Showing papers in "Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology in 2017"
79 citations
TL;DR: This survey is conducted to create awareness among the dental students about the hepatitis-B vaccination to prevent themselves being affected by hepatitis as they are exposed in dental clinic to various sources.
Abstract: Aim and Objective: To analyse the awareness on hepatitis-B vaccination among dental students.
Background: Hepatitis-B is an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis-B Virus(HBV) which affects the liver. In a dental clinic, infections can be transmitted through several ways, including direct or indirect contact with blood, oral fluids, droplet splatter, aerosols, etc. Dental practitioner should receive immunization against hepatitis virus and should use individual protective equipments such as gloves, head caps, masks, etc.
Reason: This survey is conducted to create awareness among the dental students about the hepatitis-B vaccination to prevent themselves being affected by hepatitis as they are exposed in dental clinic to various sources.
46 citations
TL;DR: Assessing the incidence of dental caries and pericoronitis associated with impacted mandibular third molars using radiographs reveals that there is a higher incidence of peric oronitis across the age groups.
Abstract: Background: Impacted teeth are those which fail to erupt in dental arch within the expected time for a variety of reasons. Any tooth in the dental arch may become impacted but the most common are mandibular third molars followed by the mandibular premolars. Mandibular third molars erupt at 17 to 21 years age. The mandibular third molars when impacted may acquire a range of patterns and positions and can lead to diverse pathologies. One such pathology is pericoronitis and dental caries. Pericoronitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory condition presenting with pain, swelling, limited jaw opening and difficulty in swallowing.
Objective: To assess the incidence of dental caries and pericoronitis associated with impacted mandibular third molars using radiographs and look for associations between the angulation of impaction pericoronitis and dental caries.
Materials and methods:
The study was conducted from the archived images exposed between September 2015 – April 2016. The images were from patients who have taken radiographs for impaction.The images were assessed in Planmeca Romexis viewer, Ver 5.0, Planmeca Oy, Finland in the native format. The image data was stored in Microsoft excel 2016, Redmond, WA, USA.
Results:
The study analyzed 273 radiographs from which 236 were picked up for analysis. 37 radiographs were excluded for poor diagnostic quality. For better analysis, the included subjects were classified into three groups of I (16-20 years), II (21-40 years) and III (41-60 years). The group II (21-40 years) showed higher incidence of pericoronitis and dental caries.
Conclusion:
The study done by us on retrospective radiographs reveals that there is a higher incidence of pericoronitis across the age groups.
33 citations
TL;DR: The haemoglobin value in a dental Institution based population and to correlate the alterations in the value among people of various age group, sex and dental diseases among the Indian population is studied.
Abstract: AIM: To study the haemoglobin value in a dental Institution based population and to correlate the alterations in the value among people of various age group, sex and dental diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 130 haemoglobin values were collected from the out patient population of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India for a period of 3months and analysed for the alterations in the value among people of various age group, sex and dental diseases.
BACKGROUND: With increasing age, people tend to develop more systemic diseases and oral health problems. Patients visiting dental clinics may have systemic medical condition and are on medication or without medication. Many of these systemic conditions have manifestations in the oral cavity, among which haemoglobin alterations serves to be the common condition affecting people of all age irrespective of male or female.
REASON: The alterations in the haemoglobin value is considered to be significant in any dental practice. There is little information regarding the relative frequency of these alterations and it's correlation with the age, sex and dental diseases among the Indian population.
33 citations
TL;DR: A great deal of low quality clinical research has been conducted to determine the effect of garlic on preventing cardiovascular diseases and on various biomarkers of cardiovascular health, but the results were contradictory and it was not known if there were any effects.
Abstract: Allium sativum is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Allium chinense. With a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use, garlic is native to the region between the Mediterranean and China, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide. Herbs such as garlic with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome p450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein participate in potential pharmacokinetic interactions with anticancer drugs. Among the active compounds present in the plant, DTS and DDS are the most active against yeasts and ajoene is the main compound responsible for the antiviral activity of garlic. A great deal of low quality clinical research has been conducted to determine the effect of garlic on preventing cardiovascular diseases and on various biomarkers of cardiovascular health, but as of 2015, the results were contradictory and it was not known if there are any effects. Because garlic might reduce platelet aggregation, people taking anticoagulant medication are cautioned about consuming garlic. Meta-analysis found decreased rates of gastric cancer associated with garlic intake, but cited confounding factors as limitations for interpreting these studies. Further meta-analyses found similar results on the incidence of gastric cancer by consuming allium vegetables including garlic. Garlic is known to cause bad breath (halitosis) and body odor, described as a pungent "garlicky" smell to sweat. This is caused by allyl methyl sulfide (AMS).
33 citations
TL;DR: Antioxidative activities of the essential oil, methanol and water extracts of Iranian pennyroyal in vegetable oil during storage were evaluated and HPLC results indicated that the fraction collected with washing buffer had highest antioxidant activity.
Abstract: Mentha pulegium is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae native to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Crushed pennyroyal leaves exhibit a very strong fragrance similar to spearmint. A large number of the recipes in the Roman cookbook of Apicius call for the use of pennyroyal, often along with such herbs as lovage, oregano and coriander. Pennyroyal is used to make herbal teas, which, although not proven to be dangerous to healthy adults in small doses, is not recommended, due to its known toxicity to the liver. Consumption can be fatal to infants and children. Pennyroyal leaves, both fresh and dried, are especially noted for repelling insects. Pennyroyal essential oil should never be taken internally because it is highly toxic; even in small doses, consumption of the oil can result in death. Antioxidative activities of the essential oil, methanol and water extracts of Iranian pennyroyal in vegetable oil during storage were evaluated. The TLC chromatogram of the two extracts showed differences in the number of separated compounds of extracts. HPLC results indicated that the fraction collected with washing buffer (pH = 6) had highest antioxidant activity.
28 citations
TL;DR: GC-MS analysis of Lepidium sativum revealed the existence of the Glycerin, Monoethanolamine, 1-Deoxy-d-mannitol, 2-Butanamine, Furfural, Allyl isothiocyanate, Paromomycin, and ninteeth bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract.
Abstract: Cress (Lepidium sativum), sometimes referred to as garden cress to distinguish it from similar plants also referred to as cress (from old Germanic cresso which means sharp, spicy), is a rather fast-growing, edible herb. The objective of this study was analysis of the secondary metabolite products. Bioactives are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Ninteeth bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Lepidium sativum. The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Lepidium sativum revealed the existence of the Glycerin, Monoethanolamine, 1-Deoxy-d-mannitol, 1-Nitro-2-propanol, 2-Butanamine, (S)-, Furfural, Allyl isothiocyanate, Paromomycin, 2-Hydroxy-2-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)1phenylethanone, 3, 6-Diazahomoadamantan-9-one Hydrazone, 2, 3, 4-Trimethoxycinnamic acid, 2-Naphthalenol, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7-octahydro-1, 4a-dimethyl-7-(2)-, cis-Vaccenic acid, 9-Octadecenamide, γ-Tocopherol, Phthalic acid, decyl oct-3-yl ester, Ergosta-5, 22-dien-3-ol, acetate, (3β, 22E)-, Campesterol and Cholest-5-en-3-ol, 24-propylidene-, (3β). GC-MS is widely used in pharmaceutical industries for analytical research and development, quality control, quality assurance, production, pilot plants departments for active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), bulk drugs and formulations.
28 citations
TL;DR: In antibacterial screening performed by disc diffusion method against two gram negative bacteria namely Xanthomonas campestris (plant pathogen) and Aeromonas hydrophila (animal pathogen), it was found that the methanol extracts of all the plant samples showed significant activity against the two tested bacteria.
Abstract: The berries and leaves are mainly used for medicinal purposes, besides the other parts of the whole plant. The leaves are used as poultice for rheumatic and gouty joints, skin diseases, used in the treatment of antituberculosis and are said to produce Diaphoresis. Leaves are also used in dropsy, nausea and nervous disorders. The decoction of the berries and flowers are useful in cough. These are remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis, diuretic. The juice of the berries used as an antidiarrhoeal, ophthalmopathy and hydrophobia. It is also used in heart disease. Berries are used to posses tonic, diuretic and cathartic properties. They are also useful in inflammations and skin diseases. The roots are useful in osteopathy, ophthalmopathy, rhinopathy and hepatitis. The whole plant used as antiseptic, antiinflammatory, expectorant, cardiotonic, digestive, diuretic, laxative, diaphoretic, sedative, swelling, cough, asthma. The plant is also effective in curing cardiopathy, leprosy, hemorrhoids, nephropathy, ophthalmopathy, dropsy and general debility. Decoction of the plant depresses the CNS and reflexes of the spinal cord. In antibacterial screening performed by disc diffusion method against two gram negative bacteria namely Xanthomonas campestris (plant pathogen) and Aeromonas hydrophila (animal pathogen), it was found that the methanol extracts of all the plant samples showed significant activity against the two tested bacteria. The methanol extracts of S. nigrum exhibited clear zone of inhibition against the tested microorganisms. The ethanolic extract of the dried fruit of Solanum nigrum L. was assessed for its possible antimicrobial activity. The ethanolic extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of Solanum nigrum was detected against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the level of fluoride in ground water is calculated using ion exchange method and the result was compared with WHO recommended limit of fluoride - 1.5mg/l. Due to high concentration of fluoride, dental fluorosis was also identified in people residing in that area.
Abstract: Ground water forms a major source of drinking water in urban as well as in rural areas. The water need is met mainly from tanks, tube wells and dug wells. The aim of this study is determination of fluoride content in ground water in certain areas of Madurai district. Ground water(bore well) samples were collected from 5 areas of Madurai district. The level of fluoride in water is calculated using ion exchange method. The result was compared with WHO recommended limit of fluoride - 1.5mg/l. Due to the high concentration of fluoride, dental fluorosis was also identified in people residing in that area.
27 citations
TL;DR: The main goal of this study was to assess fluoride quality of various lakes like porur, chembarambakkam, Puzhal Lake in chennai for this samples are collected as single surface grab technique and analyzed for pH, turbidity, fluoride(as F), total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), sulphate (as SO4), nitrate (as NO3), chloride (as CL), calcium (as Ca), magnesium (as Mg), sodium (as Na
Abstract: Lake water is the source of drinking and domestic use for the people residing in that area The main goal of this study to assess fluoride quality of various lakes like porur, chembarambakkam, Puzhal Lake in chennai For this samples are collected as single surface grab technique and analyzed for pH, turbidity, fluoride(as F), total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), sulphate (as SO4), nitrate (as NO3), chloride (as CL), calcium (as Ca), magnesium (as Mg), sodium (as Na), iron (as Fe) About 500ml are collected from porur, chembarambakkam and puzhal lake in clean dry polythene container and labeled with information like data of collection, source and place Water quality were analysed by the chief Analyst, state level water testing laboutatory, tamilnadu, tamilnadu Water Supply And Drainage Board (TWAD), Government of Tamilnadu, Chennai (ISO 9001-2000-CERTIFIED) It is evident that porur lake has relatively higher concentration of physico-chemical parameters compared to other lakes
26 citations
TL;DR: The carob tree is native to the mediterranean region, including Southern Europe, Northern Africa, the larger mediterranean islands, the Levant and Middle-East of Western Asia into Iran; and the Canary Islands and Macaronesia.
Abstract: Commonly known as the carob tree. The carob tree is native to the mediterranean region, including Southern Europe, Northern Africa, the larger mediterranean islands, the Levant and Middle-East of Western Asia into Iran; and the Canary Islands and Macaronesia. The carat, a unit of mass for gemstones, and of purity for gold, takes its name, indirectly, from the Greek word for a carob seed, keration. C. siliqua is the only Mediterranean tree with the main flowering season in autumn (September-November). However, the time and the length of the flowering period depend on local climatic conditions, as with most fruit and nut trees. Carob bean size is a highly variable character, influenced by many environmental factors as well as level of pollination and fruit set. Pollen dispersal is by insects, mainly bees, flies, wasps and night-flying moths. C. siliqua pods provide fodder for ruminants and non-ruminants. Endosperm and embryo of the seed can be ground and used for pet food. The fodder is now being used in zero-grazing in Mediterranean countries. Ripe carob pods contain large amounts of condensed tannins (16–20% of dry weight). Tannins extracted from the pulp act as an anti-diarrhoetic. Ground pulp and seed endosperm are used in the preparation of pharmaceutical products.
TL;DR: An updated review on this important plant focusing on the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects that would assist researchers to search scientific information in the future is outlined.
Abstract: Nephelium lappaceum L. (Family- Sapindaceae), popularly known as ‘Rambutan’, is an evergreen tree, native to Malaysia but grown in other parts of the world. The plant has been used as traditional medicine for centuries especially as a remedy for diabetes and high blood pressure. Further, the fruits always remained as a potential source of minerals and other nutrients. A thorough literature survey revealed that the plant possesses several biological activities such as antidiabetic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and antiviral activities against dengue virus. This paper outlines an updated review on this important plant focusing on the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects that would assist researchers to search scientific information in the future.
TL;DR: Passiflora extract is potentially a significant improvement over benzodiazepines in the management of GAD and may be a source of new therapeutic candidates with a spectrum of activity similar to the current anti-inflammatory steroids such as dexamethasone.
Abstract: The uses here are based on tradition or scientific theories of Passiflora species. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. These traditional uses includes alcohol withdrawal, antibacterial, anti-seizure, anti-spasm, aphrodisiac, asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), burns (skin), cancer, chronic pain, cough, drug addiction, Epstein-Barr virus, fungal infections, gastrointestinal discomfort (nervous stomach), Helicobacter pylori infection, hemorrhoids, high blood pressure, menopausal symptoms (hot flashes), nerve pain and pain (general). Many different species of passiflora contain the saponins. Saponins are common constituents of plants that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities and frequently possess hemolytic, cytolytic and bactericidal activities. Furthermore, saponins also have plasma cholesterol-lowering activity and are widely utilized as a component of potent adjuvants to boost the immune response, principally when complexed with cholesterol. However, not all Passiflora species contain saponins in their leaves. Natural antioxidants derived from plant extracts have been claimed to have multiple biological activities including vasodilatatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancerogenic, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. The properties of the Passiflora hemolysin, such as its frothing ability, positive color reaction with vanillin, selective extraction with n-butanol, HPLC profile, cholesterol-dependent membrane susceptibility, formation of a stable complex with cholesterol, and rapid erythrocyte lysis kinetics indicate that it is probably a saponin. P. edulis therefore, may be a source of new therapeutic candidates with a spectrum of activity similar to the current anti-inflammatory steroids such as dexamethasone. Passiflora extract is potentially a significant improvement over benzodiazepines in the management of GAD. Passion flower (P. incarnata) is a woody, hairy, climbing vine and is reputed to have sedative/anxiolytic properties. It has been used widely as an ingredient of herbal remedies, chiefly in the form of a liquid tincture. Passion flower (P. incarnata) is used for the cure of nervous restlessness, sleep disorders, restlessness, nervous stress and anxiety. Passiflora have been tested in humans or animals. Its safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
TL;DR: GC-MS studies have been increasingly applied for the analysis of medicinal plants as this technique has proved to be a valuable method for theAnalysis of non-polar components and volatile essential oil, fatty acids, lipids and alkaloids.
Abstract: Chromatography is the term used to describe a separation technique in which a mobile phase carrying a mixture is caused to move in contact with a selectively absorbent stationary phase. Cress (Lepidium sativum), sometimes referred to as garden cress to distinguish it from similar plants also referred to as cress (from old Germanic cresso which means sharp, spicy), is a rather fast-growing, edible herb. Seeds of lepidium was studied for anti-arthritic activity. At lower dose level moderate anti-arthritic activity was observed in FA rats. Higher dose level produced inconsistent effect. Hence a thorough validation of the herbal drugs has emerged as a new branch of science emphasizing and prioritizing the standardization of the natural drugs and products because several of the phytochemicals have complementary and overlapping mechanism of action. In recent years GC-MS studies have been increasingly applied for the analysis of medicinal plants as this technique has proved to be a valuable method for the analysis of non-polar components and volatile essential oil, fatty acids, lipids and alkaloids.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses how to overcome and prevent the antibiotic resistance by targeting resistance mechanism, which will make the novel antibiotic more effective and sustainable.
Abstract: One of the greatest discoveries of mankind in the twentieth century was antibiotics. Antibiotics have saved a number of patient’s lives, and also played a vital role in achieving major advance in medical science. But now antibiotic resistance had become major clinical and public health problems all over the world. Today we can list a number of organisms that are resistant to not one but two different antibiotics. There are a number of factors that cause to the resistance and it includes the misuse of antibiotics, development and spread of resistant genes and resistant bacteria. we can overcome and prevent the antibiotic resistance by targeting resistance mechanism, which will make the novel antibiotic more effective and sustainable.
TL;DR: In this study a total of 118 cases were included who admitted in the Hillah Teaching Hospital from 1st October 2016 to 30th Mach 2017, and the highest numbers of fractures cases were in the age group of 21-30 years, that was 39(33.05%) followed by 11-20 years 31(26.27%).
Abstract: In our study a total of 118 cases were included who admitted in the Hillah Teaching Hospital from 1st October 2016 to 30th Mach 2017. The highest numbers of fractures cases were in the age group of 21-30 years, that was 39(33.05%) followed by 11-20 years 31(26.27%). Distribution of fractures according to age groups (1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90) and hospital stay (More day and Less day), that there were [5(5.15%), 23(23.71%), 34(35.05%), 14(14.43%), 5(5.15%), 6(6.19%), 6(6.19%), 2(2.06%), and 2(2.06%)] respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (hospital stay: More day), and recorded [2(9.52%), 8(38.09%), 3(14.29%), 1(4.76%), 2(9.52%), 2(9.52%), 2(9.52%), 1(9.52%), and 0(0.00%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (hospital stay: Less day). Distribution of fractures according to age groups and location (Hand, Leg, Femur, Pelvic, Facial, and Back) were 2(6.06%), 10(30.30%), 13(39.39%), 4(12.12%), 0(0.00%), 1(3.03%), 2(6.06%), 1(3.03%), 0(0.00%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Location: Hand), and recorded 5(7.3%), 15(21.7%), 22(31.9%), 10(14.5%), 7(10.14%), 5(7.25%), 2(2.9%), 1(1.4%), 2(2.9%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Location: Leg), and recorded 0(0.0%), 2(33.3%), 2(33.3%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 1(16.7%), 1(16.7%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Location: Femur), and recorded 0(0.0%), 2(40.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 1(20%), 1(20%), 1(20%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Location: Pelvic), and recorded 0(0.0%), 1(50%), 0(0.0%), 1(50%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Location: Facial), and recorded 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 1(100%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Location: Back). Distribution of fractures according to age groups and causes (Aggression, Sport, Car, Fall, Bicycle, Motorcycle, and Workplace) were 0(0.0%), 3(27.3%), 5(45.5%), 2(18.2%), 1(9.1%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Causes: Aggression), and recorded 0(0.0%), 4(50%), 3(37.5%), 1(12.5%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Causes: Sport), and recorded 4(10.6%), 7(17.9%), 10(25.6%), 11(28.2%), 1(2.6%), 2(5.1%), 2(5.1%), 1(2.6%), 1(2.6%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Causes: Cars), and recorded 2(7.7%), 6(23.1%), 5(19.2%), 1(3.8%), 3(11.5%), 2(7.7%), 4(15.4%), 2(7.7%), 1(3.8%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Causes: Fall), and recorded 1(4.5%), 9(40.9%), 6(27.3%), 3(13.6%), 0(0.0%), 3(13.6%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Causes: Bicycle), and recorded 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%), 1(25%), 0(0.0%), 1(25%), 1(25%), 1(25%), 0(0.0%),, 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Causes: Motorcycle), and recorded 0(0.0%), 2(25%), 3(37.5%), 1(12.5%), 1(12.5%), 0(0.0%), 1(12.5%), 1(12.5%), 0(0.0%), 0(0.0%) respectively according to age groups in fracture cases (Causes: Workplace). We retrospectively reviewed the characteristics of fracture cases from 2010 to 2016. Distribution of fracture cases according to male, female and age during twelve months (January, February, march, April, June, July, August, September, October, November and December).
TL;DR: This study proved that the predominant bacteria of burns infections and urinary tract infections were P. aeruginosa followed by K. Pneumoniae, and Gentamicin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin are a drug of choice for treatment of these infections.
Abstract: Objectives: Resistance of antimicrobials by different pathogens is a dangerous problem in developing countries. Therefore we design this study to identify the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria that cause different infections in Al-Kufa Central Hospital – Iraq and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these pathogens.
Methods: Five hundred and seventeen bacterial strains were isolated from different infections (urinary tract infections 171, burns infections 238, respiratory tract infection 55 and blood infection 53). Eleven antimicrobials disc were used to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity by disc diffusion method.
Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most predominate bacteria (122 isolates) followed by K. Pneumoniae (96 isolates), E.coli (64 isolates), S. pyogenes (59 isolates), S. aureus (51 isolates), S. pneumoniae (48 isolates), Proteus. spp. (47 isolates) and Salmonella spp. (14 isolates). All bacterial strains were highly resistant to most antimicrobials with percentage between 90% to 100%.There were 459 bacterial strains (91.61%) were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: This study proved that the predominant bacteria of burns infections and urinary tract infections were P. aeruginosa followed by K. Pneumoniae. Gentamicin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin are a drug of choice for treatment of these infections.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple, accurate, and precise uv-spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of azithromycin (AZI) and cefixime trihydrate (CEFI) in tablet formulation.
Abstract: A simple, accurate, and precise uv-spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of azithromycin (AZI) and cefixime trihydrate (CEFI) in tablet formulation. The method was based on employing simultaneous equation method for the analysis of both drugs. AZI and CEFI have shown absorbance maxima at 222 and 289 nm in methanol, respectively. The linearity was obeyed in the concentration range of 10-50µg/ml for both drugs, with a significantly high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.999). The limits of detection for AZI and CEFI were 0.81 and 1.52 µg/ml, respectively, and the limits of quantitation for AZI and CEFI were 2.40 and 4.60 µg/ml, respectively. The suitability of the developed method for quantitative determination of drugs was proved by validation. The method was successfully used to analyze a tablet formulation.
TL;DR: In this study a total of 130 cases were included who admitted in the Hillah Teaching Hospital from 1st October 2016 to 30th Mach 2017 and distribution of trauma cases according to age groups, gender male and female, and type of trauma was included.
Abstract: In our study a total of 130 cases were included who admitted in the Hillah Teaching Hospital from 1st October 2016 to 30th Mach 2017. Distribution of trauma cases according to age groups (1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90) and gender male and female were 19(17.43%), 27(24.77%), 37(33.94%), 13(11.93%), 7(6.42%), 3(2.75%), 1(0.92%), 1(0.92%), 1(0.92%), 1(0.92%) respectively in male and recorded 6(28.57%), 5(23.81%), 6(28.57%), 0(0.00%), 2(9.52%), 1(4.76%), 0(0.00%), 1(4.76%), 0(0.00%) respectively in female. Our study also distributed all trauma cases according to age groups and marital status (married, single, widower, and single (child) were 53(40.77%), 41(31.54%), 2(1.54%) and 34(26.15%) respectively. Distribution of trauma cases according to gender and type of trauma (combat\war zone, disasters, crime, vehicle accidents, and mixed) were 8(6.15%), 33(25.38%), 16(12.31%), 55(42.31%), and 18(13.85%) respectively. Also distributed all trauma cases according to type of trauma and age groups (1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90) were 24(18.46%), 32(24.62%), 44(33.85%), 13(10.00%), 9(6.92%), 4(3.08%), 1(0.77%), 2(1.52%), and 1(0.77%) respectively. This study also included distribution of persons injured (trauma) during period 2010–2016.
TL;DR: The analysis work provides the detailed view of working procedure of different research works implemented by various authors and gives overview of merits and demerits of different machine learning techniques that are proposed earlier.
Abstract: Machine learning is a kind of data analysis technique which provides a flexible way of learning information about the data, so that necessary action can be predicted accurately. Machine learning techniques provide the way of analyzing and predicting the valuable information from the available data, so that further actions can be carried out accurately. There is several kind of machine learning approaches are available based on their behavior and working procedure. In this analysis work different kind of methodologies are discussed which are used to learn the knowledge about the program. The various machine learning approaches differs in their working procedure and inputs and output processed by them. Various applications adapted the machine learning approaches for learning the information which are discussed in detail in this paper. The analysis work provides the detailed view of working procedure of different research works implemented by various authors. It also gives overview of merits and demerits of different machine learning techniques that are proposed earlier. The main goal of this analysis work is to identify the better machine learning approach which can lead to accurate learning with less false positive rate. The analysis of the work concluded with the performance results of different approaches that carried down and shows better approach which can lead to more accurate learning of health care data.
TL;DR: The present study describes the preparation, optimization, characterization, and ex vivo study of etodolac-loaded transethosomal gel using the central composite design and shows soft, malleable and spherical vesicles with a smooth surface within the range.
Abstract: Etodolac is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Upon oral administration, it is reported to cause ulcerative colitis, gastrointestinal irritation, edema and peptic ulcer. Hence, an alternative delivery system has been designed in the form of transethosome. The present study describes the preparation, optimization, characterization, and ex vivo study of etodolac-loaded transethosomal gel using the central composite design. Transethosomes (TELs) are elastic vesicles composed of phospholipid, ethanol and edge activator (surfactant). TELs were prepared by thin film hydration method and characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, Zeta potential and the transethosomal gel was characterized by clarity, pH, viscosity, spread ability, drug content and in vitro drug release. Microscopic examination of transethosomes showed soft, malleable and spherical vesicles with a smooth surface within the range. Vesicle size and % entrapment efficiency of the optimized transethosomal formulation was found to be 268.1nm and 83.75 0.61% respectively. Zeta potential of the optimized transethosomal formulation was found to be -18.0 mv. The ex-vivo study showed spread ability of transethosomal gel 26± 0.03.Drug content was found to be 98.24 0.024%.In Vitro Drug Release Study of optimised formulations for 12 hrs was found to be 97.35± 0.43%.
TL;DR: The results of anti-fungal activity produced by Aeromonas hydrophila showed that the volatile compounds were highly effective to suppress the growth of Aspergillus flavus.
Abstract: Bioactives were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques, then the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of the methanolic extract was evaluated. Twenty three bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Aeromonas hydrophila. GC-MS analysis of Aeromonas hydrophila revealed the existence of the Tricyclo[4.3.1.1(3, 8)]undecan-1-amine 1-Methyl-4-[nitromethyl]-4-piperidinol, Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 4, 7, 7-trimethyl-, semicarbazone, D-Streptamine, O-6-amino-6-deoxy-α-Dglucopyranosyl-(1–4), 4-(2, 5-Dihydro-3-methoxyphenyl)butylamine, 3-Cyclohex-3-enyl-propionic acid, Benzenemethanol, 2-(2-aminopropoxy)-3-methyl-, Benzene, 1-methyl-4(4-morpholyl)ethenylsulfonyl-, Indan1, 2-dione, 4-methyl-, 2, 3-Dihydroindole-4-ol-2-one, 5, 7-dibromo-3, 3-dimethyl-, Benzamide, 3-amino-N-[4, 5dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2, 4, 6-trichlorop, 2-Acetonyl-9-[3-deoxy-β-d-ribouranosyl]hypoxanthine, DL-Leucine, Nglycyl-, 3-(2, 5-Dimethylanilinomethyl)-5-(3-fluorobenzylidene)-2, 4-thia, Benzenepropanoic acid, α(hydroxyimino)-, Butanoic acid, 4, 4′-dithiobis [2-amino-, [S-(R*, R*)]-N-Propionyl-D-glucosamine Actinomycin C2, N-(O-Nitrophenylthio)-l-leucine, D-Fructose, diethyl mercaptal, pentaacetate, 1H-Indole, 4-(3-methyl-2butenyl)-, Spiculesporic acid, 2, 5-Piperazinedione, 3, 6-bis(2-methylpropyl). Nerium olender (Alkaloids) was very highly active (5.408±0.24) mm. The results of anti-fungal activity produced by Aeromonas hydrophila showed that the volatile compounds were highly effective to suppress the growth of Aspergillus flavus (6.009±0.22). Aeromonas hydrophila produce many important secondary metabolites with high biological activities. Based on the significance of employing bioactive compounds in pharmacy to produce drugs for the treatment of many diseases, the purification of compounds produced by Aeromonas hydrophila can be useful.
TL;DR: There is a positive relationship between smartphone usage and prevalence of upper extremity and neck symptoms and basic education on proper usage related to ergonomics is warranted to the university students to increase their awareness.
Abstract: Background: The usage of smartphone played a significant role in everyday life especially among students. Concern has risen universally of possible musculoskeletal symptoms among smartphone users due to excessive use. Objective: To determine the prevalence of neck and upper extremity symptoms among University students who were using a smartphone. Methods: A cross – sectional survey using self – administered questionnaires were conducted on 250 undergraduate students from one of the leading university in Malaysia. Six out of 250 participants (2.4%) were excluded as they were not a smartphone user. The number of participants from two faculties, namely Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FMHS) and Faculty of Accountancy and Management (FAM) were determined with stratified random sampling using Kish Leslie sample size formula. Results: The frequency of six measures of smartphone use was ranked from highest to lowest in order: Internet browsing and E – learning (85.20%), making phone calls (78.30%), texting and emails (77.00%), music, video, and pictures (75.40%), gaming (51.20%) and scheduling (32.80%). Out of 244 participants, 49 (20.1%) of the smartphone users were found to have developed some degree of upper extremity and neck symptoms. The prevalence of neck symptoms was the highest with 44 (18.03%) sufferers, followed by right shoulder symptoms (13.93%) and left shoulder symptoms (11.07%). Despite the symptoms experienced, only 5 (10.20%) participants received treatment while 30 participants (61.22%) claimed that they continued using the smartphone during these episodes. Conclusion: It is postulated that there is a positive relationship between smartphone usage and prevalence of upper extremity and neck symptoms. Recommendation: It is high time to disseminate the basic education on proper usage related to ergonomics is warranted to the university students to increase their awareness.
TL;DR: There is a high percentage of RTA among males of younger age group (10-20) years those were using cars and there are high numbers of injured patients seen in the emergency department of Hillah Teaching Hospital.
Abstract: Study was planned to study the major causes/risk factors as well as nature, type and mode of occurrence of road traffic accidents in Hilla city and study demographic profile and injury pattern among RTA victims. Road traffic accidents are responsible for a substantial proportion of deaths &injuries and are responsible for more years of life lost than most human diseases. This study has been conducted prospectively. The WHO has defined road traffic accident (RTA) as when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction. This prospective study was conducted at Hillah Teaching hospital, Hillah city from 1st October 2016 to 30th Mach 2017. The retrospective study group consisted of all the RTA victims reporting to Emergency Department of Hillah Teaching Hospital in the study period from 1st January 2010 to 30th December 2016. The data were summarized using percentages. There is a high percentage of RTA among males of younger age group (10–20) years those were using cars. Total of 210 injured patients were seen in the emergency department. Commonest injury was a simple injuries (81.9 percent, n=172), dangerous injuries (13.33 percent, n=28) and dead was (4.29 percent, n=9)
TL;DR: Distribution of firearms injuries cases according to age and Precipitating Factors (Political Protest, Psychiatric Illness, Family Quarrels, Marital Disharmony, Love /Friendship Affairs) and number of cases and months during period 2010–2016 is included.
Abstract: Firearm injury (FI) is one of the most important causes of death among military personnel According to the World Health Organization, firearms are used in two thirds of all homicide cases and one fifth of suicide cases In our study a total of 115 cases were included who admitted in the Hillah Teaching Hospital from 1st October 2016 to 30th Mach 2017 The highest numbers of firearms injuries cases were in the age group of 21–30 years, that was 71(6174%) followed by 31-40 years 16(1391%) Our study also distributed all cases according to marital status (married and single) and age groups (8-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and 61-70) were 82(7130%) in married and 33(2869%) in single Distribution of firearms injuries cases according to age groups and education status (Primary, Secondary and College) that there were 41(3565%) in primary status, 57(4956%) in secondary status and 17(1478%) in college status Distribution of firearms injuries cases according to age and Precipitating Factors (Political Protest, Psychiatric Illness, Family Quarrels, Marital Disharmony, Love /Friendship Affairs) were 52(4521%), 4(347%), 4(347%), 3(260%) and 4(347%) respectively Also have been distributed according to gender: 113(9826%) in male and 2(173%) in female Distribution of firearms injuries cases according to age groups and causes (fights, accidents, stray bullet and suicide) recorded 58(5043%), 46(4000%), 9(783%), and 2(174%) respectively This study also included distribution of firearms cases according to number of cases and months during period 2010–2016
TL;DR: The purpose of this study is to study of acute bronchitis in Hillah City-Iraq and to identify factors that are, and are not, associated with these practices.
Abstract: Acute bronchitis is a clinical term implying a self-limited inflammation of the large airways of the lung that is characterized by cough without pneumonia. The purpose of this study is to study of acute bronchitis in Hillah City-Iraq and to identify factors that are, and are not, associated with these practices. A total of 127 patients fit this criterion, and were included in the study. Factors such as patient age, gender, residential area, chief complaint (cough, shortness of breath, sinus pain, chest pain and fever), heart rate, respiratory rate and medications prescribed during the visit were obtained from the database. During the study period, there were 127 cases of acute bronchitis. Distribution of acute bronchitis according to respiratory rate and gender that there were 97(76.38%) [male: 77(79.38%) and female: 20(20.62%)] less 20 and 30(23.62%) [male: 22(73.33%) and female: 8(26.67%)]. Also acute bronchitis cases had been distributed according to heart rate (more 100 and less 100) were 47(74.60%), 52(81.25%) respectively in male and 16(25.39%), 12(18.75%) respectively in female.
TL;DR: The causes/risk factors as well as nature, marital status, occupation grade, smoking, diabetes, obesity, social support, location of heart attack, hyperuricemia, and therapeutic used of acute heart attack cases in Marjan hospital, Hilla city, Iraq covering the period from 2010 to 2015 were studied.
Abstract: The objective of this study was planned to study the causes/risk factors as well as nature, marital status, occupation grade, smoking, diabetes, obesity, social support, location of heart attack, hyperuricemia, and therapeutic used of acute heart attack cases in Marjan hospital, Hilla city, Iraq. The highest numbers of acute heart attack cases were in the age group of 61–70 years, that was 39(31.96%) followed by 51-60 years 31(25.41%). acute heart attack cases according to gender and occupation grade (intermediate and low) were 52(91.23%) and 48(73.85%) respectively in male, and recorded 5(8.78%) and 17(26.15%) respectively in female. Also acute heart attack cases had been distributed according to smoking (never, Ex. and current) were 12(35.29%), 53(96.36%), and 33(100%) respectively in male and 22(64.71%), 2(3.64%), and 0(0.0%) respectively in female. Our study also distributed all patients according to therapeutic used (Beta-blocker, Aspirin, Antiplatelet, Calcium antagonist, Nitrites, Lipid-lowering, ACE inhibitor and Diuretics) were 90(86.54%), 100(83.33%), 100(90.91%), 60(88.24%), 70(92.11%), 85(89.47%), 56(91.80%), and 80(66.67%) respectively in male and 14(13.46%), 20(16.67%), 10(9.91%), 8(11.76%), 6(7.89%), 10(10.53%), 5(8.19%) and 22(21.57%) respectively in female. This study also included investigation of traumatic injuries associated with fracture, covering the period from 2010 to 2015.
TL;DR: The finding that UTI caused by Pathogenic ESBL producing E. coli in nosocomial infection is found to be high is supported and further explains the need of strict monitoring and surveillance for effective measures of hygiene and sanitary practice within hospitals especially in intensive care units and different wards.
Abstract: Antimicrobial confrontation has emerged as one of the grim difficulties posing great task to pharmaceutical and medical sectors at global level This increase in drug resistant strains facilitates easy transfer of their resistant gene(s) through an ecosystem of susceptible bacteria resulting in the emergence of superbugs Amongst resistance pattern displayed by multidrug resistant strains, enzymatic means of defense ie, ESBL (Extended Spectrum s-lactamases) remain one of the effective strategy towards broad spectrum antibiotics These plasmid encoded s-lactamases hydrolyse the oxyimino s-lactam ring nullifying the antibacterial efficacy of most of the cell wall inhibitors Despite hospital and institutional care infections, the members of Enterobacteriaceae (E coli) with CTX-M gene accounts for most of the community-acquired urinary infections In the present study, isolates of pathogenic ESBL producing E coli causing UTI infections from hospitals were detected for their virulence gene using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were investigated their antibiotic sensitivity pattern Antibiotic sensitivity was recorded high for Carbapenems (Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem and Imipenem- Cilastatin) (100%) followed by Ofloxacin (9347%) and Doxycycline hydochloride (9239%) Least sensitivity was recorded for Cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime (869%) Our current study supports the finding that UTI caused by Pathogenic ESBL producing E coli in nosocomial infection is found to be high This work further explains the need of strict monitoring and surveillance for effective measures of hygiene and sanitary practice within hospitals especially in intensive care units and different wards
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cilnidipine and chlorthalidone using methanol: water (80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1 with UV detection at 231.6 nm.
Abstract: Aim of present study was development of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cilnidipine and chlorthalidone. RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Cilnidipine and Chlorthalidone was carried out by using methanol: water (80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1 with UV detection at 231.6 nm. Both drugs showed linearity in the concentration range of 10-70 µg ml-1.for CIL and 10-70 µg ml-1.for CHLT. When marketed pharmaceutical preparations were analyzed, the result obtained by the proposed method was found in good agreement with labeled claims. Recoveries in all these method were in the range of 99.60-100.18%. Results obtained were statistically validated and were found to be reproducible. These methods can be applied for routine analysis of formulations containing these drugs. For analytical methods validation parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantization and robustness were determined according to ICH Q2B guidelines.