Showing papers in "Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology in 1991"

TL;DR: Risks based on feeding, inhalation, and intratracheal administration of benzo[a]pyrene show fairly good concordance and it is thought that longer term exposures of animals to benzo,[a] pyrene are necessary to provide the data needed for more refined carcinogenic risk estimations.

TL;DR: A set of multipathway, multimedia models for estimating potential human exposure to environmental contaminants and applies them to soil-based contamination of multiple environmental media by arsenic, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and trinitrotoluene (TNT).

TL;DR: The three major lines of evidence supporting the human safety of d-limonene are the male rat specificity of the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the pivotal role that alpha 2u-globulin plays in the toxicity, as evidenced by the complete lack of toxicity in other species despite the presence of structurally similar proteins.

TL;DR: Toxicology has reached a satisfactory level of performance in identifying toxicity in animals, and experimental techniques are now available to characterize the toxicological potential of chemical substances in great detail.

TL;DR: Four major studies have attempted to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the extent of soil ingestion in children using the soil tracer methodology, and it is concluded that the Binder et al. (1986, Arch. Environ. Health 41, 341-345) and Van Wijnen et al (1990, environ. Res. 51, 147-162) studies provide no convincing evidence to support qualitative and quantitative estimates of soil ingested.

TL;DR: Natural furocoumarins, some of which are carcinogenic, are widespread components of the diet which are frequently consumed and further research is needed to assess their health risk.

TL;DR: A safety evaluation was conducted to affirm, based upon scientific procedures, the generally recognized as safe ("GRAS") status of 4-hexylresorcinol for proposed use, and it is demonstrated that 4- hexylresOrcinol presents no risk of toxicity at the levels proposed for treatment of shrimp.

TL;DR: The model is derived from data assessing soil recovery efficiencies in adults using eight different predictive tracer elements and constitutes a methodology for determining minimum detection levels of soil ingestion and hence have important regulatory significance.

TL;DR: The literature yields a coherent and credible range of dose estimates, but the ratios of incremental lifetime cancer risk from inhalation of chloroform to risk from ingestion are much larger than the corresponding ratios for dose.

TL;DR: It is concluded that field trials of Endod in schistosomiasis control are now justifiable and environmental fate and additional local ecotoxicity tests are recommended for nontarget aquatic organisms present in the endemic situations of field trials.

TL;DR: The average person exposed to ETS would retain an annual dose analogous to the active MSS smoking of considerably less than one cigarette dispersed over a 1-year period, while consistent epidemiologic data indicate that active smoking of some 4-5 cigarettes per day may not be associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer.

TL;DR: The results of this analysis suggest that only extreme levels of contaminants in breast milk represent more of a hazard than failure to breast feed, but clinical considerations in individual cases might override this conclusion.

TL;DR: The review describes the evolution of the process of GRAS evaluation of flavoring substances by the Expert Panel of FEMA during the past 30 years, noting that these materials possess prominent olfactory and gustatory effects and, therefore, are added to foods in very small quantities.

TL;DR: It was highly unlikely (if not impossible) for a person to become dermally sensitized to Cr(VI) or Cr(III) at the soil concentrations found in most areas in Hudson County, and a much higher concentration in soil would be necessary to elicit dermatitis.

TL;DR: Asbestos-in-air concentrations were not significantly different in different types of schools (high, intermediate or elementary) or in schools constructed in different time periods, and there was no correlation between the mineral type of asbestos found in the air and the type found in samples of bulk material.

TL;DR: A threshold for mesothelioma for the major asbestos fiber types becomes not only plausible but also very likely in view of the existence of a distinct background incidence of spontaneously occurring and non-asbestos-related mesoteliomas.

TL;DR: Ennever et al. as discussed by the authors performed quantitative comparisons of the rodent and human carcinogenic potencies for these same chemicals and found that the human evidence is consistent with the predictions based on the rodent bioassay results.

TL;DR: Evidence is presented showing that mesotheliomas can have causes other than exposure to asbestos dust, in both experimental animals and humans.

TL;DR: Mechanisms attributable to high dose toxicity occasioned by misuse of the maximum tolerated dose concept, imbalancing of homeostasis, unphysiological conditions, and induced cellular proliferation are reviewed.

TL;DR: Mammalian gene mutation assays, when conducted within their limitations, are concluded to be valuable in safety evaluation, providing results complementary to the Ames test and cytogenetic assays.

TL;DR: The validity of using the maximum tolerated dose in animal bioassays to evaluate risk for human cancer is questioned and a minimally toxic dose is defined and suggested to avoid specific tissue toxicity detected by clinical or pathology examination in animals subchronically exposed to the test compound for 90 days.

TL;DR: A first-cut analysis of the level of conservatism of the current MEI approach relative to a central estimate of exposure of the most exposed population around a source is described.

TL;DR: The paper presents the most important points of the discussion, recommendations, and conclusions of a workshop on harmonization of criteria documents (CDs) for standard setting in occupational health, with emphasis on standardSetting in the European Community (EC).

TL;DR: It is suggested that the present IARC evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of insulation wools should be revised to Category 3: not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans.

TL;DR: Some recent court decisions have begun to recognize difficulties with a body of precedent, and this may result in future rulings influenced more by objective appraisals than by reliance upon official but contingent assumptions.

TL;DR: The primary objective of a standard setting process is to arrive at a drinking water concentration at which exposure to a contaminant would result in no known or potential adverse health effect on human health.

TL;DR: Cancer risk assessment is governed by arbitrary policy assumptions and procedures improperly disguised as scientific and is designed to overestimate risk, which may adversely affect standards of living and the very health and longevity that regulation is presumed to safeguard.

TL;DR: A decision model for the selection, evaluation, and validation of a biomarker of exposure is described, which may potentially be used to identify and quantitate directly exposure to hazardous substances.

TL;DR: The TCDD serum levels of the Seveso, Italy, residents and of the NIOSH Dioxin Registry participants indicate that these populations hold the best promise for future assessment of the human carcinogenic risk of dioxin.