Showing papers in "Review of General Psychology in 2003"
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that people develop feelings of ownership for a variety of objects, material and immaterial in nature, and refer to this state as psychological ownership, which they call psychological ownership.
Abstract: People develop feelings of ownership for a variety of objects, material and immaterial in nature. We refer to this state as psychological ownership. Building on and extending previous scholarship, ...
1,319 citations
TL;DR: A large number of social psychological conclusions are listed alongside meta-analytic information about the magnitude and variability of the corresponding effects as mentioned in this paper, and the results from more than 25,000 studies of 8 million people.
Abstract: This article compiles results from a century of social psychological research, more than 25,000 studies of 8 million people. A large number of social psychological conclusions are listed alongside meta-analytic information about the magnitude and variability of the corresponding effects. References to 322 meta-analyses of social psychological phenomena are presented, as well as statistical effect-size summaries. Analyses reveal that social psychological effects typically yield a value of r equal to .21 and that, in the typical research literature, effects vary from study to study in ways that produce a standard deviation in r of .15. Uses, limitations, and implications of this large-scale compilation are noted. In 1898 Norman Triplett published an early experiment in social psychology, about an effect of the presence of others on task performance. In the 100 years since Triplett’s investigation, many social psychological effects have been documented. The current article summarizes the best established of these findings, with data from more than 25,000 research studies and 8 million people. Our goal is to quantify the magnitude and variability of social psychological effects. We begin by considering previous summaries of social psychology, note some unresolved issues, and review developments that permit a century of scholarly work to be quantitatively described. For present purposes, we follow Manstead and Hewstone (1995) in regarding social psychology as the study of “the reciprocal influence of the individual and his or her social context” (p. 588).
1,150 citations
TL;DR: The psychology of intercultural adaptation was first discussed by Plato as discussed by the authors, and many modern enculturation theories claim that ethnic minorities (including aboriginal natives, immigrants, refugees, and soj...
Abstract: The psychology of intercultural adaptation was first discussed by Plato. Many modern enculturation theories claim that ethnic minorities (including aboriginal natives, immigrants, refugees, and soj...
826 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that people's recollections of the past are often positively biased and this bias has two causes: 1) people's perceptions of events, and 2) their inability to recall events accurately.
Abstract: People's recollections of the past are often positively biased. This bias has 2 causes. The 1st cause lies in people's perceptions of events. The authors review the results of several studies and p...
558 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a triangular theory of the structure of hate and a story-based theory for the development of triangles of hate is presented. But this theory does not consider the relationship between hate and the root cause of hate.
Abstract: This article presents a triangular theory of the structure of hate and a story-based theory of the development of triangles of hate. Hate is proposed to be 1 contributing cause of many, although ce...
267 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the evidence and theory pertaining to a form of perspective-taking failure, a difficulty in setting aside the privileged information that one knows to be unavailable to another.
Abstract: This article reviews the evidence and theory pertaining to a form of perspective-taking failure—a difficulty in setting aside the privileged information that one knows to be unavailable to another ...
224 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a behavioral decision theory relevant to the maintenance of desirable identities is proposed, termed deviance regulation theory (DRT), which predicts that actions translate into meanness.
Abstract: The authors propose a behavioral decision theory relevant to the maintenance of desirable identities. The theory, termed deviance regulation theory (DRT), predicts that actions translate into meani...
217 citations
TL;DR: The Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA) as mentioned in this paper ) is a more integrative model for analyzing co-occurring types of affect, which is tailored to analyzing both affect systems functioning concurrently.
Abstract: This article presents data from a number of areas of psychology that have dealt with the issue of whether positive and negative affects are independent—the bivariate view— or whether they operate inversely from each other—the unidimensional, bipolar view. Both models have extensive empirical support. A more integrative view, the Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA), specifies conditions under which both bivariate and bipolar models are valid. It is tailored to analyzing both affect systems functioning concurrently. The DMA is reviewed and then extended to show how 3 major areas of research can begin to incorporate the more integrative framework of analyzing co-occurring types of affect.
215 citations
TL;DR: A new view suggests that psychology can be thought of as existing between the central insights of B. F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud, and Skinner's fundamental insight is merged with cognitive neuroscience to understand how mind emerges out of life.
Abstract: The outline for theoretically unified psychology is offered. A new epistemological system is used to provide a unique vantage point to examine how psychological science exists in relationship to the other sciences. This new view suggests that psychology can be thought of as existing between the central insights of B. F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud. Specifically, Skinner’s fundamental insight is merged with cognitive neuroscience to understand how mind emerges out of life. This conception is then joined with Freud’s fundamental insight to understand the evolutionary changes in mind that gave rise to human culture. By linking life to mind from the bottom and mind to culture from the top, psychology is effectively boxed in between biology and the social sciences.
160 citations
TL;DR: The symptoms captured within the contemporary diagnostic definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been studied for more than 100 years as discussed by the authors. Yet, even with increasingly advanced discoveri...
Abstract: The symptoms captured within the contemporary diagnostic definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been studied for more than 100 years. Yet, even with increasingly advanced discoveri...
160 citations
TL;DR: Although Shannon's information theory is alive and well in a number of fields, after an initial fad in psychology during the 1950s and 1960s it no longer is much of a factor, beyond the word bit, i... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Although Shannon's information theory is alive and well in a number of fields, after an initial fad in psychology during the 1950s and 1960s it no longer is much of a factor, beyond the word bit, i...
TL;DR: A theory that greater male variability is associated with variability in parental investment is described in this paper, where it is shown that male than female variability is found in behavioral and morphological traits in animals.
Abstract: Greater male than female variability is found in behavioral and morphological traits in animals. A theory that greater male variability is associated with variability in parental investment is desc...
TL;DR: The authors reviewed language use as a social strategy and developed a new interdisciplinary taxonomy for using language as social strategy. But they focused on four categories of using language: to get people to do things, to get them to say thin, to say yes, and to say no.
Abstract: Language use as a social strategy is reviewed and a new interdisciplinary taxonomy developed. Four categories are suggested for using language: to get people to do things, to get people to say thin...
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of the long-term effects of child abuse is presented, which emphasizes the development of internal working models of protection, and proposes that abused children do not respond to abuse.
Abstract: This article presents a theory of the long-term effects of child abuse that emphasizes the development of internal working models of protection. The theory proposes that abused children do not rece...
TL;DR: Comparisons between cognitive models of depression and Schizophrenia: Relationships between cognitive constructs and cognitive diathesis-stress match and how and when to decide.
Abstract: 592–600. Spangler, D. L., Simons, A. D., Monroe, S. M., & Thase, M. E. (1996). Gender differences in cognitive diathesis-stress domain match: Implications for differential pathways to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 653–657. Spangler, D. L., Simons, A. D., Monroe, S. M., & Thase, M. E. (1997). Comparison of cognitive models of depression: Relationships between cognitive constructs and cognitive diathesis-stress match. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 395–403. Stein, M. B., Koverola, C., Hanna, C., Torchia, M. G., & McClarty, B. (1997). Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine, 27, 951–959. Steketee, G., & Foa, E. B. (1987). Rape victims: Post-traumatic stress responses and their treatment: A review of the literature. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 69–86. Walker, E., & Diforio, D. (1997). Schizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model. Psychological Review, 104, 667–685. Wooley, C. S., Gould, E., & McEwen, B. S. (1990). Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Research, 531, 225–231. Yehuda, R. (2001). Are glucocorticoids responsible for putative hippocampal damage in PTSD? How and when to decide. Hippocampus, 11, 85–89. Zaidi, L. Y., & Foy, D. W. (1994). Childhood abuse experiences and combat-related PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 33–42.
TL;DR: In this article, four structural models are examined in regard to how well they do this and three of the models, the trilog model, the triangulation model, and the tripartite model, are compared.
Abstract: Structural models divide the personality system and its associated traits into distinct areas. Four structural models are examined in regard to how well they do this. Three of the models—the trilog...
TL;DR: This article found that women were more forgiving of an attack, and men were more aggressive in reacting to an initial attack, however, repeated attacks led to escalated reaction, eventually matching or exceeding the conflict level of the attack itself.
Abstract: Several experiments, focusing on decisions made by young, voting-age citizens of the United States about how to respond to incidents of international conflict, are summarized. Participants recommended measured reactions to an initial attack. Repeated attacks led to escalated reaction, however, eventually matching or exceeding the conflict level of the attack itself. If a peace treaty between contending nations was in place, women were more forgiving of an attack, and men were more aggressive. There was little overall difference in reactions to terrorist versus military attacks. Participants responded with a higher level of conflict to terrorist attacks on military than on
TL;DR: Barber, Kim, Power, Young, and Bujaki as mentioned in this paper used marginality as an acculturation mode to stabilize deculturation in a non-dominant group.
Abstract: Deculturation: “Collective and individual confusion and anxiety [characterized] by feelings of alienation, loss of identity, and what has been termed acculturative stress . . . in which groups are out of cultural and psychological contact with either their traditional culture or the larger society” (p. 69). Used as an acculturation mode. Marginality: “When [deculturation is] stabilized in a non-dominant group, it constitutes the classical situation of ‘marginality’ ” (p. 69). Used as an acculturation mode. 1989: Berry, Kim, Power, Young, and Bujaki