Showing papers in "Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology in 1982"

TL;DR: Artificially sweetened carbonated beverages contributed the greatest number of milligrams of saccharin to total intake while tea, followed by carbonated beverage made the most significant impact on caffeine consumption.

TL;DR: The mechanisms of oxygen toxicity and chemical-mediated oxygen toxicity are discussed, with particular reference to the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system and its role in the detoxication and activation of environmental chemicals.

TL;DR: The elderly use a significant share of nonprescription medications, and age-related changes in drug tolerance are extremely variable among subgroups in the general population due to hereditary factors, nutritional state, and general health status.

TL;DR: The report makes a number of recommendations that call for measures to be taken to reduce the emissions of cadmium because there is a relatively low safety margin in the ecosystems and in food consumed by the general population.

TL;DR: The increasing use of azide and proportionally increasing occupational and accidental exposure in the future warrants the undertaking of chronic exposure studies, which hopefully will result in more explicit guidelines for human protection.

TL;DR: A brief analysis of the qualitative relationship between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity (DNA-damaging activity), based on chemicals which are known to be or suspected of being carcinogenic to humans and/or to experimental animals is presented.

TL;DR: This review discusses current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of environmental pollutants on wild vertebrates and attempts to assess the significance of pollutants in the light of this knowledge.

TL;DR: Within 18 months of the discovery of the problem, malt beverages were consistently below regulatory action levels set at the limits of sensitivity of accepted analytical procedures.

TL;DR: There are some flaws in the reports which suggest an association between an excess incidence of leukemia in workers and exposure to low levels of benzene, and the reported effects or responses to an at-times-broad range of concentrations to which the subjects had been exposed are probably justified.

TL;DR: Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in rats and in workers exposed to benzene and a negative relationship between LAP activity and white blood cell (WBC) level was found.

TL;DR: All the PCB substitutes appear to be acceptable from an environmental toxicology standpoint, however, the di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate/trichlorobenzene mixture appears to have a greater potential for significant environmental impact than the other fluids currently available.

TL;DR: Metabolism studies to determine what drug-derived residues may be present in the tissues of food-producing animals at a particular withdrawal time as well as comparative metabolism Studies to determine the appropriateness of the laboratory animal as a test species are discussed in terms of the procedures used for the human safety assessment of animal drugs.

TL;DR: If tumors are produced only at the site of injection and humans are exposed to the substance tested only by inhalation, ingestion, or absorption through the skin, the substance should be tested by other routes of administration before assessing the carcinogenic risk it may present to man.

TL;DR: Data in the literature indicate that animal skin painting tests, performed according to current protocols, cannot be conclusively relied upon to determine the potential carcinogenicity of applied chemicals.

TL;DR: The unwarranted inflexibility of the Delaney clause must be modified to permit discrimination among so-called “carcinogens” relative to their type and potency and hence the potential human risk involved.

TL;DR: Current knowledge about basic immunology is provided followed by examples of the application of immunology to clinical problems and a review of current practices and the future horizons in immunotoxicology are reviewed.

TL;DR: There is a shortage of laboratories capable of executing rather complex tests such as long- or medium-term toxicity and ecotoxicity, whereas more traditional and less time-consuming studies pose no problems, which should stimulate laboratories to adapt their expertise and facilities where necessary.

TL;DR: If results from animal studies have shown that no risk exists, investigations of mutagenic activity are not likely to provide any relevant information and used as a screen, mutagenicity testing has value but is of uncertain predictability as to toxicity in whole animals.

TL;DR: A unique peer review program for Federal agencies has been operating since 1962 to provide opinions of leading investigators for sponsors in various fields of the life sciences to develop decisions for appropriate actions on the health aspects of these food ingredients.

TL;DR: An analysis of the cultural values of modern society suggests the desire for an abundant nutritious food supply in all seasons, but at the same time causes increasing concern about the safety of food ingredients.

TL;DR: The analysis of the evaluation process showed that this may be considered as a relation between the set of test data and a target set, that of the danger classes, and it can be shown that algorithms which would map the data directly onto thedanger classes like a functional coordination are excluded.