory, 11). Disagreement concerning the exact terminology is, therefore, to be expected. “Solitary granuloma of bone” was proposed by Otani and Ehrlich (13). Green and Farber (5) suggested “‘destructive granuloma of bone,’ ‘single’ or ‘multiple’ as the case may be, adding parentheti...
TL;DR: The physical properties of radioactive phosphorus (P32) make it suitable for studying the effect of beta particle radiation on the skin, and a aqueous solution of disodium hydrogen phosphate containing 15 mg.
Abstract: The physical properties of radioactive phosphorus (P32) make it suitable for studying the effect of beta particle radiation on the skin. Radioactive phosphorus emits beta particles only and disintegrates at a daily rate of 4.8 per cent, thus losing one half of its initial activity in 14.3 days. The beta particles of radioactive phosphorus have a continuous energy spectrum ranging from 0 electron volts (e.v.) to 1.69 × 106 e.v. The average energy of the radioactive phosphorus particles is approximately 7.0 × 105 e. v. The greatest abundance of the particles occurs at the average energy. Approximately 600 cm. is the maximum distance a beta particle of radioactive phosphorus can travel in dry air at 0° C. temperature and 760 mm. Hg pressure; in water or tissue the maximum distance is approximately 8 mm. (1–4). Technic The radioactive phosphorus used in the study to be reported here was an aqueous solution of disodium hydrogen phosphate containing 15 mg. of the salt per cubic centimeter of water. The radioact...
TL;DR: Prolapses of redundant or hypertrophied gastric mucosa into the duodenum occur frequently enough that they should be recognized and their clinical significance properly evaluated, and some physicians have been to regard the condition as of no clinical significance.
Abstract: Prolapses of redundant or hypertrophied gastric mucosa into the duodenum occur frequently enough that they should be recognized and their clinical significance properly evaluated Experience in the past few years indicates that the filling defects thus produced occasionally are misinterpreted and confused with those due to duodenal ulcers, duodenitis, or similar disorders Furthermore, when such prolapses are present, the tendency of some physicians has been to regard the condition as of no clinical significance In the U S Navy, the diagnosis of duodenal ulcer is a serious matter, as it involves decisions regarding promotion, type of duty, or even separation from the service On the other hand, a man incapacitated by gastric distress from a prolapse of the gastric mucosa, with or without the complications of hemorrhage or obstruction, can be rehabilitated by surgical measures and returned to active duty Incidence In eleven months there were admitted to a large Naval Hospital over 19,000 patients On t
TL;DR: Albers-Schonberg disease or “marble bones” is a disease of unknown etiology, familial in occurrence, and characterized by an increase in the radiographic density of the bones, but with preservation of their structural contour.
Abstract: Albers-Schonberg disease or “marble bones” is a disease of unknown etiology, familial in occurrence, and characterized by an increase in the radiographic density of the bones, but with preservation of their structural contour. The condition is usually widespread throughout the skeletal system. On roentgenograms the bones appear almost homogeneous in consistency, and differentiation between compact and cancellous bone is absent. Progressive anemia, which is characteristically seen in the disease, is probably explained by the destruction of the bone marrow by the lime deposits. The base of the skull is frequently involved, and the foramina of exit for the cranial nerves are narrowed. This results in pressure on the cranial nerves, with such sequelae as facial palsy or paralysis, speech defects, deafness, optic atrophy, etc. The presence of some of these sequelae, namely, partial facial paralysis, bilateral impaired hearing, and a speech defect, along with intractable headache, was the clinical reason for th...
TL;DR: The pneumoencephalographic diagnosis of congenital absence of the septum pellucidum is exceedingly rare and because of the associated enlargement of the ventricular system, without any other apparent brain lesion, the present case is regarded as worthy of publication.
Abstract: The pneumoencephalographic diagnosis of congenital absence of the septum pellucidum is exceedingly rare. For that reason and because of the associated enlargement of the ventricular system, without any other apparent brain lesion, the present case is regarded as worthy of publication. The first report of congenital absence of the septum pellucidum was made by Tenchini (1) in 1880, in a boy of two and a half years who was normal mentally. Hochstetter (2) added three cases. In two of them the anomaly was observed in well formed brains of fetuses 118 and 168 mm. crown-rump length, in one instance with internal hydrocephalus. The third case was observed in the dissecting room and was published in 1925. Hahn and Kuhlenbeck (3) also encountered this abnormality in the dissecting room, in 1930. In 1938 Dolgopol (4) described a case discovered at necropsy in a woman aged 60, with moderate hydrocephalus. He believed that the case was not one of aplasia but of secondary disappearance of the septum pellucidum. In 19...
TL;DR: In these days of rapid advances in diagnostic technic the authors are inclined to overlook the value of the x-ray film in the diagnosis of simple ailments, but the paucity of articles dealing with lesions of the epipharynx, particularly adenoids, is impressed.
Abstract: In these days of rapid advances in diagnostic technic we are inclined to overlook the value of the x-ray film in the diagnosis of simple ailments. Scanning the literature, one is impressed with the paucity of articles dealing with lesions of the epipharynx, particularly adenoids. Pancoast, Pendergrass, and Schaeffer (4) briefly mention adenoids in their excellent textbook. Young (5) passes them off with a few sentences. Adenoid vegetations were pointed out on the roentgen film as early as 1898 by Mignon (Paris). Grandy (1) gave a roentgenographic description of adenoids in 1925, and Groth (2) submitted a comprehensive paper on the roentgen aspects of the epipharynx and adenoids in 1933. Anatomy The pharynx is a vertical musculomembranous passage, flattened anteroposteriorly, extending from the base of the skull above to the beginning of the esophagus below. Posteriorly it is in relationship with the cervical vertebrae; laterally, with the internal and common carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein, th...
TL;DR: By a comparison of the infant's roentgenograms with the actual skull of the newborn, many of the structures observed on films can be identified and shown to be points of interest.
Abstract: In order to learn more of the normal and of normal variations, the skulls of 100 infants were examined roentgenologi-cally. Many of the landmarks so familiar in the adult do not appear in the infant, and similarly the common appearance of the infant's skull is no longer present in the older person. By a comparison of the infant's roentgenograms with the actual skull of the newborn, many of the structures observed on films can be identified. The major purpose of this paper is to indicate these points of interest. Embryology of the Skull (1, 3, 4). The difference in appearance of the infant's skull from that of the adult can be appreciated better by a brief review of the embryological development. The earliest evidence of the cranium is found in dense masses of mesenchyme which embrace the cranial end of the notochord as the parachordal plates and extend into the primitive ethmoid region as the trabeculae cranii. Dense mesenchyme also encloses the auditory, nasal, and optic centers. In the basisphenoid and ...
TL;DR: The disease is generally considered to be a non-thromboeyto-penic form of purpura, but in some cases in which abdominal symptoms have predominated there has been, also, a thrombocytopenia.
Abstract: Adisease in which there is hemorrhage in the gastro-intestinal tract, frequently associated with skin or joint involvement, has been known as Henoch's purpura, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, anaphylactoid purpura, purpura rheumatica, abdominal purpura, and sometimes as idiopathic purpura. The disease is generally considered to be a non-thromboeyto-penic form of purpura, but in some cases in which abdominal symptoms have predominated there has been, also, a thrombocytopenia (1, 3). When the abdominal symptoms are unassociated with purpuric manifestations elsewhere, or when abdominal symptoms precede the skin and joint changes, the diagnosis may be difficult (2). Appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, and ileitis are the conditions generally confused (2, 4) with Henoch's purpura, and either intussusception or obstruction may be associated with it as a complication (7, 9). Althausen, Deamer, and Kerr (1) reported 8 cases of Henoch's purpura and abdominal allergy, in 6 of which 9 operations had bee...
TL;DR: The paucity of references to the urologie aspects of the “radiosensitive tumors of the blood-forming organs” was pointed out and a case of lymphosarcoma with a grapefruit-sized mass in each loin which was the result of extensive infiltrations in the kidneys was described.
Abstract: The generalized character of the lymphoblastoma group of diseases is well known. Involvement of the lymphatic system is most common, whereas invasion of the lungs, bones, nervous system, gastro-intestinal tract, and skin also is found frequently, particularly in the later stages of the diseases. Renal lesions of this type are recognized clinically less often than the others, although they are observed fairly frequently at autopsy. In a clinical analysis of 196 proved cases of lymphosarcoma, Sugarbaker and Craver made no mention of kidney involvement, either as a primary focus or secondary invasion, although twenty-one other organs were listed as being secondarily involved. Barney, Hunter, and Mintz pointed out the paucity of references to the urologie aspects of the “radiosensitive tumors of the blood-forming organs” and described, among others, a case of lymphosarcoma with a grapefruit-sized mass in each loin which was the result of extensive infiltrations in the kidneys. According to these writers, such...
TL;DR: Retrograde abdominal aortography is a simple method for the study of all the pathological changes of the aorta and iliac arteries and an apparatus that maintains a constant pressure and rate of injection is designed.
Abstract: Plain x-ray examination of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries offers information only in the presence of calcification of the arterial walls or calcified aneurysms. Retrograde abdominal aortography is a simple method for the study of all the pathological changes of the aorta and iliac arteries. This method consists in exposure of the femoral artery by blunt dissection under local anesthesia at the level of Scarpa's triangle and its puncture with a trocar 1.5 mm. in diameter, through which are injected 50 c.c. of a 70 per cent solution of diodrast in two and a half to three seconds. A tourniquet is applied at the root of each lower extremity in order to prevent the passage of the contrast medium into their arteries. The Trendelenburg position may be required in certain cases. To avoid changes in pressure when the opaque substance is injected by hand, the author has designed an apparatus that maintains a constant pressure and rate of injection. It consists of a pump with a piston which acts upon the plu...
TL;DR: The importance of including hiatus hernia of the stomach in the differential diagnosis of bleeding lesions of the upper gastro-intestinal tract will justify the presentation of three additional cases of this kind recently observed on the medical service of Sparks Memorial Hospital.
Abstract: Hiatus hernias of the stomach and their complications, such as peptic ulcer and gastritis, are a grateful field for roentgen diagnosis. Clinical symptoms of great variety, often as alarming as sudden hematemesis, can be explained by roentgen demonstration of the displaced segment of the stomach. The importance of including hiatus hernia of the stomach in the differential diagnosis of bleeding lesions of the upper gastro-intestinal tract will justify the presentation of three additional cases of this kind recently observed on the medical service of Sparks Memorial Hospital. The general classification of the diaphragmatic hernias and the mechanism leading to the displacement of portions of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus into the thorax, the so-called hiatus hernia, have been presented in excellent papers (4, 8). The hiatus hernia may or may not be combined with a congenitally short esophagus, the presence of which plays an important, but not an exclusive, part in the origin of this condition. Ins...
TL;DR: In this article, the main purpose of the report is to prevent a repetition of that experience and to emphasize the dangers inherent in scattered as well as in direct cathode rays, in order that the recurrent enthusiasm for their therapeutic possibilities may not be permitted to overshadow their possible harmful effects.
Abstract: The present report is concerned with varying degrees of injury received by six men in the Department of Radiology at the Massachusetts General Hospital as a result of a few seconds' exposure to scattered electrons from a 1,200-kv. electrostatic generator. The main purpose in presenting this report is to prevent a repetition of that experience. It seems important also to emphasize the dangers inherent in scattered as well as in direct cathode rays, in order that the recurrent enthusiasm for their therapeutic possibilities may not be permitted to overshadow their possible harmful effects. Reports of serious radiation injury to persons working with roentgen-ray generators are uncommon at the present time, although in the early days of roentgenology such reports were common. Those trained in the use of the roentgen ray have a definite respect for its latent injurious effects, and it is to be noted that relatively few radiation injuries are seen in this group. Most of the injuries which have occurred have been...
TL;DR: Complete absence of the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra is not a common congenital anomaly.
Abstract: Complete absence of the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra is not a common congenital anomaly. Roberts in 1933 reported the case of a twenty-year-old man who entered the hospital complaining of severe sudden pain in the neck following exercise in the gymnasium. Roentgen examination showed absence of the odontoid process and a posterior dislocation of the right anterior facet of the atlas on the axis. The patient refused operation and was treated conservatively. In 1942 Weiler reported the case of a fourteen-year-old girl who entered the hospital complaining of pain and stiffness of the neck and inability to straighten the head, which was turned to the left. She had fallen while playing, striking her head and neck forcibly on the ground. Roentgen examination revealed lateral and posterior displacement of the atlas and absence of the odontoid. Reduction and fusion of the cervical vertebrae were done. In a footnote Weiler stated he had had one other case. Report of Case A white soldier, aged 23...
TL;DR: Findings suggested that the demonstration of subdural gas on twenty-four-hour roentgenograms was almost pathognomonic of post-traumatic headache.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate the significance and mechanism of filling of the subdural space with gas following pneumoencephalography. Several articles concerning this subject have appeared in the literature and are well reviewed by Von Storch and Buermann (10). No systematic study of roentgenograms made twenty-four hours after encephalography has appeared, however, except for a reference by Penfield and Nor-cross (8). They found that 18 of 22 patients with post-traumatic headaches, on whom second day roentgenograms were obtained following spinal insufflation, showed gas in the subdural space, while only 2 out of 18 controls showed subdural gas. These findings suggested that the demonstration of subdural gas on twenty-four-hour roentgenograms was almost pathognomonic of post-traumatic headache. It should be pointed out, however, that the technic employed in the two groups differed. Our experience with subdural gas was at variance with this conclusion and we felt it necessary to make mor...
TL;DR: In the clinic at the Boston City Hospital, a series of 25 cases of diverticulosis of the jejunum and ileum are observed, all of which were seen in a period of two and a half years, from January 1942 to July 1944, and were diagnosed during routine studies of the gastro-intestinal tract with the opaque meal.
Abstract: Diverticula are known to occur in practically every portion of the digestive tract. They are most common in the colon and are frequently found, also, in the esophagus and duodenum. Diverticulosis of the small bowel, however, is rare. A recent report by Benson, Dixon, and Waugh (1) states that at the Mayo Clinic, from 1909 to 1942, inclusive, there occurred 122 cases of non-meckelian diverticula of the jejunum and ileum, an average of less than 4 per year. These authors indicate that, in addition, there are only about 200 other recorded examples in the medical annals. Case (2) was able to find but (36 proved cases in the literature in the eighty-year period from 1844 to 1924. In our clinic at the Boston City Hospital, we have observed a series of 25 cases of diverticulosis of the jejunum and ileum, all of which were seen in a period of two and a half years, from January 1942 to July 1944, and were diagnosed during routine studies of the gastro-intestinal tract with the opaque meal. Because of the relative ...
TL;DR: “Hydatid cyst” of the bone is a misnomer, not in accord with the facts, and should be replaced by the term osteohydatidosis, which describes the characteristic feature of hydatid disease in the lungs and other viscera.
Abstract: Osseous involvement occurs in only a small proportion of cases of echinococcus infestation, probably bout 1 per cent. The six-hooked embryo of the Taenia echinococcus reaches the bone by way of the arterial circulation, establishing itself in the interstices of the spongy tissue, usually in the most highly ascularized areas, as in the epiphyseal ends of the long bones. Microvesicles replace the medullary tissue, molding themselves to the contours of the bony spaces and diffusely infiltrating the bone. Since there is no intermixture of connective-tissue elements no adventitious membrane is formed, as in other parts of the body. I-Iydatid disease of the bone thus differs in two respects from hydatid disease elsewhere, namely (a) exogenous vesiculation and (b) absence of an adventitious membrane. “Hydatid cyst” of the bone is, therefore, a misnomer, not in accord with the facts, and should be replaced by the term osteohydatidosis. In the lungs and other viscera, the characteristic feature of hydatid disease ...
TL;DR: Of the 215 cases examined, 69 came to operation, and the myelographic findings will be compared with the preoperative diagnosis, and to review 215 Pantopaque myelograms.
Abstract: Numerous articles dealing with the use of Pantopaque in myelography have appeared in the medical literature in the past three years. While the more typical myelographic pictures due to rupture of the nucleus pulposus are easily recognizable, one occasionally encounters bizarre patterns whose interpretation is difficult. We wish to present some of these unusual patterns, to discuss common sources of error in diagnosis, and to review 215 Pantopaque myelograms. Of the 215 cases examined, 69 came to operation, and the myelographic findings will be compared with the preoperative diagnosis. Technic Site of Injection: In myelography for detection of a protruded disk in the lumbar region, the needle should not be introduced at the level of the suspected protrusion, since removal of the oil may be more difficult and defects due to the needle may resemble those due to a protruded disk. If we encounter a defect at the site of introduction of the needle, it is our practice to remove it, continue the fluoroscopic and ...
TL;DR: The relatively infrequent occurrence of pancreatic cyst is further emphasized by a review of the case records of the University Hospital (Ann Arbor), which reveals that, since July 1935, only 13 patients have received surgical treatment for this entity.
Abstract: Although Cyst of the pancreas is distinctly not a rarity, it cannot be classed among the common abdominal tumors. In a classical, comprehensive review of this subject in 1898, Korte (1) collected 121 cases from the medical literature. Judd et al. (2), in a more recent survey of the subject, state that out of more than 700,000 admissions to the Mayo Clinic between 1921 and 1931, only 88 patients were treated surgically for pancreatic cyst. Rabinovitch and Pines (3) reported 17 cases, in 14 of which operation was done. Virtually all other published articles regarding this entity have dealt with but one or a few patients. The relatively infrequent occurrence of pancreatic cyst is further emphasized by a review of the case records of the University Hospital (Ann Arbor), which reveals that, since July 1935, only 13 patients have received surgical treatment for. this entity. Because of this relatively low incidence of pancreatic cyst and the difficulties commonly encountered in its diagnosis, a brief analysis o...
TL;DR: A quantitative measure of the ability of the film or film-screen combination to record detail is needed in order to evaluate accurately the various types of screens and films available to the radiologist and to assist in determining the optimum conditions of technic.
Abstract: One of the more important characteristics which determine the interpretative value of a roentgenogram is the ability of the film or film-screen combination to record detail. A quantitative measure of this characteristic, therefore, is needed in order to evaluate accurately the various types of screens and films available to the radiologist, as well as to assist in determining the optimum conditions of technic. Because of difficulties to be mentioned later, satisfactory methods of measuring this ability to record detail have not previously been developed. In this article such a method is described and the results obtained with a number of commercial screens are tabulated. In the case of photographic materials, the procedure has been fairly well standardized. It consists of photographing on the material to be tested, either by contact or projection, a test object such as that shown in Figure 1, containing a series of alternate lines and spaces of different width. The number of lines per millimeter which can...