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Showing papers in "Rafidain journal of science in 2012"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was used to determine the metal content in the most popular spices and herbs used in local market in Erbil, and the study showed differences in metal concentration according to the plant part (Rhizomes, Seed, Leaf, and fruit).
Abstract: Herbs and spices are sources of many bioactive compounds that can improve the taste of foods as well as their influence on digestion and metabolism processes. They can also contain some undesirable components that can be harmful, e.g. micotoxins, pesticides, heavy metals, and polycyclic carbohydrates residues. The objective of this study was to determine metals content in the most popular spices and herbs used in local market in Erbil. The content of these metals was assayed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The study showed differences in metal concentration according to the plant part (Rhizomes, Seed, Leaf, and fruit). The concentration ranged on dry basis were : ( 6.1- 47.0), (56-650), (6-44), (10.5-22.5), (8.526.5), (26-88.6), (1.25-14.6), and (0.045-1.35) mg/kg for the metals, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Mn, Pb, and Cd respectively. Most of the metal levels in the spices were acceptable with the exception of Pb, Cu and Cd which were above the standard limit approved by World Health Organization (WHO) and Food Agriculture Organization (FAO), Pb was above the standard level for fenugreek, cinnamon, Cd was above the standard level for ginger. Consumers of these spices would not be exposed to any risk associated with the daily in take of 10g of spices per day containing the following metals; Zn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Mn.but there are danger from fenugreek and cinnamon for Pb, while the danger of ginger is from Cd. Generally most of the spices available in the market are safe for human consumption except for Pb and Cd.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results showed that cisplatin produced pathological changes manifested as severe fatty changes, congestion and dilatation of portal blood vessels and central veins, dil atation and congestion of sinusoids, with multiple necrotic foci and apoptotic cells, while prior administration of vitamin C produced amelioration of the pathological changes induced by cisPlatin.
Abstract: Cisplatin drug is one of platinum compounds and it is in common use world wide for the treatment of a variety of human neoplasms. However in high doses it can produce undesirable toxic side effects on liver, so in this study we investigated whether vitamin C has protective effect on hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin or not. Three equal-sized groups (six rats each) of adult male albino rats were used as a)control group b)recipient of cisplatin or c)recipient of vitamin C, 24 hrs before cisplatin injection. Histological examination of livers were carried out using light microscopy. Results showed that cisplatin produced pathological changes manifested as severe fatty changes, congestion and dilatation of portal blood vessels and central veins, dilatation and congestion of sinusoids, with multiple necrotic foci and apoptotic cells, while prior administration of vitamin C produced amelioration of the pathological changes induced by cisplatin.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study was conducted to identify the types and frequencies of bacterial isolates from patients with Intensive Care Units-acquired infections, and to determine their antibiogram profile, and the most effective antimicrobial agents.
Abstract: The study was conducted to identify the types and frequencies of bacterial isolates from patients with Intensive Care Units-acquired infections, and to determine their antibiogram profile. One hundred and fifty four clinical samples were collected from 101 patients who developed clinical suggestion of new infections of urinary tract, lower respiratory tract or wound following the 48 hours of their admission to the Intensive Care Units. All samples were cultured on different culture media, and the isolated microorganisms were identified by the conventional bacteriological methods. The antibiogram profile of selected antibacterial agents was tested. The total number of the bacterial isolates was 69 miroorganisms. Gram-negative bacteria were more frequently encountered (82.6%) than the Gram-positive ones(17.4%) among all samples. The predominant Gram-negative isolate was E. coli (23.2%), followed by Pseudomonas spp. (21.7%), K. pneumoniae (14.5%), Proteus spp. (11.6%)., Acinetobacter spp. (8.7%), and E.aerogenes (2.9%). The predominant Gram-positive bacterial isolate was S.aureus (7.2%), followed by E. faecalis (5.8%), and S.epidermidis (4.3%). The most effective antimicrobial agents were amikacin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and azithromycin.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the amount of heavy metals accumulated in the muscle tissue of Silurus triostegus in the Derbendikhan reservoir has been determined in the following descending order (Fe
Abstract: Derbendikhan reservoir is located on the south east of Sulaimani province between longitude 35° 6' 35”N and latitude, 45° 41' 20" E, and it is the second largest reservoir in the Iraqi Kurdistan region at an altitude of about 485 m above sea level. More than twenty genera of fishes are endemic to this reservoir, Silurus triostegus is one of them, which was selected to determine the amount of heavy metals that accumulated in the muscle tissue. The results revealed that the metals were accumulated in the following descending order (Fe

8 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a spectrophotometric method for the determination of microgram amounts of tetracycline -HCl(TCH) has been proposed, based on coupling of TCH with diazotized 4-aminoantipyrine in presence of cetylpyridinium chloride in alkaline medium.
Abstract: ABSTRACT A spectrophotometric method for the determination of microgram amounts of tetracycline -HCl(TCH) has been proposed. The method is based on coupling of tetracycline-HCl with diazotized 4-aminoantipyrine in presence of cetylpyridinium chloride in alkaline medium. The molar absorptivity of the formed dye reached to 1.92×10 l.mol. cm at 537 nm and Beers law is obeyed within the range of 10-300 μg of tetracycline-HCl /10 ml (i.e.1.0 – 30 ppm). The colour reaction was highly stable, a relative error ranged from 2.5 to + 0.21 % and a relative standard deviation of ± 0.37 to ± 0.73 %, depending on concentration level of tetracycline-HCl. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the determination of tetracycline-HCl in pharmaceutical preparations.

6 citations



Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of ganciclovir (GCV) in a bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical formulations.
Abstract: A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of ganciclovir (GCV) in a bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the reduction of potassium permanganate by ganciclovir in alkaline medium to form a green colour product showing maximum absorbance at 610 nm. Beers law is obeyed in the concentration range 2-100 μg.ml with average recovery (accuracy) 100.24% and precision (RSD) is less than 1.0%. The molar absorptivity is 4.59x10 l.mol.cm with LOD 0.21μg.ml and LOQ 0.72 μg.ml. The proposed method was further applied to the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical formulations as an injection and capsule and the results are compatible with both certified values of pharmaceutical formulations and the standard addition method.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the voltammetric behavior of pure Sodium Nitroprusside was studied in a direct method in aqueous phosphate solution at (pH=7.0) by square wave voltammetry.
Abstract: The voltammetric behavior of pure Sodium Nitroprusside was studied in a direct method in aqueous phosphate solution at (pH=7.0) by square wave voltammetry Sodium Nitroprusside gives a well defined square wave voltammetric peak at (-0.592) volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl). The calibration curve is linear within the range of concentration [(0.398 ×10 -6 ) – (8.424×10 -6 )] molar with a correlation coefficient of (0.9991). The binding of Sodium Nitroprusside with Albumin has been studied, the binding constants (K) were calculated at different temperatures. Vant's hoff equation applied to calculate the thermodynamic variables (∆G,∆S,∆H), and the results indicate that the binding of SNP with albumin is of the type (ion-ion).

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of beryllium II is described, which is based on the reaction berylla II with chrome azurol S in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride at pH 5.0 forming a stable blue coloured complex which has an intense absorption at 620 nm.
Abstract: A simple, rapid and direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of beryllium II is described. The method is based on the reaction beryllium II with chrome azurol S in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride at pH 5.0 forming a stable blue coloured complex which has an intense absorption at 620 nm. Beer's law was obeyed over the range of 0.25-100 µg/25 ml. The molar absorptivity and Sandal's sensitivity of the coloured complex are 1.02×10 4 l.mol -1 .cm -1 and 0.00883 µg.cm -2 , respectively. The interference caused by a number of common cations and anions can be removed by using EDTA as a masking agent. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of beryllium II in different water samples.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The highest rate of E. coli O157:H7 isolation was observed in April, followed by December, while those of sheep feces showed the highest rate in March followed by April, and none of drinking water samples were positive.
Abstract: This study aimed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in samples from patients with diarrhea, sheep milk, and sheep drinking water by growth on selective media, biochemical tests, latex agglutination test, and PCR technique. During the period from November 2008 to May 2009, a total of 340 samples were collected; stools diarrhoeic patients (125), healthy sheep feces (125), milk (45), and sheep drinking water samples (45). Samples were screened for the presence of non-sorbitol fermenting colonies (NSF) on sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite (CT-SMAC). Out of the 340 samples, 58 (46.4%) stool from diarrhea, 98 (78.4%) from sheep feces, 19 (42.2%) milk, and 17 (37.7%) drinking water were nonsorbitol fermenting. E. coli isolates were serotyped as E. coli O157:H7 by latex agglutination test, 3 (5.7%) isolates of stool from diarrhea patients, 7 (7.3%) isolates of sheep feces, 2 (11.1%) isolates of milk, and none of drinking water samples were positive. All latex agglutination positive isolates were positive to PCR test except one isolate from sheep feces. PCR positive isolates were produced enterohemolysin on sheep blood agar, and were found resistant to at least 3 antibiotics. The highest rate of E. coli O157:H7 isolation was observed in April (7.6%) followed by December (4.7%) , while those of sheep feces showed the highest rate in March (10%) followed by April (8.6%).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Six varaieties of bread wheat Triticum aestivum L and their half diallel crosses were used to estimate heterosis, broad and narrow sense heritability for the following quantitative characters; most hybrids appeared significant and desirable values for heterosis.
Abstract: Six varaieties of bread wheat Triticum aestivum L.(Sham 4, Adnaniya, Iba 95, Tamoz 2, Eratom, Abo-Graib) and their half diallel crosses were used to estimate heterosis, broad and narrow sense heritability for the following quantitative characters: heading time, number of tillers per plant, plant height, flag leaf area, number of spikes per plant, spike length, number of spiklet per spike, number of grains per spike, 100 grain weight, grain yield per plant and the harvest index. Most hybrids appeared significant and desirable values for heterosis. The broad sense heritability was high for plant height, spike length and number of spiklet per spike while, it was modrate for harvest index, and low for heading time, number of tillers per plant, flag leaf area, number of spike per plant, number of grains per spike, 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant. The narrow sense heritability was high for plant height and harvest index, and moderate for heading time, spike length, number of spiklet per spike,100 grains weight while it was low for number of tillers per plant, flag leaf area, number of spike per plant, number of grains per spike and grain yield per plant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of microgram amounts of metronidazole (MZ) has been proposed, based on the reduction of METRONIDAZole with iron metal and hydrochloric acid followed by diazotisation and coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine in acidic medium to give a pinkish-red colored azo dye which has maximum absorption at 503 nm.
Abstract: A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of microgram amounts of metronidazole (MZ) has been proposed. The method is based on the reduction of metronidazole with iron metal and hydrochloric acid followed by diazotisation and coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine in acidic medium to give a pinkish-red colored azo dye which has maximum absorption at 503 nm. Beer ' s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 20-500 µg of metronidazole in a final volume of 25 ml, i.e., 0.8-20 ppm, with a molar absorptivity of 4.673×10 3 l.mol -1 . cm -1 and Sandell's sensitivity index of 0.0366 µg.cm -2 , a relative error of – 1.73 to +1.58% and relative standard deviation of ±0.47to ±1.32 %, depending on the concentration level. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of metronidazole in pharmaceutical preparations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Cadmium and lead effluents had been treated with a (1:1) mixture of low grade ninivite (N) and Kaolin (K).
Abstract: Cadmium and lead effluents had been treated with a (1:1) mixture of low grade ninivite (N) and Kaolin (K). Before use, the mixture is treated only with a 10% brine solution and found to be effective for the removal of 85% Cd ( at a maximum concentration of 200mg/l) at a pH of 11.5 and 90% Pb (at a maximum concentration of 1000 mg/l) at a pH 7.0. The results were compared using Dowex-50X, as a typical cation exchanger and activated carbon (charcoal), as an ideal adsorbent and found to be satisfactory.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrated solar water heater was designed and built using local materials and labor in this paper, and the total cost of the system is 125,000 ID, and the working principle of the unit is fairly simple.
Abstract: An integrated solar water heater was designed and built using local materials and labor. The system consists of 1 m x 1 m x 0.03 m rectangular tank. The total cost of the system is 125000 ID. The working principle of the unit is fairly simple. An absorbent surface absorbs solar radiation to heat water. The performance of the system was tested for four days in April during different atmospheric conditions. In three days, the water temperature reached 60 °C and higher in partly cloudy, sunny/showers, and sunny/clear sky conditions. However, on a dusty/cloudy day solar radiation was severely reduced keeping the highest water temperature slightly below 30 °C. The chronic shortage of power supply in Mosul, the abundant sunshine hours in winter and the reasonable cost of the system all serve as good reasons to acquire and install a solar water heater to meet household needs for hot water.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a series of substituted α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (A1-8) had been prepared using Claisen-Schmidt condensation, and the reaction occurred through the formation of azallyl anion which acted as a nucleophile that has the ability to attack the exocylic double bond of chalcones through the 1,3-anionic cycloaddition mechanism to form the product.
Abstract: In this work, series of substituted α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (A1-8) had been prepared using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. Also, series of substituted Schiff bases (N-arylidene-4-picolyamine) (B1-6) were prepared by the condensation of 4-picolyamine with various aromatic aldehydes. The reaction of the above mentioned materials (A+B) afforded the desired products [Spiropyrrolidines (S1-15)]. The reaction occurred through the formation of azallyl anion which acted as a nucleophile that has the ability to attack the exocylic double bond of chalcones through the 1,3-anionic cycloaddition mechanism to form the product. The structure for all synthesized compounds (chalcones, Schiff bases, pyrrolidines) had been confirmed by the spectral data obtained by (UV, IR, H-NMR) as well as the determination of physical properties.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted on the river Tigris between Albo-Sayf and Hammam AlAleel, on four positions stretching along the river for eight months started from November 2010 to June 2011.
Abstract: This study was conducted on the river Tigris between Albo-Sayf and Hammam AlAleel, on four positions stretching along the river for eight months started from November 2010 to June 2011. The study concluded measurement of some biological factors. The results showed that the dissolved oxygen value ranged between (2.63813) mg/L, the minimum value was recorded at station of Albo-Sayf at downstream Mosul city at November while maximum value recorded on station 4 Hamam Al-Aleel at April. The range value of biological oxygen demand (BOD5) ranged between (1.9317.2) mg/L the minimum value recorded at station 2 Jamasa village at June while the maximum value recorded at station 1 Albo-Sayf at April. While the research showed that the value of nitrate ranged between (0.401.59) mg/L the minimum value was at station 3 Lazaga village at June While the maximum value at station 1 Albo-Sayf at April. The value of orthophosphate ranged (0.211.25)mg/L the minimum value at station 2 Jamasa village while the maximum value at station 1 Albo-Sayf at April. Although the value of Sulfate range (74114) mg/L the minimum value at station 1 AlboSayf at April , while the maximum value at station 4 Hammam Al-Aleel where there are many water sulfur springs at this station.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rapid test device provided a rapid and better results than conventional microscopy and culture for the diagnosis of VVC and will be useful to practitioners treating women with symptoms of fungal vaginitis.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of Candida albicans rapid test device and to evaluate the importance of some risk factors in the diagnosis of Candida albicans in vaginal discharge and to compare this test with other diagnostic methods. One hundred sixty women were investigated in this study. Results showed no statistical relationship between the age and the occupation of the patient and the incidence of fungal vaginitis. Relationship between recent use of antibiotics and infection was statistically evident. The sensitivity of the rapid test device for the diagnosis of VVC was 87.9 % versus direct microscopical examination which has 64.5%sensitivity. We conclude that the rapid test device provided a rapid and better results than conventional microscopy and culture for the diagnosis of VVC. This easy-to-perform diagnostic test will be useful to practitioners treating women with symptoms of fungal vaginitis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study revealed that there are effects of age and sex on isolation rate and the results indicated that percentage of P.gingivalis was detected in 20-30 years old and males were more infected than females.
Abstract: The study aimed to detect P. gingivalis from 49 patients with periodontitis at different ages and both sexes, after determination of pocket depth, types of infection whether chronic or progressive by dentists. Routine culture method was done using selective media and anaerobic condition and compared with species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. DNA was extracted from samples and its concentration and purity were determined. The results showed domination of chronic infections and the pocket depths ranged between 3-9mm, as well as the results revealed that isolation percent of P.gingivalis by PCR was more higher than culture method, it was 65.3% and 28.5% respectively. The results also showed that phenol-chloroform was the efficient method for DNA extraction comparing with other methods. The study revealed that there are effects of age and sex on isolation rate and the results indicated that percentage of P.gingivalis was detected in 20-30 years old and males were more infected than females.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two novel aroylhydrazonemonoxime ligands and their metal (II) complexes of [Co II,Ni II,Cu II,Zn II,Cd II ] were synthesized.
Abstract: Two novel aroylhydrazonemonoxime ligands and their metal (II) complexes of [Co II ,Ni II ,Cu II ,Zn II ,Cd II ] were synthesized. These ligands are Diacetylmonoxime-4nitrobenzoylhydrazone (L1H2), Diacetylmonoxime-4-hydroxybenzoylhydrazone (L2H2). The synthesized 4-hydroxybenzoyl hydrazide and 4-nitrobenzoylhydrazide were reacted with diacetyl monoxime to obtain the (L1H2, L2H2) ligands. Mononuclear complexes of these ligands of the type [M(LnH)2] where (M- = Co II ,Ni II ,Cu II ,Zn II ,Cd II ; n =1,2) with metal:ligand molar ratio of (1:2) were prepared in the presence of Et3N . The metal ions complexes [M(LnH)2] are proposed to be six-coordinated with a N4O2 donor environment. Each ligand is coordinated through the oxime nitrogen, the imine nitrogen and the enolic oxygen atoms while the phenolic hydroxyl and oxime hydroxyl groups of aroylhydrazonemonoxime moiety do not participate in coordination. The structures of the complexes were suggested on the basis of 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis (CHN), magnetic susceptibility measurements and U.V.–visible spectroscopy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rate of reaction between Schiff bases (N-Benzylidene-4-Picolyamine) and its derivatives with Chalcone(2-benzylidine-1-tetralone) to form spiropyrrolidine have been studied in this article.
Abstract: The rate of reaction between Schiff bases (N-Benzylidene-4-Picolyamine) and its derivatives with Chalcone(2-benzylidine-1-tetralone) to form spiropyrrolidine have been studied in DMF. This study occurred in two steps: The first step involved following the formation of intermediate by Fluorescence. The study indicated a pseudo first order dependence with rates 3,4-Dimethoxy> p-OCH3 > p-CH3 > H > P-Cl > P-NO2 at any temperature (298-318 K). The effect of substituents on the rate showed that electronic factors, inductive, conjugative and steric factors play reasonable role on the stability of the intermediates. The second step involved the disappearance of intermediate (cyclization process) to form the final product (spiropyrrolidine). This step was followed by UV technique and indicated a first order dependence with rates P-NO2 > p-Cl > H > p-CH3 > pOCH3 > 3,4-Dimethoxy. A suitable mechanism for this type of reaction, which is consistent with the results, has been postulated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the distributions of the density and mass of spiral galaxies have been derived for three different orientations of rotation curves with a turn over radius (rt), and the central region of the galaxy is found to rotate as a rigid body with a constant density and with a central mass as a function of r 3.
Abstract: Expressions for the distributions of the density and mass of spiral galaxies have been derived for three different orientations of rotation curves with a turn over radius (rt). The central region of the galaxy is found to rotate as a rigid body with a constant density and with a central mass as a function of r 3 . The density of the outer regions (r > rt) is found to vary inversely with the radius (r), and the corresponding mass is found to be a function of r 2 .


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a colloid hydrogel spherical core of alginate-chitosan capsules which is used to surround a bovine serum albumin was prepared using coacervation method.
Abstract: Colloid hydrogel spherical core of alginate-chitosan capsules which is used to surround a bovine serum albumin were prepared using coacervation method. The effective physical parameters on porosity or permeability of chitosan-alginate polyions membrane were determined by the manipulation of solution conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and polymer concentration of chitosan. Different pH (3.9, 4.9, 5.9) and different concentrations of chitosan (0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g) as well as with and without NaCl (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 %) were used to study the release of bovine serum albumin (BSA, molecular weight= 69,000) in vitro from the capsule prepared from alginate-chitosan blended polymer. The overall diffusion of BSA through the chitosan capsule membrane increased as the pH increased from 3.9 to 5.9. Also, an increase in the concentration of NaCl in the chitosan solution used in the preparation of capsule caused an increase in the diffusion of the protein. In contrast, an increase in the concentration of chitosan solution from 0.1g to 0.3g caused a decrease in diffusion of the proteins.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the pesticide Deltamethrine on plant cell growth, by using Nigella sativa L. tissue cultures, and found that the lower conc.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the pesticide Deltamethrine on plant cell growth, by using Nigella sativa L. tissue cultures. Different concentrations of the pesticide were used ranged between 0.01-4.0%. Results showed that the lower conc. 0.01-0.05% did not inhibit callus growth, but they enhanced the growth to yield 8.44, 11.47 and 12.89 g of callus fresh weight compared with 6.12 g for MSt. the conc. of 0.1-1.0% also enhanced callus growth but to lower level. Whereas 2.0 and 4.0% of the pesticide were growth inhibitors. Protein determination showed the same trend as with the fresh weight.