Showing papers in "Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology in 1992"

TL;DR: This paper evaluates several approaches to allow the relative potency of the different PAHs to be considered in a site-specific risk assessment and presents a modified version that it feels more accurately reflects the state of knowledge on the Relative potency of these compounds.

TL;DR: Using Weibull models, the impact of the shape of the underlying dose-response curve on the distribution of the NOAEL is investigated and it is shown that average risk levels associated with the NoAEL may be substantial.

TL;DR: If a protein itself is intended for commercial use as an active pesticide ingredient, acute exposure studies and in vitro digestibility studies could be done to answer potential concerns regarding toxicity.

TL;DR: A provisional tolerable total dietary intake was derived by applying a factor of 10 to obtain an exposure level that would include some margin of safety in adults.

TL;DR: The nightly production and secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland, an endocrine organ near the anatomical center of the brain, provides important time-of-day and time- of-year information to the remainder of the body.

TL;DR: Using case studies for contamination of groundwater in California with tetrachloroethylene (PCE), the combined uncertainty in exposure and dose-response models is characterized and three key issues are addressed.

TL;DR: The primary conclusions reached were the following: -All fiber types capable of depositing in the thorax are not alike in their pathogenic potential, and the rat is the most appropriate species for inhalation studies.

TL;DR: This review is intended to serve as a practical guide to the standard-setting process and encompasses the evaluation of data, the different methods used for calculating limits, and the application of these limits to the workplace.

TL;DR: It is apparent that there are data inconsistent with the hypothesis linking these occurrences, and alternative mechanisms of renal toxicity and carcinogenicity are plausible, so future research aimed at resolving issues raised should help determine whether or not the association between alpha 2u-globulin nephropathy and renal carcinogenesis represents a cause-and-effect relationship.

TL;DR: These results provide substantive verification of the findings of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public building study which found very low ambient concentrations of asbestos fibers in buildings with ACM, irrespective of the condition of the material in the buildings.

TL;DR: An independent review of the liver slides from the Dow TCDD study indicated a trend in tumor incidence similar to that published in 1978 but with a lower incidence of tumors in the middle and high dose females.

TL;DR: Bioassay data from Teratology, Vol.

TL;DR: This paper represents the first quantitative attempt to distinguish the amount of outdoor soil ingestion from indoor dust ingestion in a soil pica child and it is estimated that the predominant proportion of the fecal tracers were from outdoor soil and not indoor dust origin.

TL;DR: It is recommended that the UF for animal-to-human extrapolation for noncarcinogens in the risk assessment process and the technique for dose normalization be considered distinctly.

TL;DR: It is concluded that pesticide tolerances are not relevant as safety standards, based upon the findings that theoretical exposures to legal levels of pesticides in the diet may pose greater than negligible risks, while exposures to most illegal residues are of no apparent toxicological significance.

TL;DR: An evaluation procedure is proposed that recognizes the benefits to be derived from the test material, uses a structured approach to obtain animal and human nutritional and toxicological data that are critically evaluated and that provide a basis for further testing, and encourages consultation with the regulatory agency (FDA).

TL;DR: In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a "draft" assessment of ETS and lung cancer in adults and respiratory disorders in children, which recommended that ETS be classified as a "Group A (known human) carcinogen."

TL;DR: Recent research indicates that the urothelium in male rats is damaged under conditions of high urinary pH and sodium levels by a mechanism that involves alpha 2u-globulin and possibly silicate crystalluria.

TL;DR: Model predictions show that the amounts of hydroquinone, catechol, and muconaldehyde formed in the body following a peak exposure to 32 ppm of benzene over 15 min are on average 20% higher than those formed following an equivalent dose of 1 ppm over an 8-hr period.

TL;DR: There is no evidence at present that formaldehyde causes immunological diseases, and current understanding of the detrimental effects of formaldehyde on the authors' health, or lack thereof is attempted.

TL;DR: A new design for acute inhalation toxicity testing was evaluated and compared with results obtained according to OECD guideline 403, with the potential of decreasing the number of animals used when regulations require acute toxicity data for different periods of exposure.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the most cost-effective and efficient way to quickly regulate contaminated soil is to establish "safe" concentrations for each chemical for the seven most common exposure scenarios.

TL;DR: Development of methods to estimate historical workplace exposure intensities from surrogate industrial hygiene variables should receive high research priority, since they have the potential to increase the usefulness in QRA of many epidemiologic studies that have limited exposure information.

TL;DR: Animal studies of both ortho-toluidine and its possible confounders in these epidemiological investigations further confirm the hypothesis that ortho/tolUIDine is a human bladder carcinogen.

TL;DR: A method is presented by which blood lead concentrations can be estimated from environmental concentrations using a multipathway analysis using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Lead Biokinetic/Uptake model.

TL;DR: This paper provides a classification scheme with CAS numbers and reviews the mammalian toxicology of the most common glycidyloxy derivatives used in epoxy resin systems based on both published and proprietary information to facilitate a clearer understanding of the potential health effects.

TL;DR: An International Expert Panel on Carcinogen Risk Assessment is convened to address the issues of biologic mechanisms of cancer causation and standardized models that give linear dose-response at low doses without a threshold are used for predicting human cancer risk from animal studies.

TL;DR: A better understanding of the etiology and biological relevance of the embryo/fetal deviations often seen in developmental toxicology studies might help to avoid the sometimes unjustified withholding of potentially useful drugs and chemicals from the marketplace.

TL;DR: This paper reviews the current scientific knowledge concerning the application of properly designed pharmacokinetic studies to the evaluation of the safety of food and color additives and provides examples of such applications.