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Showing papers in "Relaciones Internacionales in 2016"


Journal Article
Robert W. Cox1
TL;DR: Cox as mentioned in this paper discusses various gramscian concepts and what their implications are for the study of different historical forms of hegemony and counter-hegemony, and suggests that these could have a revolutionary effect on international structures and organizations, as well as rupture with the hegemony performed by the transnational economic order.
Abstract: Este articulo es, a dia de hoy, una de las piezas clasicas y fundamentales para la posibilidad de estudiar las relaciones globales de poder a partir de las herramientas conceptuales desarrolladas por Gramsci a lo largo de su obra. Cox, contribuye de esta forma a las corrientes criticas de las Relaciones Internacionales al discutir varios conceptos gramscianos y cuales serian las implicaciones para estudiar las relaciones internacionales en distintos periodos de hegemonia y contrahegemonia. De igual forma, el autor planteo la cuestion –en su momento novedosa– de la relevancia de tomar en cuenta los procesos internos de construccion de bloques historicos contrahegemonicos como aquellos que podrian tener un efecto revolucionario en las estructuras y organizaciones internacionales, asi como ruptura con la hegemonia plasmada como una clase perteneciente a un orden economico universal transnacional. This article is a classic and fundamental for approaching global power relations with the conceptual tools developed by Gramsci. Cox contributes to critical thought in International Relations by discussing various gramscian concepts and what their implications are for the study of different historical forms of hegemony and counter-hegemony. Also, the author draws our attention –novel at the time of its publicaction– to the relevance of taking into account the construction of domestic counter-hegemonic historic blocs. He suggests that these could have a revolutionary effect on international structures and organizations, as well as rupture with the hegemony performed by the transnational economic order.

1,081 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In 1992, Canela de los presidents de los paises del cono sur previa a la conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el medio ambiente y el desarrollo as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Declaracion de Canela de los presidentes de los paises del cono sur previa a la conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el medio ambiente y el desarrollo. Canela, Brasil, 20 de febrero de 1992

10 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: This article argued that the end of cheap nature is best understood as the exhaustion of the value-relations that have periodically restored the four Cheaps: labor-power, food, energy, and raw materials.
Abstract: Does capitalism today face the “end of cheap nature”? If so, what could this mean, and what are the implications for the future? We are indeed witnessing the end of cheap nature in a historically specific sense. Rather than view the end of cheap nature as the reassertion of external “limits to growth”, I argue that capitalism has today exhausted the historical relation that produced cheap nature. The end of cheap nature is best comprehended as the exhaustion of the value-relations that have periodically restored the “Four Cheaps”: labor-power, food, energy, and raw materials. Crucially, these value-relations are co-produced by and through humans with the rest of nature. The decisive issue therefore turns on the relations that enfold and unfold successive configurations of human and extra-human nature, symbolically enabled and materially enacted, over the longue duree of the modern world-system. Significantly, the appropriation of unpaid work —including “free gifts” of nature— and the exploitation wage-labor form a dialectical unity. The limits to growth faced by capital today are real enough, and are “limits” co-produced through capitalism as world-ecology, joining the accumulation of capital, the pursuit of power, and the co-production of nature as an organic whole. The world-ecological limit of capital is capital itself.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze global capitalism as an ecological project based on the appropriation of human and extra-human natures oriented to support the accumulation process and propose an analysis at a local level to highlight some examples.
Abstract: Through the perspective of world-ecology, one of the most recent approaches in International Relations, we aim to analyze global capitalism as an ecological project based on the appropriation of human and extra-human natures oriented to support the accumulation process. Agriculture, and its labor force, occupy therefore a central role in maintaining the world-system where global chains, international migrations and center-periphery relations contact and show how global processes occur there. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of the current world-system through this innovative approach and then show how its structure and its crisis have articulated a highly internationalized production model whose most significant effect has been the generation of large cheap labor migration across the planet. It is proposed as well, an analysis at a local level to highlight some examples, because the organization of work at this territorial scale is constitutive of the global agricultural production.

9 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the perfil desarrollista de Dilma Rousseff was reforzado and a new dinamica de proceso de toma de decisiones in politica exterior was introduced.
Abstract: El gobierno de Dilma Rousseff heredo de su predecesor, del mismo partido, estrate-gias definidas de politica exterior: la trayectoria propositiva de revision de las institu-ciones internacionales, una actuacion activa en foros multilaterales ubicandose como liderazgo del Sur, y una orientacion proactiva para la dimension sudamericana. El grupo que ocupaba posiciones clave en el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores siguio en los cargos de destaque y el perfil desarrollista fue reforzado. El articulo defiende que, a pesar de las continuidades, el comportamiento brasileno para America del Sur ha experimentado cambio s y una clara reduccion en el activismo regional. Esos cambios sufrieron influencia de la coyuntura internacional y nacional, del perfil de la presiden-ta, de la nueva dinamica de proceso de toma de decisiones en politica exterior y en el aumento de la “politizacion” de la politica exterior.

8 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Busso et al. as mentioned in this paper, Anabella Estela, and Isabelle Estela present the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas and Tecnicas.
Abstract: Fil: Busso, Anabella Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Politica y Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina

8 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In particular, Rusia and Turquia han reflejado las ambiciones de los poderes emergentes, en especial the busqueda de un mayor status in los asuntos internacionales, and the progresiva ampliacion de sus ambitos de influencia en espacios hegemonizados by terceras potencias as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Durante los ultimos anos, la politica mundial ha sido testigo de un desplazamiento dual del eje geoeconomico desde Occidente hacia Oriente, y desde el Norte desarrollado hacia el Sur Global; ademas de sufrir un proceso de cambio sistemico desde la unipolaridad nor-teamericana hacia un mundo mas policentrico y regionalizado. Una serie de poderes emergentes desarrollo esfuerzos internos y externos para incrementar sus capacidades materiales e inmateriales, lo que permitio tener una mayor voz en el plano internacional y ampliar el margen de negociacion frente a los poderes establecidos. Rusia y Turquia han reflejado las ambiciones de los poderes emergentes, en especial la busqueda de un mayor status en los asuntos internacionales, y la progresiva ampliacion de sus ambitos de in-fluencia en espacios hegemonizados por terceras potencias. En este contexto, America Latina ha sido – al mismo tiempo – un actor regional progresivamente autonomo de Esta-dos Unidos, y un receptor de los esfuerzos de los nuevos poderes ascendentes, tanto aquellos con una fuerte tradicion regional como los recien llegados. En este caso, Rusia y Turquia se han destacado por haber llevado adelante, durante la ultima decada y media, una politica exterior activa, pragmatica y asertiva, logrando escalar posiciones a escala regional, ademas de desafiar a las potencias occidentales. Este articulo aborda la cuestion del creciente activismo de las potencias emergentes en America Latina, presentando un analisis de los mecanismos causales que han llevado a Rusia y Turquia a incrementar su presencia en la region durante el periodo 2006-2014.

8 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify and analyze those factors that impacted positively on the realization of the school and, at the same time, establish what are the concomitant processes that act as limits for its consolidation, including multidimensional integration, the construction of a South American identity, and the delegitimization of the hemispheric institutions.
Abstract: espanolEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desandar el proceso de creacion de la Escuela Suramericana de Defensa (ESUDE), inaugurada el pasado 17 de abril en el seno de la Union de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR). Concebida como un paso fundamental para la concrecion de uno de los principales objetivos del Consejo de Defensa Suramericano (CDS) �esto es, la generacion de una identidad sudamericana de defensa� el articulo se propone identificar y analizar aquellos factores que impactaron positivamente en la realizacion de la Escuela y, al mismo tiempo, establecer cuales son los procesos concomitantes que actuan como limites para su consolidacion. Entre los primeros se encuentran la multidimensionalidad de la integracion, la construccion de una identidad sudamericana, y la deslegitimacion del espacio hemisferico. Entre los negativos, el alto grado de autonomia que ostentan las Fuerzas Armadas y las diferencias respecto de lo que cada entiende cada pais por defensa y por seguridad. EnglishThe present work seeks to deconstruct the process of creation of the South American Defense School (ESUDE), inaugurated on April 17 at the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). Conceived as a fundamental step in the materialization of a main goal of the South American Defense Council (CDS) �that is, the generation of a South American defense identity� the article proposes to identify and analyze those factors that impacted positively on the realization of the school and, at the same time, establishing what are the concomitant processes that act as limits for its consolidation. The first includes the multidimensionality of the integration, the construction of a South American identity, and the delegitimization of the hemispheric institutions. Among the negatives, the high degree of autonomy in the armed forces and the differences in the conceptions of defense and security.

7 citations


Journal Article
Robert W. Cox1
TL;DR: Cox as discussed by the authors discusses various gramscian concepts and what their implications are for the study of different historical forms of hegemony and counter-hegemony and draws our attention to the relevance of taking into account the construction of domestic counterhegemonic historic blocs.
Abstract: This article is a classic and fundamental for approaching global power relations with the conceptual tools developed by Gramsci. Cox contributes to critical thought in International Relations by discussing various gramscian concepts and what their implications are for the study of different historical forms of hegemony and counter-hegemony. Also, the author draws our attention –novel at the time of its publicaction– to the relevance of taking into account the construction of domestic counter-hegemonic historic blocs. He suggests that these could have a revolutionary effect on international structures and organizations, as well as rupture with the hegemony performed by the transnational economic order.

6 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the acuerdo de Paris evidences una nueva idea of the arquitectura climatica internacional that reproducian the condiciones of the Sistema Internacional: the estadocentrismo, the brecha Norte-Sur, the confianza en el rol de los mecanismos de mercado, and the liderazgo of the Union Europea in ausencia de Estados Unidos desde Kioto.
Abstract: Este articulo propone un debate desde enfoques teoricos de las Relaciones Internacionales acerca de la arquitectura climatica internacional. Para ello se vale de los aportes del constructivismo, especialmente en la mirada de Alexander Wendt, analizando el proceso de construccion del Acuerdo de Paris como nueva idea. La arquitectura climatica internacional pergenada en Rio de Janeiro y profundizada en Kioto estuvo signada por cuatro logicas que reproducian las condiciones del Sistema Internacional: el estadocentrismo, la brecha climatica Norte-Sur, la confianza en el rol de los mecanismos de mercado y el liderazgo de la Union Europea en ausencia de Estados Unidos desde Kioto. El fracaso de la Conferencia de Copenhague mostro el desgaste de las cuatro logicas como producto de la crisis del liderazgo europeo, la busqueda de protagonismo de Estados Unidos y la emergencia de las potencias medias hibridando la brecha Norte-Sur. El Acuerdo de Paris evidencia una nueva idea de la arquitectura climatica internacional que se manifiesta en la mayor participacion de actores no tradicionales, la extension de los compromisos de mitigacion, la consolidacion de un liderazgo triangular ―Union Europea-Estados Unidos-grupo BASIC― y la interpelacion relativa a los mecanismos de mercado. De este modo, se debate si el Acuerdo puede ser analizado como un primer paso hacia una cultura climatica kantiana pos carbonica

5 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, el contenido que se le dio al proceso de conduccion politica de la Defensa durante los gobiernos de Nestor Kirchner y Cristina Fernandez incidio en la insercion internacional del pais in el ambito estrategico-militar.
Abstract: El articulo analiza en que sentido el contenido que se le dio al proceso de conduccion politica de la Defensa durante los gobiernos de Nestor Kirchner y Cristina Fernandez incidio en la insercion internacional del pais en el ambito estrategico-militar. A tal fin, se realiza una aproximacion tanto al contenido del mencionado proceso como a las principales criticas y dudas que del mismo se derivan. La premisa que se busca sus-tentar indica que si bien el proceso de conduccion politica de la Defensa implico un avance sustantivo en varios aspectos inherentes al sector, el impacto que tuvo en la insercion efectiva del pais fue relativo debido a ciertas inconsistencias ligadas con la puesta en marcha de tal conduccion.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In una perspectiva geopolitica que contemple las representaciones y los juegos depoder expresados by los actores involucrados, buscamos analizar que esta en juegoen los principales proyectos ferroviarios desarrollados as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: La infraestructura ferroviaria ha sido centro de multiples debates politicos desde ladecada de 1930 cuando se inaugura la primera y, hasta hoy unica, conexion entre Argentina yBrasil. Desde una perspectiva geopolitica que contemple las representaciones y los juegos depoder expresados por los actores involucrados –Estados nacionales, Estados locales,organismos regionales y empresas privadas y publicas- buscamos analizar que esta en juegoen los principales proyectos ferroviarios desarrollados –se hayan

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the two Estados politica y economicamente mas influentes del Mercosur (Argentina and Brazil) and analyze the situacion de sucooperacion energetica, a fin de determinar si existe integracion, difusion o fragmentation depoliticas and normas sobre energia renovable.
Abstract: La integracion ha sido desafiada por las diversas realidades socioeconomicas y lasvariadas percepciones politicas de los Estados miembros de los bloques regionales. En ese sentido,el Mercosur ha sido considerado como un ejemplo de organizacion regional fragmentada y pocoeficiente. En el campo de la energia, considerado fundamental para el crecimiento economico y eldesarrollo social, los acuerdos para coordinar los procesos de integracion han demostrado serparticularmente dificiles de lograr. Por ello, este articulo se focaliza en los dos Estados politica yeconomicamente mas influyentes del Mercosur –Argentina y Brasil – y analiza la situacion de sucooperacion energetica, a fin de determinar si existe integracion, difusion o fragmentacion depoliticas y normas sobre energia renovable.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of the Islamic State is presented, where the goal is to create a state/caliphate through terrorism, the reconfiguration of power relations, first in the area and secondly at the international level, and a different global order.
Abstract: The goal of this article is to reflect on what kind of political violence is defined as “terrorism” and what are the consequences of being defined that way. Considered that this designation carries an assumption of barbarism, irrationality, criminality and craziness, to define an act or an organization this way allows to carry out a depoliticization of this kind of violence and to erase the political content behind it. This process is carried out with “terrorism” because its political goals represent a threat to the “shape” of a society or to the international system and, in general terms, to the current hegemonic order. The theoretical lines draw in the first part of the article will eventually be applied to the case study of the Islamic State. Considering the political goals the organization wants to achieve —the creation of a state/caliphate through terror, the reconfiguration of the power relations, first in the area and secondly at the international level, and a different global order– it can be understood why this represents a threat to the international society of states that, in order to protect their legitimacy and their status quo need to describe it as “terrorist” and, consequently, hide and erase its political claims.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, Martin et al. argue that in the Triangulo Norte de Centroamerica (Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala) no hay Estados colapsados sino estructuras institucionales debiles, cuyos aparatos de seguridad and procuracion de justicia cumplen dos funciones aparentemente contrarias que crean una crisis humanitaria: proteger deficientemente a sus ciudadanos and coadyuvar en la reproduccion
Abstract: En los ultimos anos la violencia criminal en el Triangulo Norte de Centroamerica (Honduras, El Salvador y Guatemala) ha generado desplazamiento forzado de poblacion, tanto interno como transnacional. Segun las definiciones operativas de la comunidad internacional, un Estado colapsado es el origen de una crisis humanitaria en situaciones de conflicto armado. Con base en la definicion academica de Susan Martin et al, el articulo argumenta que en el Triangulo Norte de Centroamerica no hay Estados colapsados sino estructuras institucionales debiles, cuyos aparatos de seguridad y procuracion de justicia cumplen dos funciones aparentemente contrarias que crean una crisis humanitaria: proteger deficientemente a sus ciudadanos y coadyuvar en la reproduccion de las estructuras criminales de la region mediante la corrupcion, impunidad y colusion con estos grupos. Asi se crean “espacios sin gobernar” en donde se ejercen violentamente nuevos tipos de soberania que obligan a miles de personas a huir de sus lugares de origen. A pesar de la evidencia de esta realidad, la legitimidad internacional de la que gozan los Estados de la region oculta el hecho de que la situacion de violencia criminal generalizada crea necesidades humanitarias similares a los contextos operativos que contempla el sistema de Naciones Unidas en sus definiciones de crisis humanitaria dentro de sus conceptos de “complejas emergencias” y “complejas emergencias politicas”.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In el context of La Unasur, el proposito de this trabajo es analizar La relacion entre la cooperación al desarrollo and la seguridad as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: En el contexto de La Unasur, el proposito de este trabajo es analizar La relacion entre la cooperacion al desarrollo y la seguridad. Buscamos entender el significado de cada uno de los tres terminos com los demas y el rol del desarrollo y de la cooperacion para la seguridad regional.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The use of political violence in the Puerto Rican colonial conflict by US and Puerto Rican governments and pro-state organisations has been analyzed in this article. But the analysis of the use of violence is limited.
Abstract: This paper puts forth the concept of colonial state terror as a category for the analysis of the uses of political violence in the Puerto Rican colonial conflict by US and Puerto Rican governments and pro-state organisations. To this end, the paper is divided in three general parts: firstly, it provides an analysis of the legal and political definition of US colonialism through the concept of the colonial state of exception; secondly, it exposes the concept of colonial state terror; and thirdly, it develops a brief history of the uses of colonial state terror in the long history of US colonialism in Puerto Rico. In doing so, this paper seeks to establish a research agenda for the better understanding of the relationship between colonialism, political violence, law and de-politicisation.

Journal Article
Adrian Hänni1
TL;DR: The authors analyzes the emergence of the militarization of U.S. counterterrorism policy, showing that militarization as well as preemption as a doctrine of fighting terrorism originate in the mid-1980s, contrary to the prevailing assumption that the current militaristic counterterrorist approach is both without precedent and largely the result of the 9/11 attacks.
Abstract: Este articulo analiza el proceso de militarizacion de la politica contraterrorista de Estados Unidos, mostrando como esta militarizacion, asi como la doctrina preventiva de lucha contra el terrorismo, surgen a mitad de la decada de los 80, contrariamente a la asuncion dominante de que el actual enfoque contraterrorista militar no tiene precedentes y es resultado de los ataques del 11-S. Realizando un cambio radical en el discurso terrorista a comienzos de 1987, la Administracion Reagan recuperaria la persecucion penal del terrorismo, la cual se mantuvo durante las administraciones de George H.W. Bush y la primera de Clinton. El articulo defiende que las medidas contraterroristas estaban supeditadas a la previa legitimacion de las practicas discursivas productoras de conocimiento (imagenes populares y narrativas miticas sobre el terrorismo) que fueron explotadas como estrategia de poder por el gobierno estadounidense. Por eso, sugiero que las practicas discursivas que construyen el terrorismo, al mismo tiempo que estructuran el potencial campo de accion tanto para los actores politicos como para los servicios de seguridad, y las practicas contraterroristas no discursivas han de considerarse como una entidad analitica conectada por el dispositif* foucaultiano. This article analyzes the emergence of the militarization of U.S. counterterrorism policy, showing that militarization as well as preemption as a doctrine of fighting terrorism originate in the mid-1980s – counter to the prevailing assumption that the current militaristic counterterrorist approach is both without precedent and largely the result of the 9/11 attacks. Following a radical shift in terrorism discourse in early 1987, the Reagan administration suddenly reverted to a law enforcement approach towards terrorism, which was retained by the George H.W. Bush and the first Clinton administration. The article further demonstrates that counterterrorism measures were strongly contingent to preceding and legitimizing discursive practices that produced knowledge, popular images and mythical narratives of terrorism, and were exploited as a power strategy by the U.S. government. I therefore suggest that the discursive practices that construct terrorism, and thereby structure the potential field of action for both policy makers and security services, and the non-discursive counterterrorism practices should be regarded as an analytical entity connected by a Foucauldian dispositif. ** N.d T. Se mantiene el termino dispositif en frances porque asi lo hace el autor.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a process of construcao de uma identidade entre os dois paises tendo como base de analise as acoes de Poli-tica exterior e relacoes civis-militares, com foco na area da Defesa e Seguranca Inter-nacional.
Abstract: Os governos de Luis Inacio Lula da Silva e Nestor Kirchner buscaram promover mu-dancas nas politicas publicas, na forma de insercao internacional e na concepcao de regionalismo. A busca por mudancas ocorreu de forma diferenciada, sendo que o lulismo foi mais conciliatorio, enquanto o kirchnerismo adotou um formato mais confrontativo. Diante disto, o objetivo do artigo e entender o processo de construcao de uma identidade entre os dois paises tendo como base de analise as acoes de Poli-tica Exterior e relacoes civis-militares, com foco na area da Defesa e Seguranca Inter-nacional. Conclui-se que, apesar de convergencias de visoes de mundo, decorrente das mudancas proporcionadas por tais governos, a formacao de uma identidade nesta area avancou, ainda que com baixo aprofundamento,

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and analyze those factors that impacted positively on the realization of the school and, at the same time, establish what are concomitant processes that act as limits for its consolidation.
Abstract: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desandar el proceso de creacion de la Escuela Suramericana de Defensa (ESUDE), inaugurada el pasado 17 de abril en el seno de la Union de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR). Concebida como un paso fundamental para la concrecion de uno de los principales objetivos del Consejo de Defensa Suramericano (CDS) —esto es, la generacion de una identidad sudamericana de defensa— el articulo se propone identificar y analizar aquellos factores que impactaron positivamente en la realizacion de la Escuela y, al mismo tiempo, establecer cuales son los procesos concomitantes que actuan como limites para su consolidacion. Entre los primeros se encuentran la multidimensionalidad de la integracion, la construccion de una identidad sudamericana, y la deslegitimacion del espacio hemisferico. Entre los negativos, el alto grado de autonomia que ostentan las Fuerzas Armadas y las diferencias respecto de lo que entiende cada pais por defensa y por seguridad. The present work seeks to deconstruct the process of creation of the South American Defense School (ESUDE), inaugurated on April 17 at the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). Conceived as a fundamental step in the materialization of a main goal of the South American Defense Council (CDS) —that is, the generation of a South American defense identity— the article proposes to identify and analyze those factors that impacted positively on the realization of the school and, at the same time, establishing what are the concomitant processes that act as limits for its consolidation. The first includes the multidimensionality of the integration, the construction of a South American identity, and the delegitimization of the hemispheric institutions. Among the negatives, the high degree of autonomy in the armed forces and the differences in the conceptions of defense and security.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In a recent articulo as mentioned in this paper, an analisisis de politica exterior enfocado en actores especificos, the articulo relata el primer ano de gobierno de Enrique Pena Nieto en la materia, asi como del titular de la dependencia encargada, la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, analizando la practica diplomatica.
Abstract: Siguiendo un analisis de politica exterior enfocado en actores especificos, el articulo relata el primer ano de gobierno de Enrique Pena Nieto en la materia. Se examinan las acciones del Ejecutivo en la persona del presidente, asi como del titular de la dependencia encargada, la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, analizando la practica diplomatica. Ademas de las acciones concretas en algunas regiones del mundo, se evalua la utilidad de los indicadores para las mediciones del desempeno en la materia, integrados al Plan de Desarrollo Sectorial. Se llega a la conclusion, por un lado, de la poca pertinencia sobre la medicion del desempeno en areas especificas de la politica de Mexico por medio de indicadores. Por otro, se deja claro que si bien se han notado cambios en las formas, el fondo permanece constante. Se subraya la necesidad de avanzar en la aplicacion de la ley y el desarrollo del pais, para que las acciones de politica exterior sean en verdad eficientes y se traduzcan en desarrollo para Mexico.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Mora, Sol Yamila, and Mora as mentioned in this paper presented an analysis of the relationship between social sciences and international relations at the Centro de Estudios en Relaciones Internacionales de Rosario, Argentina.
Abstract: Fil: Mora, Sol Yamila. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Sede Academica Argentina Buenos Aires. Area de Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Politicas y Relaciones Internacionales. Centro de Estudios en Relaciones Internacionales de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina

Journal Article
Adrian Hänni1
TL;DR: The authors analyzes the emergence of the militarization of U.S. counterterrorism policy, showing that militarization as well as preemption as a doctrine of fighting terrorism originate in the mid-1980s, counter to the prevailing assumption that the current militaristic counterterrorist approach is both without precedent and largely the result of the 9/11 attacks.
Abstract: This article analyzes the emergence of the militarization of U.S. counterterrorism policy, showing that militarization as well as preemption as a doctrine of fighting terrorism originate in the mid-1980s – counter to the prevailing assumption that the current militaristic counterterrorist approach is both without precedent and largely the result of the 9/11 attacks. Following a radical shift in terrorism discourse in early 1987, the Reagan administration suddenly reverted to a law enforcement approach towards terrorism, which was retained by the George H.W. Bush and the first Clinton administration. The article further demonstrates that counterterrorism measures were strongly contingent to preceding and legitimizing discursive practices that produced knowledge, popular images and mythical narratives of terrorism, and were exploited as a power strategy by the U.S. government. I therefore suggest that the discursive practices that construct terrorism, and thereby structure the potential field of action for both policy makers and security services, and the non-discursive counterterrorism practices should be regarded as an analytical entity connected by a Foucauldian dispositif. ** N.d T. Se mantiene el termino dispositif en frances porque asi lo hace el autor.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors argue that International Relations as an academic discipline (IR) since 9/11 has become part of a growing preoccupation with "security" and that IR has functioned to place policy-makers and opinion leaders under a "discipline of fear" which is insufficiently recognized, let alone challenged by IR scholars.
Abstract: This paper argues that International Relations as an academic discipline (IR) since 9/11 has become part of a growing preoccupation with ‘security’. This has not always been the case, and still today there are alternative theorisations also within the mainstream of the discipline. The security perspective however was shaped by two particular junctures in which the fear of impending attack on the USA and its allies was articulated at its most dramatic. The first occurred between the original establishment of the discipline in the interwar years and the postwar siege laid on the USSR. Here the role of IR was to define as rational the assumption of a nuclear surprise attack, equating the USSR as a ‘totalitarian’ state similar to the Axis Powers, one of which did attack Pearl Harbour. The second can be traced back to the 1970s when the threat of Third World revolt under the banner of national liberation was re-baptised ‘international terrorism’ at the instigation of the Israeli Far Right and militarists in the US, thus creating a continuity between the supposed Soviet threat and post-Soviet instances of anti-Western revolt. From this the paper concludes that IR has functioned to place policy-makers and opinion leaders under a ‘discipline of fear’ which is insufficiently recognized, let alone challenged by IR scholars.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors present an analisisis de paradigmas and debates en torno a la teoria de las relaciones internacionales actual, i.e., the relationships between countries.
Abstract: El siguiente articulo presenta un analisis de paradigmas y debates en torno a la teoria de las relaciones internacionales actual

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual theoretical analysis of state terrorism in Southern Cone is presented, which is exemplified by the specific case of Operacion Condor, which demonstrates the integration of the dictatorships of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Abstract: During the 1970s, for the first time in the political history of Southern Cone, a supranational integration between the various dictatorships in the region was established. Those dictatorships intensified state repressive action, by operating a counterrevolutionary war machinery of state, with a clear desire to liquidate the opposition that reached its objective through the disappearance of people and the spread of terror. A result of this process was the massive violation of human rights with no national or ideological boundaries. In the social sciences, the conceptualization of state terrorism was used before its conceptual precision allowed uniform criteria. This article contributes with a conceptual theoretical reflection to advance the understanding of the specific mechanisms of emergence, expansion and transnationalization of state terrorism. It is exemplified by the specific study of Operacion Condor, which demonstrates the integration of the dictatorships of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Journal Article
TL;DR: This article present an analisisis acerca de los sistemas de garantias de inversiones that buscan promover la inversion de un flujo continuo de inversions of los paises desarrollados hacia los pais en desarrolo.
Abstract: El siguiente articulo presenta un analisis acerca de los sistemas de garantias de inversiones que buscan promover la inversion de un flujo continuo de inversiones de los paises desarrollados hacia los paises en desarrollo.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison between Mexico, Uruguay, China and Korea Republic (South Korea), specifically how these countries have developed their software sector and the actions taken to participate in the global software market is presented.
Abstract: International Organizations such as OCDE, CEPAL, UN and the IMF have spoken in favor of the development of the Telecommunications (IT) in developing countries to generate economic and social development. Under this trend, the emergence of the concepts of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Society serve to rethink a new kind of society based on the creation of knowledge as the main competitive advantage. The new parameters of development have focused on indicators of access to the Internet, the use of technology in society, high-tech firms and educational institutions. This article is a comparison between Mexico, Uruguay, China and Korea Republic (South Korea), specifically how these countries have developed their software sector and the actions taken to participate in the global software market.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the media discourse surrounding the January 7 2015 events at the offices of the French weekly Charlie Hebdo, showing the bonds among racism, religious racism and terrorism, and graficando las vinculaciones establecidas entre ellos.
Abstract: Foucault define el racismo en el marco de la emergencia de una nueva tecnologia de poder a la que denomina biopolitica, que situa dentro de modo de ejercicio de poder liberal. El filosofo frances se pregunta como un poder que tiene como objetivo hacer vivir puede ejercer el poder soberano de muerte. La respuesta que da es el racismo, no entendido como ideologia o doctrina cientifica, sino como mecanismo que constituye al sujeto exterminable. El racismo foucaultiano aparece vinculado al surgimiento del nacionalismo y su necesidad de homogeneizar el territorio, estableciendo asi una equiparacion entre estado y nacion. En este contexto, en su version universalista, apunta contra aquellos que son presentados como amenaza para dicha unidad asi constituida. En la actualidad, el terrorismo es designado como una de las mayores amenazas que pone en riesgo la seguridad de la humanidad. No obstante, no se trata de cualquier terrorismo, sino particularmente de aquel caracterizado como islamico. De esta manera, el articulo apunta a pensar el racismo religioso y sus posibles vinculaciones con la construccion del denominado terrorismo islamico como la mayor amenaza que enfrenta la humanidad. Con dicho objetivo, trabaja los conceptos de racismo, racismo religioso y terrorismo, graficando las vinculaciones establecidas entre ellos a traves del analisis del discurso mediatico en torno a los sucesos del 7 de enero de 2015 en las oficinas del semanario frances Charlie Hebdo . Foucault defines racism in the frame of the emergency of a new technology of power which he calls biopolitics, included in the liberal mode of exercising power. The French philosopher asks how a power, whose objective is to make life, can exert the sovereign power of death. The answer is racism, not considered as an ideology or a scientific doctrine, but as a mechanism constitutive of the exterminable subject. Foucauldian racism is linked with the emergence of nationalism and its necessity of homogenizing the territory, thus establishing equivalence between state and nation. In this context, it aims towards those constructed as a threat for such a constituted unity. Nowadays, terrorism is described as one of the major threats putting at risk humanity’s safety. Nonetheless, it is not about any terrorism, but about the one characterized as Islamic. This way, the paper aims at reflecting on the religious racism and its possible linkages with the construction of the Islamic terrorist as the major threat faced by the humanity. With that objective, it works on the concepts of racism, religious racism and terrorism, showing the bonds among them through the analysis of the media discourse surrounding the January 7 2015 events at the offices of the French weekly Charlie Hebdo.