Showing papers in "Research Policy in 1997"

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors distinguish between collaboration at different levels and show that inter-institutional and international collaboration need not necessarily involve inter-individual collaboration, and argue for a more symmetrical approach in comparing the costs of collaboration with the undoubted benefits when considering policies towards research collaboration.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the case for regional systems of innovation and advocate the strengthening of regional level capacities for promoting both systemic learning and interactive innovation, based on the notion of regions as occupying different positions on a continuum referring to processes constituting them and their powers vis-a-vis innovation policy.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors lay the foundations of a theory that can be used to interpret innovation processes in the service sector based on Lancaster's definition of the product (in both manufacturing and services) as a set of service characteristics.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an index of patent rights for 110 countries for the period 1960-1990 and examine what factors or characteristics of economies determine how strongly patent rights will be protected.

TL;DR: A detailed and systematic examination of the contribution of public science to industrial technology would be useful evidence in arguing the case for governmental support of science as mentioned in this paper, by tracing the rapidly growing citation linkage between U.S. patents and scientific research papers.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between external R&D activities and internal R & D expenditures on a cross-section of Flemish active companies and found that firms are more frequently engaged in R& D cooperation, the more they spend on internal research.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that firms' technological competencies are highly stable and differentiated, with both the technology profile and the directions of localised search strongly influenced by firms' principal products.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the globalization of innovation and the phenomenon of foreign direct investment (FDI) in research and development to do so, it draws from a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the United States.

TL;DR: This article examined the innovative history of a number of UK firms using two large databases, looking for evidence consistent with the view that firms that innovate typically do so persistently, concluding that very few innovative firms are persistently innovative.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a model that classifies new, technology-based firms into science-based and engineering-based ones, based on the functional relationship between a new technology firm and the articulation process of basic technologies.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on technology-based spin-off firms that have had their initial product idea originated in the previous employment of the founder and find that after an initial ten-year period, the spin-offs were growing significantly faster than the non-spin-offs.

TL;DR: This paper argues that the management of product-systems calls for a new logic for vertical integration, outsourcing, and R&D strategies, suggesting that simple notions of core competencies that recommend the outsourcing of production, and even worse the development, of component and/or subsystem technologies should be rejected.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the link between technology and flexibility during product design and its impact on development performance and strategies for managing development risk, particularly in environments of high uncertainty, using the incremental cost and time of modifying a design as a response to endogenous and exogenous change as a measure of flexibility.

TL;DR: A large sample of government-sponsored R&D consortia in Japan is analyzed in this paper, based on the data of 237 consorties organized over 34 years and 398 responses to questionnaires distributed to high-level corporate researchers.

TL;DR: The role of patents changed in less concentrated post World War II markets as mentioned in this paper, and the increased importance of technology licensing is closely related to the emergence of a class of specialized process design and engineering firms that have played an important role in the development and diffusion of process innovations.

TL;DR: It is reported how one of the world's most successful incumbents transformed, and another seven or eight incumbents similarly transforming as indicated by top scientific talent and patenting success are identified.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present evidence on the number of firms involved in innovation, the total expenditures devoted to innovation, and the quantity and quality of innovating output of the Italian manufacturing industry.

TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the interaction between technologies should be viewed in a broader sense than mere competition, and it is suggested that a multi-mode framework provides a much richer setting for assessing the interaction of two or more technologies.

TL;DR: Technological diversification in the Multinational Corporation : Historical Trends and Future Prospects as mentioned in this paper, is a recent survey of trends and future prospects of the multinational corporations in terms of technology diversification.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the prevalent characteristics of the research joint ventures registered with the US Department of Justice between 1985 and 1995, and an inquiry into the characteristics of participating business firms and the type of research activities pursued collectively.

TL;DR: In this article, an evolutionary framework for horizontal technology policies (HTPs) especially market-friendly ones involving project-based incentives (e.g., RD) is presented, with emphasis on collective, organizational learning; search; and market-building.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify four main types of dual-use technology transfer mechanisms, all different in nature and purpose, depending on whether the technology transfer mechanism is concerned with adapting the technology to its new applications.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how, in a situation of "lock-in" in the environment of electricity generation, a new technology can succeed in overcoming this situation and become competitive.

TL;DR: The analysis shows that the products mirror the organization that conceived them—‘integrated’ products are correlated with organizational processes aimed at ‘integration’, which has significant implications for the design of R&D organizations and processes.

TL;DR: In this article, a tentative national estimate of 1992 innovation expenditure for all manufacturing and service industries in the Netherlands was obtained using information regarding the quality of replies to the Community Innovation Survey (CIS).

TL;DR: In this paper, a re-examination of the evidence provided by the SPRU Innovations Database on the role of smaller enterprises in technological innovation over the period 1975-1983 is presented.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors revisited the "what causes innovation" debate to argue that the conceptualisation is flawed and that the firm is the only "agent" capable of innovative action, and differentiated between use, need, and intended use to obtain greater precision with respect to the technology-market matching process that is fundamental to innovation.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine R&D investment in the major industrialised countries since 1974 using industry level panel data and examine several hypotheses concerning why Britain has had slower growth in research compared to other countries.

TL;DR: This paper argues that the differences in the diffusion of the two designs resulted from the path-dependence engendered by the learning processes according to which the two markets evolved, and thus the market outcome of the diffusion processes.