Showing papers in "Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology in 1996"

TL;DR: An updated overview and evaluation of the available information on the same health effects of nitrate and nitrite with an emphasis on data not included in the previous review is presented, which should be used as a compendium to this report.

TL;DR: The results of this review support the use of data-derived uncertainty factors when appropriate scientific data are available and incorporation of all available scientific data into the risk assessment process fosters increased research and ultimately reduces uncertainty.

TL;DR: The authors demonstrate that the most prevalent types of cyanide compounds found at former MGP sites are the relatively nontoxic iron-complexed forms, such as ferric ferrocyanide, rather than the highly toxic free cyanide forms.

TL;DR: Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol that soft drinks, chewing gum, jellies, jams, and yogurt has a sweetness 60 to 80% that of sucrose and is intended to be used in the same manner wine, sake, beer, mushroom, watermelon, pear, grape, as existing polyol food ingredients.

TL;DR: There are questions concerning the effectiveness of intervention measures currently being used in the rehabilitation of seabirds, as both oil and handling will induce immunosuppressive mechanisms that ultimately predispose birds to infections and immune-mediated diseases, as well as reproductive, behavioral, and other problems.

TL;DR: The current technological capabilities for detection of DNA adducts exceed the ability to define the biological significance of adductS as it relates to toxicity or health outcome, and an Expert Panel concluded that human DNAAdduct data have utility in several aspects of risk assessment.

TL;DR: These guidelines were developed by the Safety Committee of the International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council and represent a new, scientifically based approach to establishing conditions for the safe use of proposed pharmaceutical excipients utilizing various routes of human exposure.

TL;DR: With a subset of 37 pesticides of varying structures but heavily weighted to cholinesterase inhibitors, it is found that the appropriate scaling factor in birds is usually higher than 1 and can be as high as 1.55.

TL;DR: MCS patients respond to challenge with 2-prop with changes of chemosensory perception which might increase their susceptibility to environmentally volatile chemicals, and changes in the pattern of event-related potentials are interpreted as a change of the orientation of cortical generators.

TL;DR: The NOAelsubacute was found to be a better predictor of the NOAELchronic than the LD50 and the added value of an LD50 in estimating a NOAelschronic appeared to be limited when a NoAELsubcute was available.

TL;DR: It was concluded that epidemiologic data did not provide any evidence for a causal relationship between silicone breast implants and connective tissue diseases.

TL;DR: The findings are of significance since they identify an important potential cause of intertracer variability in soil ingestion estimates, establish a new criterion for soil tracer selection, and develop a method for not only providing improved soil ingestion Estimates but also determining the particle size of the ingested soil.

TL;DR: It is likely that arsenic indirectly induces genetic damage with a sub linear dose response in humans, thus providing a biological basis for a sublinear dose-response relationship for human cancer, and linear dose- response modeling from populations experiencing high arsenic exposures is likely to overpredict cancer risks at relatively low arsenic levels.

TL;DR: In view of the fact that the tumorigenic effects of chlorothalonil are mediated through a well-understood, nongenotoxic, threshold-based mechanism of little or no relevance to humans, chlorothsalonil should be a prime candidate for re-review under EPA's new risk assessment guidelines.

TL;DR: The results of the present study demonstrate that the repeated ingestion of erythritol at daily doses of 1 g/kg body wt was well tolerated by humans.

TL;DR: It is indicated that erythritol was readily absorbed following oral administration and was excreted unchanged in the urine and was available for colonic fermentation and potential production of short-chain fatty acids.

TL;DR: A new approach at more fully and explicitly defining the PHC composition of samples and predicting human noncancer health risks from those exposures has been developed, which can be used to perform site-specific risk assessments or to develop health-based cleanup standards for petroleum hydrocarbons.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that ingestion of erythritol at doses of up to 0.8 g/kg body wt does not alter plasma or urine osmolarity or electrolyte balance and is well tolerated by the digestive tract.

TL;DR: The F-344 rat retains greater amounts of MHC in target tissues compared to other rat strains and dogs and appears to be more sensitive immunologically to MHC than other species, including humans.

TL;DR: This paper is an overview on the chemical and biochemical effects of three different human carcinogens on DNA in vitro in terms of adducts, their effect on replication, in vitro and in vivo, and their repair by enzymes from human cells.

TL;DR: The single dose study suggests that erythritol exerts no significant effects on the metabolism of diabetic patients and two-week daily administration of erystritol had no adverse effect on blood glucose control.

TL;DR: In this paper, an approach that recognizes the unique nature of macronutrient substitutes and includes the use ofin vitro,whole-animal, and human studies and nutritional, physiological, and toxicological end points is proposed.

TL;DR: The general consensus of the expert panel is that chronic inhalation studies of fibers in the rat are the most appropriate tests for predicting inhalation hazard and risk of fibers to humans.

TL;DR: This model permits hypothesis-driven research on MCS and has major implications for interpretation of apparently positive and negative tests for "true" as opposed to "perceived" sensitivity to low levels of environmental chemicals.

TL;DR: The purpose of the New Jersey Center for Environmental Hazards Research is to define the illness referred to as Persian Gulf Syndrome (PGS), preliminary data indicated that more than half of the Persian Gulf Registry (PGR) veterans reported illness characterized by severe fatigue and symptoms consistent with chemical sensitivities.

TL;DR: This analysis highlighted the strengths of the BMD approach in the presence of adequate dose- response data, but it also suggested that guidance is required for addressing inadequate dose-response data.

TL;DR: The LVET is at least as reproducible as the Draize test and gives responses that are (linearly) correlated to the Draizing, and lends additional support for its use as a refined alternative to the draize test.