Showing papers in "Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology in 1987"

TL;DR: The health risks to Canadians due to the presence of zearalenone in food products have been evaluated and important differences in the biotransformation ofZearalinone were noted, with greater amounts of alpha-zearAlenol, the more estrogenic metabolite, formed in man and the pig compared to rodents.

TL;DR: The present assessment concludes that the maximum contaminant level of 45 ppm nitrate ion, or 10 ppm nitrates and nitrite-nitrogen, adequately protects the very young from nitrate-induced toxicity, both pre- and postnatally.

TL;DR: A number of major FDA, EPA, and OSHA decisions regarding significant carcinogenic risks are reviewed and several problems that need to be explored more fully to ensure that both the qualitative and quantitative features of a risk assessment are considered in the determination of risk significance are identified.

TL;DR: This paper critically reviews the TCDD bacterial, animal, and human data on mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and tumor promotion and concludes that the scientific evidence does not support risk estimations which are based on T CDD as a tumor initiator.

TL;DR: This article focuses on the use of LD50 data to derive provisional ADIs, and it suggests multiplying oral LD50 values by a factor in the range of 5 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10 (-5) day-1 to convert them to such ADIs.

TL;DR: A review of the history of the evolution of the science of toxicology from the original concepts of Paracelsus through the early development of analytical chemistry and its contributions to the detection of toxic substances in foods and drugs as these have led to modern regulatory rules for public protection is presented.

TL;DR: Solvents belonging to different chemical families were tested for their irritating properties to the skin and on the basis of the structure-activity relationships found within each chemical family the irritation potential of the other members of the family could be derived via interpolation.

TL;DR: An ecotoxicological difference exists between acrylates and methacrylate monomers and regulatory activities and scientific study should reflect this difference.

TL;DR: Life expectancy is steadily increasing in the United States and most industrialized countries (except for the USSR, where male life expectancy has fallen to 62 years).

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that safety concerns for (noncarcinogenic) toxic effects for these substances can seldom be expected a priori if they disappear into the U.S. food supply at levels of less than about 100,000 pounds annually.

TL;DR: The role of metabolism should be considered during the testing of potential developmental toxicants, including activation and/or detoxification, for the majority of the toxicants examined.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the proposed German revised classification scheme is more in line with the UN transport criteria and international guidelines and provides a rational basis for a classification scheme for inhalation toxicity.

TL;DR: A set of working criteria offering consistent guidance for identifying and classifying carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens is put forth, serving as a consistent and harmonized basis upon which chronic health hazards are classified and identified for health protection purposes.

TL;DR: It has recently been suggested that the incidence of spontaneous degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cataract, and rheumatoid arthritis, may also be exacerbated by exposure to certain toxic chemicals.

TL;DR: It is suggested that despite limitations on available data, a two- to threefold adjustment of dose when extrapolating from small laboratory animals to humans, for quantitative risk assessment, should be considered, unless solubility half-times are very short.

TL;DR: It is reasonable to accept that not all substances (including primary chemical carcinogens) that are found to enhance carcinogens in animals are necessarily carcinogenic to humans under conditions of usual human exposure.

TL;DR: It is recommended that much attention must be given to dose selection and that emphasis must be placed upon elucidating the nature of the stimuli the test substance provides to the animal.

TL;DR: A framework for developing parsimonious batteries of rapid, inexpensive biological assays which provide quantifiable estimates of human risk is suggested and allows immediate evaluation of hazardous wastes and identifies important problems to provide focus for basic research.

TL;DR: The value of numbers in providing a measure of the hazard in a wider perspective is stressed, although they can never be the sole determinant of public policy.

TL;DR: A discussion of the legal process that resolves disputes involving the questions of causation of exposure to chemical substances is presented and ways are offered for scientists to influence future chemical exposure litigation.

TL;DR: It is concluded that a daily intake of 1.50 X 10(-4) micrograms PCDF/kg body mass (150 pg/kg/day) would cause no adverse effects and would represent a health-conservative basis for environmental standards.

TL;DR: The design and interpretation of rodent bioassays evoke strong emotional responses in many areas and it is suggested that interested parties engage in a scientific debate on some of the more important issues in the appropriate journals with the purpose of seeking consensus whenever that may be found.

TL;DR: The pancreatic cancer mortality data from 1970 to 1978 for whites in the United States were analyzed and the current trend of the disease was determined to have leveled off, while the age-adjusted rates for white males appear to have started to decline slightly.

TL;DR: Advice was based mainly on human data from epidemiological studies of workers occupationally exposed to VC, which concluded that continuous exposure to 0.001 mg/m3 VC corresponds to an additional cancer mortality risk of 10(-6) per lifetime.

TL;DR: It is concluded that with rare exceptions a proper public policy for risk evaluations is far from implementation.

TL;DR: Through the combined evaluation of the results of analyses with three pairs out of the three variables, the absence of a chemical in the environment at an analytically meaningful level can be predicted with a success rate of 94.4%.

TL;DR: This mode of systematic and objective assessment should allow one to achieve a consistent case-by-case recording of data in occupational as well as human toxicology in general, to stimulate the search for lacking information, to use a common language for all those recording and reporting such data, and to improve the reliability and usefulness of published reports.